Bu çalışmada, Vanderbilt-Ingram Kanser Merkezi Destek Hibe (P30 CA068485), Çocukluk Çağı Beyin Tümörü Vakfı ve Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüsü (NS042205) hibe ile desteklendi.

1. Tümör taşıyan Serebellum ve Tümör Doku ayrılma Micro-diseksiyonu <ol><li> Tümör dokusu alımı <ol><li> Medulloblastom taşıyan Hasta fareler genellikle runted ve hidrosefali ve posterior felç ve devrik zaman duruş yeniden yetmezliği de dahil olmak üzere tipik bir nörolojik semptomlar gösterilecek. Tümör dokusu almak için, karbon dioksit Solunduğunda fareler euthanize. Servikal dislokasyon, posterior kafatasına basınç oluşturur ve tümör dokusu bütünlüğünü tehlikeye düşürebilecek bir prosedür gerçekleştirmek için imporant. </li><li> Decapitation kafatası iyi bir görünüm için saç ve kas dokusu mümkün olduğunca ortadan kaldırarak, bir makas kullanarak ölümünden sonra hemen yapılır. Kafatası yüzeyi,% 95 etanol ile ıslatılmış Kimwipe ile temizleyin. </li><li> Ince makas, kafatasının orta hat boyunca bir açılış kesmek ve kafatası doku tümör taşıyan serebellum da dahil olmak üzere tüm beyin maruz kalmaktadır, bu noktada ince cımbız kullanarak kaldırmak için kullanın. </li><li> Sağlıklı yetişkinlerin cerebella iyi tanımlanmış hemisferlerin ve vermis görüntüler, Tümör taşıyan farelere cerebella genellikle düz bir yüzey ve göze çarpan kan damarları ile amorf, büyümüş. Steril teknikleri kullanarak, buz fosfat cımbız ve yer kullanarak serebellar tümör almak Mg 2 olmadan tamponlu salin (PBS) + ve Ca 2 +. </li></ol></li></ol> Not: tüm araçları kullanmadan önce otoklava% 95 etanol ve buhar dezenfekte edilmektedir. <ol start="2"><li> Tümör dokusu Fototerapisi <ol><li> 4 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında 3 dakika 37 inkübasyon tarafından ince makas, ° C ile doku kıyma, PBS den 4 kez tümör dokusu hacmi yaklaşık% 50 Accutase (PBS içinde seyreltilmesi) tümör dokusu transferi sonra doku ilave bir 3 dakika için 1 ml Pipetman tekrarlayan pipeting uğrar. Bu yöntem, tek hücre ve küçük hücresel agrega karışımı boyun eğmek zorundadır. </li><li> Hücresel süspansiyon PBS ve 1000xg pelet hücreleri için 5 dakika süreyle santrifüj ile 3 kat sulandırınız. (Yukarıdaki prosedürler vallahi basın, &quot;medulloblastom kök hücrelerin izolasyonu, zenginleştirme ve bakım&quot; olarak tarif edilmiştir) </li></ol></li></ol> Glutamin, Penisilin-Streptomisin, N2, B27, insan EGF (25 ng / ml) ve temel FGF (25 ng / ml) ile Neurobasal orta oluşan taze hazırlanmış sinir kök hücre orta hücre pelletini tekrar. Çözümün hücre yoğunluğu hesaplayın ve uygun daha fazla dilüsyonları bir ayrışmış tümör hücrelerinin uygun bir numarası, örneğin 5x10 5, steril bir konik uçlu 10μL şırınga içine 4 mcL çözüm yük ki bu tür ek sinir kök hücre orta yapmak . Inoküle hücreleri tam sayısı spesifik deneysel gereksinimlerine uygun olarak araştırmacı tarafından belirlenmelidir. Bir mini 200μL mikrosantrifüj tüp hücre çözümü (PCR tüp) buz üzerinde tutun. 2. Alıcı Fare Anestezik Prosedürleri Cerrahi işlem için, kemirgen cerrahi adanmış bir dezenfekte alan prosedürün süresi için gereklidir. İdeal olarak, hayvan hazırlanması, faaliyet alanı ve hayvan kurtarma için ayrı fakat bitişik alanları ile uzun bir tezgah kurdu. Cerrahi eldivenler, muayene eldivenleri, ameliyat için gerekli. Aseptik teknik, bel üzerinde eldivenli ellerini tutarak muhafaza ve sadece kuru steril bir yüzey steril nesneleri işlemek için kullanılır. <ol><li> Ketamin (fare ağırlığı 1 kg başına 100 mg ketamin) ve xylazine (fare ağırlığı 1 kg başına 10 mg ksilizin) oluşan bir karışım anestezi için kullanılır. Anestezikler intraperitoneal Yönetici. </li><li> Genellikle tam etkili olabilmesi için anestezikler için 3-5 dakika sürer. Bir farenin ayak / kuyruk tutam tam anestezi olup olmadığını belirleyin. Oftalmik merhem fare gözleri küçük bir miktar koyun. Sürekli fare normal nefes olduğundan emin olmak için izleme, işletim alanı için