Biz onun değerli yardım için teşekkür Dr. Antonio Miranda Vizuete istiyorum. Ayrıca değerli teknik yardım için Salma Boulayoune ve Isabel Caballero minnettarlığımızı ifade etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma Junta de Andalucia (BIO-272) bir hibe ile finanse edilmiştir. Bu araştırma, Avrupa&#39;da genetik deneyler düzenleyen mevcut yasa ile anlaşma yapılmıştır.

1: Osmotik kaçınma tahlil. <ol><li> OP50 E. içeren taze bir NGM plaka tahlil Hakkında 16-24 saat önce, her genotipin L4 larva aşamasında hayvan almak coli, 20 ° C&#39;de bu andincubate Ertesi gün genç yetişkinler denemeyi başlatmak. </li><li> Bu tahlil, &quot;körü körüne&quot; yürütmek için tavsiye edilir. Test edilecek her suşu ile plakaları deney tamamlandığında maskesiz olurdu relabelled plakaları kullanılarak tahlil yapılması, ikinci bir deneyci tarafından relabelled olmalıdır. </li><li> Testin gün,% 1 Kongo Red çözümü ile fruktoz 4M stok solüsyon hazırlanır ve oda sıcaklığında tamamen çözülür. Boya ile çökelti nedeniyle her bir deney için önce çözüm kontrol öneriyoruz. </li><li> NGM plaka Anülüs halkası (1 cm çap) 15 ul kırmızı 4M fruktoz çözüm, katı orta merkezi özetlenmiştir. Fruktoz çözüm agar içine bekletin ki, bu genellikle 2 ile 5 dakika arasında sürer. </li><li> Ring içinde her bir suş bireysel genç yetişkin hayvanların yerleştirin ve osmotik bariyer yanıtı belirlemek için, sonraki 10 dakika içinde uygulayın. Arka arkaya altı kez daha halka kaçınarak hayvanlar normal olarak sınıflandırılır; az altı girişimleri halka çıkmadan bu osmotik hassasiyet kusurlu kabul edilir. Not: Kontrol suşu her tayininde kullanılması gerekir. Kararlı bir şekilde halka bariyer önlemek N2 genç yetişkin hayvanların pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılır. Daha önce, açlıktan, Dauer larvaları geçen ya da çok kuru plakalar gelen edilmiştir Hayvanlar kullanılmamalıdır. Başlangıçta, kontrol hayvanları tahlil plakalar ve çözümün doğru olup olmadığını teyit etmek için, iki nüsha halinde değerlendirilir olmalıdır. </li></ol> 2: RNAi besleme demonte solucanlar Üretimi. <ol><li> RNAi plakaları: NGM RNAi besleme plakaları litre başına içerir: 17 g agar, 2,5 g pepton, 3.0 g NaCl, 1, 5 mg ml -1 kolesterol ml H 2 O ve otoklav ile 1 litrelik şişeyi doldurmak . Agar yaklaşık 65 soğuduktan sonra ° C, 1 M KPO 4, pH 6.0, 1 M CaCl 1M MgSO 4, 0,5 ml carbenicillin (50 mg ml -1) ve 1, 2, 1 ml 1 ml, 25 ml eklemek ml 1M IPTG. Hazırlanan katı NGM ile başlayan iseniz, mikrodalga katı besiyeri eritmek ve daha sonra serin ve daha sonra da belirttiğim gibi KPO 4, pH 6.0, CaCl 2, MgSO 4, carbenicillin ve IPTG eklemek bankta sıvı NGM. Her 60 mm Petri kabı içine NGM 10 ml ekleyin. İzin soğutma ve geceleme kullanmadan önce oda sıcaklığında muhafaza plakaları ters. Plakalar 4 ° C&#39;de 4-5 gün boyunca plastik bir torba içinde saklanabilir. </li><li> Bakteriyel hazırlanması ve endüksiyon: Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plakları (17 g agar, 10 g Tripton, 5 gr üzerine, hedef genin karşılık gelen bir parça içeren L4440 vektör ile dönüştürülmüş E.coli HT115 (de3) suşu kolonileri, ayırma maya özü, litre başına 10 gr NaCl), ampisilin (50 mg / ml) ve tetrasiklin (15 mg / ml) içeren. Bir bakteri kolonisi Alış ve 50 mikrogram / ml ampisilin ile LB aşılamak ve 6 8 saat süreyle 37 ° sallayarak yetiştirilen ° C; hazırlanan NGM plakaların üzerine tohum, bu kültürün bir damla ve