Core - Cell Biology

Chapter 11

Control of Gene Expression

11.1 : Cell Specific Gene Expression

11.1 : Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same ...

11.2 : Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

11.2 : Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the ...

11.3 : Cis-regulatory Sequences

11.3 : Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments ...

11.4 : Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

11.4 : Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are ...

11.5 : Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

11.5 : Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes ...

11.6 : The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

11.6 : The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and ...

11.7 : Co-activators and Co-repressors

11.7 : Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in ...

11.8 : Master Transcription Regulators

11.8 : Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these ...

11.9 : Regulated mRNA Transport

11.9 : Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the ...

11.10 : mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

11.10 : mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the ...

11.11 : MicroRNAs

11.11 : MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between ...

11.12 : Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)

11.12 : Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional ...

11.13 : lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

11.13 : lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding ...

11.14 : Epigenetic Regulation

11.14 : Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. ...

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