tam anestezi fare getirin. </li></ol> 3. Tümör Hücrelerinin Aşılama İntrakranial <ol><li> , Orta beyin ve beyincik yukarıdaki posterior kafatası ortaya çıkarmak için bir saç kesme makinesi kullanarak fare dorsal arka baş bölgesinde, tıraş. </li><li> Alkol ped ile silerek bir pamuk uçlu aplikatör kullanarak maruz kalan kafa derisi Betadine çözümü uygulayın. Bu iki sterilizasyon adımları iki kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> Steril bir neşter kullanılarak posterior kafa derisi çeyrek inç kesi olun. Matkap sağ 0,5 mm burr hole 2 mm ve 2 mm steril bir diş matkap kullanarak lambda posterior. </li><li> Fare çerçevesinde tutun üzerine kesiciler çengel stereotaktik çerçeve üzerine yerleştirin. Dikkatle ineceği ve çapak deliğe tümör hücre çözümü 4 mcL yüklü konik uçlu 10 mcL şırınga pozisyon. Syri kez eğimnge iğne kafatası yüzeyi altında, başka bir 3 mm alçalma ve daha sonra 0.5 mm yükselmek. Yavaşça alıcının beyincik, 30 saniyelik bir zaman dilimi içinde sabit bir güçle, tümör hücrelerinin istenilen miktarda enjekte. Onun yerine iğne, enjeksiyon tamamlanmasından sonra ek bir iki dakika bırakın. Daha sonra iğne ve şırınga çıkarın. AutoCLIP kullanarak yara Klip. </li><li> Kendi vücut ısısını korumaya yardımcı olmak için, ameliyat sonrası bir ısınma battaniye üzerinde fare tutun. Hareketlilik ve solunum desenler sürekli izlenecektir. Fare anestezi kurtarır sonra, steril bir konut kafesine geri koyun. Gıda ve su alımı, davranış, tımar ve gözleri kırmızı boyanması için günlük izleyin. Kesi yerinde enfeksiyon belirtileri için kontrol edin. Gün 7 cerrahi sonrası autoclips çıkarın. 2-6 ay ortalama fareler korumak ve ileri çalışmalar için tipik medulloblastom belirtileri gösteren bu fedakarlık. </li></ol> 4. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar İkincil medülloblastomlar alıcı farelerde geliştirilen yüksek birincil tümörlerin benziyordu. Cerebella ikincil tümörleri taşıyan tüm bağlar olarak bakıldığında genellikle belirgin ektopik kan damarları ile amorf, büyümüş. Ikincil tümör dokusu immünohistokimyasal analizleri, tümör hücrelerinin, açık, güçlü SmoM2 YFP ve Math1 ve Pax6 gibi serebellar granül nöron öncüleri, belirteçleri yüksek proliferatif olduğunu ortaya çıkardı. Ayrışmış ve kültür rapor yöntemleri kullanarak (&quot;İzolasyon, zenginleştirme ve medulloblastom kök hücreleri bakım&quot; tuşuna basın Jüpiter), ikincil medulloblastom tümör hücreleri hızla genişledi olabilir zaman, açık birden fazla kök hücre belirteçleri, clonogenic ve daha fazla tümör oluşumunu başlatabilir ek immün sistemi baskılanmış alıcıları naklediliyor. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2153/2153fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. Tipik tüm montaj ve ikincil medulloblastom doku kesit 5x10 5 primer tümör hücrelerinin enjeksiyonundan 26 gün sonra gelişen ikincil medulloblastom dokusu tipik bir örneği. Hematoksilen boyama yüksek sitoplazmik / nükleer oranı ve nükleer polimorfizm de dahil olmak üzere, tipik hücresel morfoloji medulloblastom ortaya koymaktadır. Ki67 ifade belirtildiği gibi bu ikincil tümör hücrelerinin yüksek proliferatif ve aynı zamanda güçlü bir membranöz SmoM2-YFP ifade. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2153/2153fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2. İkincil medulloblastom hücrelerin in vitro kültürü ve genişletilebilir Birincil fare medulloblastom hücreleri (&quot;İzolasyon, zenginleştirme ve medulloblastom kök hücreleri bakım&quot; tuşuna basın Jüpiter) açıklanan protokol kullanarak, bu ikincil medulloblastom hücrelerinin kültürlü ve birden fazla geçit için genişletilmiş. Resim, 4 gün ve 14 gün kültüre aynı temsilcisi tümör koloni gösterir. Kültür tümör hücrelerini bipolar, uzun hücresel agrega yoğun bir çekirdek genellikle yetersizdir sitoplazma ve yayar. Bu büyüme temas inhibisyonu göstermezler. Küçük yuvarlak hücreler kırmızı kan hücreleri vardır.