gecede kuluçka olmaktan iyice tabak kuru ( oda sıcaklığında 12 24 h) bakterilerin üremesine izin ve indüksiyon başlamak için. Tetrasiklin, ışığa karşı hassastır ve plakalar arasında RNAi testlerinin değişkenlik etkileyebilir, çünkü karanlık inkübasyon oldu. RNAi beslenme deneyleri için bir pozitif ve negatif kontrol kullanmak için gerekli. Pozitif kontrol E.coli HT115 hücre unc-22 gen sekansı içeren L4440 vektör ile dönüştürülmüş. Unc-22 gen demonte &quot;seğirmesi fenotip&quot; üretir. Negatif kontrol E.coli HT115 hücre boş L4440 vektör ile dönüştürdü. </li><li> Solucan kullanımı ve puanlama: bakteri ve inkübe olmadan NGM plakalar üzerine OP50 20 numaralı seribaşı bir NGM plakadan ilk gün, yer L4 aşamada solucanlar ° C 12 saat boyunca (açlık). Ertesi gün genç oruç tuttuklarını yetişkin çift cinsiyetli, bakterilerin belirli hedef gen RNAi ifade ile seedded bir tabağa aktarın. 40-48 saat 20 ° C F1 döl oluşturmak için bırakın. Ardından aynı bakteri ile seribaşı başka bir tabağa birkaç F1 erişkin solucanlar yerleştirin. 24-48 saat sonra, seçin ve F2 döl, genç yetişkinler (birkaç yumurta ile tam olarak oluşan çıkıntı vulva) ve fenotipleri için puan izole. Not: nöronlarda RNAi indüksiyon RNAi C elegans sinir sistemi refrakter özellikleri nedeniyle bazı sınırlamalar var. Nöron bu verimsizlik sorunları aşmak için rrf-3 suşu, nöronlar 10 RNAi etkileri aşırı duyarlı bir arka plan kullanılması tavsiye edilir. Deneyimlerimizden hiçbir differences genler için Bristol N2 ve rrf-3 suşları arasında bulundu ve fenotip incelendi. </li></ol> 3: Suşlarının kullanılır. C. Tablo 1&#39;de bu çalışmada kullanılan elegans suşları gösterilmiştir. Mutant-çapraz N2 karşı vahşi tip mutagenez protokolü sırasında oluşan olabilirdi istenmeyen rastlantısal mutasyonlar kaldırmak için en az dört kez. OP50 E. coli suşu, plazmid nrx-1 taşıyan pL4440 (JA: C29A12.5). Caenorhabditis Genetik Merkezi, Minnesota Üniversitesi, ABD E.coli HT115 (de3) suppliied ve NLG-1 (JA: C40C9.5 Dr. Peter Askjaer, Centro Andaluz de biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC Universidad Pablo Olavide, Sevilla, İspanya) gen parçaları temin edilmiştir. 4: Temsilcilik sonuçları. Örnek sonuçlar Şekil 1 ve 2 &#39;de temsil ediliyor. On her bir suş hayvanlar ve en az üç kopya deneyler yapılmıştır. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/1616/1616Fig1.jpg"/> Şekil 1. Osmotik kaçınma davranışı deneyler. Kontrol suşları ve nrx-1 V eksik mutantworms osmotik bir bariyer (4M fruktoz) karşılaştığınızda geriye doğru ters cevap (ok1649 ve tm1961). NLG-1 (ok259 ve tm474) X mutantlar Bu bariyer algılamak için başarısız olur. VX ve CRR23 (tm1961; ok259); NLG-1 ve nrx-1, suşları CRR21 (ok259 ok1649) eksik Çift mutantlar VX vahşi tip fenotipi iyileşti. * T-öğrenci testi ile her suşu Bristol N2 yabani tip tepki, t-öğrenci testi ile anlamlı bir fark (p ≤ 0.001), gösterir <img alt="Şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/1616/1616Fig2.jpg"/> Şekil 2. RNAi besleyerek demonte solucanlar deneyler. E.coli HT115 (de3) boş pL4440 vektör ile dönüştürülmüş veya nrx-1 veya NLG-1 ile beslenen farklı solucan suşları için kullanılan hedef genleri ile ilgili bir parçası içeren . * Boş pL4440 vektör ile beslenen N2 suşu ile karşılaştırma pL4440 vektör NLG-1 geni hedefleyen bir parçası taşıyan bakteri ile beslenen N2 suşu yanıt, t-öğrenci testi ile anlamlı bir fark (p ≤ 0.001), gösterir .

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Neurexins ve neuroligins sinaptik iletim 11 ve sinaptik bağlantıları 12 farklılaşma önemli rolleri yerine. Her iki molekülleri için aday genler, otizm 13,14 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu video C. osmotik kaçınma yanıtını etkileyen genlerin etkisini araştırmak için bize sağlayan basit bir yöntem elegans. Neuroligin eksik mutantlar osmotik gücü tespit kusurlu ama neurexin eksikliği mutantlar 4M fruktoz çözümü kaçınar...

Tablo 1. C. elegans suşları. <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td> Gerginlik </td><td> Gen </td><td> Allel </td><td> Kaynak </td></tr><tr><td> Bristol N2 </td><td> - </td><td> - </td><td> aCGC </td></tr><tr><td> VC228 </td><td> NLG-1 </td><td> ok259 </td><td> CGC </td></tr><tr><td> FX00474 </td><td> NLG-1 </td><td> tm474 </td><td> bNBP-JAPONYA </td></tr><tr><td> VC1416 </td><td> nrx-1 </td><td> ok1649 </td><td> CGC </td></tr><tr><td> FX1961 </td><td> nrx-1 </td><td> tm1961 </td><td> NBP-JAPONYA </td></tr><tr><td> NL2099 </td><td> rrf-3 </td><td> pk1436 </td><td> CGC </td></tr><tr><td> CRR21 </td><td> nrx-1; NLG-1 </td><td> ok1649; ok259 </td><td> Bu çalışma </td></tr><tr><td> CRR22 </td><td> nrx-1; NLG-1 </td><td> tm1961; ok259 </td><td> Bu çalışma </td></tr></tbody></table> a. Caenorhabditis Genetik Merkezi, Minnesota Üniversitesi, ABD. b. Deney Hayvanları &quot;nematodu C. elegans&quot; Ulusal Bioresource Projesi. Tokyo Kadın Tıp Üniversitesi, Japonya.

osmotic avoidance in caenorhabditis elegans: synaptic function of two genes, orthologues of human nrxn1 and nlgn1, as candidates for autism

Neurexins ve neuroligins hücre adezyon moleküllerinin eksitatör ve inhibitör sinaps mevcut ve doğru nöron ağ fonksiyonu 1 için gereklidir. Bu proteinler, presinaptik ve postsinaptik membranlar 2 bulunur . Farelerde yapılan çalışmalar, neurexins ve neurologins sinaptik iletim 1 önemli bir role sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Son raporlar, insan sinir sisteminin gelişimi sırasında değişmiş nöron bağlantıları otizm spektrum bozuklukları (3) çok sayıda vaka etyolojisi temel teşkil edebilir göstermiştir . Caenorhabditis elegans nedeniyle laboratuar deneyleri için sadeliği, deneysel bir araç olarak çalışma sinaptik bileşenlerinin işleyişini kolaylaştırmak için kullanılır, ve, sinir sistemi ve sinaptik kablolama tam olarak karakterize edilmiştir vermiştir olabilir. C elegans nrx-1 ve NLG-1 genleri sırasıyla alfa-neurexin-1 ve neuroligin-1 protein, kodlamak NRXN1 ve NLGN1 genlerin insan için orthologous. Neuroligins neurexins ve organizasyon, insan ve nematod, fonksiyonel alanlar bakımından benzer. Nematod başkanı amphid, osmotik gücü dahil olmak üzere farklı uyaranlara verilen yanıtlar aracılık nematod, bir duyu organı içerir. Amphid siliyalı dendrit ve tek bir presinaptik terminal akson 4 ile 12 duyusal bipolar nöronların yapılır. ASHR ve ashl adlı bu nöronlar, iki yüksek osmotik gücü 5 suda çözünür kovucular tespit osmotik duyusal fonksiyon özellikle önemlidir. Bu iki nöron dendritler ağız ucu uzatmak ve davranışsal yanıt 6 belirleyen diğer nöronlarla sinaptik bağlantıları aksonlar sinir halkası kadar uzanır. Yüksek osmotik gücü kaçınma neurexin ve neuroligin etkilerini değerlendirmek için, 7 4M fruktoz halka dayalı bir yöntem kullanarak, nrx-1 ve NLG 1 genlerin arızalı C. elegans mutantlar farklı tepki gösterir. Davranışsal fenotipleri belirli RNAi klonlar 8 kullanarak teyit edildi. C. elegans, RNAi tetiklemek için gerekli dsRNA 9 beslenme uygulanabilir. Gıda yoluyla dsRNA teslim ilgi böylece genetik bileşenleri ve ağ yollar kimlik sağlayan gen RNAi parazite neden olur.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Osmotic Avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: Synaptic Function of Two Genes, Orthologues of Human NRXN1 and NLGN1, as Candidates for Autism at JoVE.com

Osmotic Avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: Synaptic Function of Two Genes, Orthologues of Human NRXN1 and NLGN1, as Candidates for Autism

Neurexins ve neuroligins sinaptik farklılaşma ve iletiminde önemli rolleri yerine membran nöron yapışma proteinleri. Neuroligin, eksik mutantlar<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Osmotik gücü tespit kusurlu, ama onlar da neurexin kodlayan gendeki bir mutasyon içerdiğinde, onlar vahşi tip fenotip kurtarabilirsiniz.

Osmotik Kaçınma IN Caenorhabditis elegans: İki Genler Synaptic Fonksiyonu, İnsan Orthologues NRXN1 Ve NLGN1</emOtizm> olarak Adaylar

Neurexins and neuroligins are cell adhesion molecules present in excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and they are required for correct neuron network ...

osmotic-avoidance-caenorhabditis-elegans-synaptic-function-two-genes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Osmotic Avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: Synaptic Function of Two Genes, Orthologues of Human NRXN1 and NLGN1, as Candidates for Autism

11.7K Görüntüleme.  Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba. Neurexins ve neuroligins sinaptik farklılaşma ve iletiminde önemli rolleri yerine membran nöron yapışma proteinleri. Neuroligin, eksik mutantlar C. elegans Osmotik gücü tespit kusurlu, ama onlar da neurexin kodlayan gendeki bir mutasyon içerdiğinde, onlar vahşi tip fenotip kurtarabilirsiniz.

Video: Osmotic Avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: Synaptic Function of Two Genes, Orthologues of Human NRXN1 and NLGN1, as Candidates for Autism

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and hermaphrodites. In the earlier phase of gametogenesis, the germ cells of hermaphrodites differentiate into limited number of sperm - around 300 - and are stored in a small 'bag' called the spermatheca. Later on, hermaphrodites continually produce oocytes1. In contrast, males produce exclusively sperm throughout their adulthood. The males produce so much sperm that it accounts for &gt;50% of the total cells in a typical adult worm2. Therefore, isolating sperm from males is easier than from that of hermaphrodites.
Only a small proportion of males are naturally generated due to spontaneous non-disjunction of X chromosome3. Crossing hermaphrodites with males or more conveniently, the introduction of mutations to give rise to Him (High Incidence of Males) phenotype are some of strategies through which one can enrich the male population3.
Males can be easily distinguished from hermaphrodites by observing the tail morphology4. Hermaphrodite's tail is pointed, whereas male tail is rounded with mating structures.
Cutting the tail releases vast number of spermatids stored inside the male reproductive tract. Dissection is performed under a stereo microscope using 27 gauge needles. Since spermatids are not physically connected with any other cells, hydraulic pressure expels internal contents of male body, including spermatids2.
Males are directly dissected on a small drop of 'Sperm Medium'. Spermatids are sensitive to alteration in the pH. Hence, HEPES, a compound with good buffering capacity is used in sperm media. Glucose and other salts present in sperm media help maintain osmotic pressure to maintain the integrity of sperm.
Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is termed spermiogenesis or sperm activation. Shakes5, and Nelson6 previously showed that round spermatids can be induced to differentiate into spermatozoa by adding various activating compounds including Pronase E. Here we demonstrate in vitro spermiogenesis of C. elegans spermatids using Pronase E.
Successful spermiogenesis is pre-requisite for fertility and hence the mutants defective in spermiogenesis are sterile. Hitherto several mutants have been shown to be defective specifically in spermiogenesis process7. Abnormality found during in vitro activation of novel Spe (Spermatogenesis defective) mutants would help us discover additional players participating in this event.

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

A protocol for isolating and activating spermatids from male C. elegans is described here. Cutting the posterior end of male releases spermatids. The spermatids can be activated by addition of protease.

İzolasyon ve In vitro Etkinleştirme Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

Biyoloji

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Erken Embriyo Oluşumu Zaman atlamalı Mikroskopi Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Temel<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Yöntem: Senkronizasyon ve Gözlem

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as it relates to human obesity and its associated pathologies. Several previous methodologies developed for the visualization of C. elegans triglyceride-rich fat stores have proven to be erroneous, highlighting cellular compartments other than lipid droplets. Other methods require specialized equipment, are time-consuming, or yield inconsistent results. We introduce a rapid, reproducible, fixative-based Nile red staining method for the accurate and rapid detection of neutral lipid droplets in C. elegans. A short fixation step in 40% isopropanol makes animals completely permeable to Nile red, which is then used to stain animals. Spectral properties of this lipophilic dye allow it to strongly and selectively fluoresce in the yellow-green spectrum only when in a lipid-rich environment, but not in more polar environments. Thus, lipid droplets can be visualized on a fluorescent microscope equipped with simple GFP imaging capability after only a brief Nile red staining step in isopropanol. The speed, affordability, and reproducibility of this protocol make it ideally suited for high throughput screens. We also demonstrate a paired method for the biochemical determination of triglycerides and phospholipids using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. This more rigorous protocol should be used as confirmation of results obtained from the Nile red microscopic lipid determination. We anticipate that these techniques will become new standards in the field of C. elegans metabolic research.

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We present robust biochemical and microscopic methods for studying Caenorhabditis elegans lipid stores. A rapid, simple, fixing-staining procedure for fluorescent lipid droplet imaging leverages the spectral properties of the lipophilic dye Nile red. We then present biochemical measurement of triglycerides and phospholipids using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Fat Kütle Biyokimyasal ve Yüksek Verimli Mikroskobik Değerlendirme<em&gt; Caenorhabditis Elegans</em

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important  model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as  it relates to human ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, which are lipid signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)10-14. These signalling molecules are difficult to study because of their low abundance and reactive nature. The characteristic feature of prostaglandins is a cyclopentane ring structure located within the fatty acid backbone. In mammals, prostaglandins can be formed through cyclooxygenase enzyme-dependent and -independent pathways10,15. C. elegans synthesizes a wide array of prostaglandins independent of cyclooxygenases6,16,17. A large class of F-series prostaglandins has been identified, but the study of eicosanoids is at an early stage with ample room for new discoveries. Here we describe a procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Charged lipids are extracted from mass worm cultures using a liquid-liquid extraction technique and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The inclusion of deuterated analogs of prostaglandins, such as PGF2 &alpha;-d4 as an internal standard is recommended for quantitative analysis. Multiple reaction monitoring or MRM can be used to quantify and compare specific prostaglandin types between wild-type and mutant animals. Collision-induced decomposition or MS/MS can be used to obtain information on important structural features. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) survey scans of a selected mass range, such as m/z 315-360 can be used to evaluate global changes in prostaglandin levels. We provide examples of all three analyses. These methods will provide researchers with a toolset for discovering novel eicosanoids and delineating their metabolic pathways.

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using LC-MS/MS.

Prostaglandin Ekstraksiyon ve Analiz<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Dietary Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Caenorhabditis elegans

Fatty acids are essential for numerous cellular functions. They serve as efficient energy storage molecules, make up the hydrophobic core of membranes, and participate in various signaling pathways. Caenorhabditis elegans synthesizes all of the enzymes necessary to produce a range of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. This, combined with the simple anatomy and range of available genetic tools, make it an attractive model to study fatty acid function. In order to investigate the genetic pathways that mediate the physiological effects of dietary fatty acids, we have developed a method to supplement the C. elegans diet with unsaturated fatty acids. Supplementation is an effective means to alter the fatty acid composition of worms and can also be used to rescue defects in fatty acid-deficient mutants. Our method uses nematode growth medium agar (NGM) supplemented with fatty acidsodium salts. The fatty acids in the supplemented plates become incorporated into the membranes of the bacterial food source, which is then taken up by the C. elegans that feed on the supplemented bacteria. We also describe a gas chromatography protocol to monitor the changes in fatty acid composition that occur in supplemented worms. This is an efficient way to supplement the diets of both large and small populations of C. elegans, allowing for a range of applications for this method.

Dietary Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model to explore the functions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in development and physiology. This protocol describes an efficient method of supplementing the C. elegans diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin Diyet takviyesi<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Fatty acids are essential for numerous cellular functions. They serve as efficient energy storage molecules, make up the hydrophobic core of membranes, ...

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

We present a simple method to construct 3D nematode cultivation systems called NGT-3D and NGB-3D. These can be used to study nematode fitness and behaviors in habitats that are more similar to natural Caenorhabditis elegans habitats than the standard 2D laboratory C. elegans culture plates.

yetiştirme<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Laboratuvarı Üç boyutlu

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The contents and morphology of the secreted vesicles reflect cell behavior or physiological status, for example cell growth, migration, cleavage, and death. The exosomes&#39; role may depend highly on size, and the size of exosomes varies from 30 to 300 nm. The most widely used method for exosome imaging is negative staining, while other results are based on Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The typical exosome&#39;s morphology assessed through negative staining is a cup-shape, but further details are not yet clear. An exosome well-characterized through structural study is necessary particular in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, function-dependent morphology should be verified by electron microscopy techniques such as labeling a specific protein in the detailed structure of exosome. To observe detailed structure, ultrathin sectioned images and negative stained images of exosomes were compared. In this protocol, we suggest transmission electron microscopy for the imaging of exosomes including negative staining, whole mount immuno-staining, block preparation, thin section, and immuno-gold labelling.

This protocol describes the various techniques necessary for transmission electron microscopy including negative staining, ultrathin sectioning for detailed structure, and immuno-gold labelling to determine the positions of specific proteins in exosomes.

Numune hazırlama ve transmisyon elektron mikroskobu tarafından Exosomes görüntüleme

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous system and muscle. Consistent with this, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases and aging in general. Caenorhabditis elegans have been a powerful model system for elucidating the many intricacies of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial respiration is a strong indicator of mitochondrial function and recently developed respirometers offer a state-of-the-art platform to measure respiration in cells. In this protocol, we provide a technique to analyze live, intact C. elegans. This protocol spans a period of ~7 days and includes steps for (1) growing and synchronization of C. elegans, (2) preparation&#160;of compounds to be injected and hydration of probes, (3) drug loading and cartridge equilibration, (4) preparation of worm assay plate and assay run, and (5) post-experiment data analysis.

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Mitochondrial respiration is critical for organismal survival; therefore, oxygen consumption rate is an excellent indicator of mitochondrial health. In this protocol, we describe the use of a commercially available respirometer to measure basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates in live, intact, and freely-motile Caenorhabditis elegans.

Oksijen tüketimi oranlarında sağlam Caenorhabditis elegans ölçümü

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous ...

Osmotik Kaçınma IN Caenorhabditis elegans: İki Genler Synaptic Fonksiyonu, İnsan Orthologues NRXN1 Ve NLGN1 olarak Adaylar