<ol>
	<li>Schuller, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+granule+neuron+precursor+identity+is+a+critical+determinant+of+progenitor+cell+competence+to+form+Shh-induced+medulloblastoma.">Acquisition of granule neuron precursor identity is a critical determinant of progenitor cell competence to form Shh-induced medulloblastoma.</a> Cancer Cell. 14, 123-134 (2008).</li><li>Yang, Z. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medulloblastoma+can+be+initiated+by+deletion+of+Patched+in+lineage-restricted+progenitors+or+stem+cells.">Medulloblastoma can be initiated by deletion of Patched in lineage-restricted progenitors or stem cells.</a> Cancer Cell. 14, 135-145 (2008).</li><li>Kessler, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-myc+alters+the+fate+of+preneoplastic+cells+in+a+mouse+model+of+medulloblastoma.">N-myc alters the fate of preneoplastic cells in a mouse model of medulloblastoma.</a> Genes Dev. 23, 157-170 (2009).</li><li>Flora, A., Klisch, T. J., Schuster, G., Zoghbi, H. Y., Y, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deletion+of+Atoh1+disrupts+Sonic+Hedgehog+signaling+in+the+developing+cerebellum+and+prevents+medulloblastoma.">Deletion of Atoh1 disrupts Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the developing cerebellum and prevents medulloblastoma.</a> Science. 326, 1424-1427 (2009).</li><li>Salsano, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+the+neurogenic+basic+helix-loop-helix+transcription+factor+NEUROG1+identifies+a+subgroup+of+medulloblastomas+not+expressing+ATOH1.">Expression of the neurogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NEUROG1 identifies a subgroup of medulloblastomas not expressing ATOH1.</a> Neuro Oncol. 9, 298-307 (2007).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Verim ikincil tümör oluşumu aşağıdaki gibidir allografting başarılı medulloblastom hücre sağlamak için birkaç kritik faktörler: Birincisi, sadece doku disosiasyon için% 50 Accutase kullanımı ve uzun süreli enzim tedavisi hücre canlılığını anlamlı bir azalma yol olarak doku üzerinde sindirimi yoktur. Ayrıca sadece 1 mL boyutu Pipetman küçük ipuçları da ayrışmış hücreleri fiziksel hasar oluşturabilir kullanın. Allografting için tek hücreler ve küçük agrega karışımı ince. İk...

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<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
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<td>21103049</td>
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<td>hEGF</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>PHG0311</td>
<td>25ng/ml</td>
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<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>PHG0023</td>
<td>25ng/ml</td>
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<td>N2</td>
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<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17502048</td>
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<td>B27(-RA)</td>
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<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>12587010</td>
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<td>Accutase</td>
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<td>Invitrogen</td>
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<td>50% </td>
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<td>Foredom flexible shaft drill, hang-up style</td>
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<td>Large probe holder</td>
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<td>10 &mu;L syringe, 26 ga., bevel tip</td>
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<td>Stoelting </td>
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<td>Drill bit .75mm</td>
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intracranial orthotopic allografting of medulloblastoma cells in immunocompromised mice

Medulloblastom, sinir sistemi, en sık görülen pediatrik tümördür. Hayvan çalışmalarında büyük bir vücut medulloblastom 1-4 hücre kökenli olarak serebellar granül nöron öncüleri (CGNPs) odaklanmıştır. Ancak, insan hasta (nodüler desmoplastik, klasik ve hücre / anaplastik büyük) ve medulloblastom ektopik CGNP işaretleyici 5 herhangi bir ifade ile insan hastaların bir alt kümesi bulundu olduğu gerçeğini, medulloblastom alt tiplerinin farklı klinik sunumlar öneririz. medulloblastom hücresel ve moleküler kökenleri, çok daha karmaşık ve tamamen deşifre. Bu nedenle, hücre tipi özel bir tedavi yöntemi geliştirdi dayalı alternatif medulloblastom tümör hücre-kökenli olup olmadığını belirlemek için esastır. Bu amaçla, alıcıların ikincil tümör gelişiminin sonraki analizlerde takip genetik olarak işaretlenmiş tümör hücre tiplerinin allografting intrakranial tümör başlatan hücreleri hücresel kökenli ortotopik belirlenmesini sağlayacaktır. Burada intrakranial ortotopik medulloblastom primer tümör dokusundan elde edilen hücreler, allografting için deney protokolünde tanımlamak ve bu prosedür de kurulan hücre hatları hücrelerin nakli için kullanılabilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Orthotopic Allografting of Medulloblastoma Cells in Immunocompromised Mice at JoVE.com

Intracranial Orthotopic Allografting of Medulloblastoma Cells in Immunocompromised Mice

Bu protokol, fare medulloblastom doku izolasyon ve ayrılma açıklar ve ikincil medulloblastom başlatmak için immün sistemi baskılanmış alıcı farelere tümör hücrelerinin sonraki allografting.

Medulloblastom Hücre bağışıklık Fare İntrakranial Ortotopik Allografting

Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric tumor of the nervous system. A large body of animal studies has focused on cerebellar granule neuron ...

intracranial-orthotopic-allografting-medulloblastoma-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.1K Görüntüleme.  Vanderbilt University. Bu protokol, fare medulloblastom doku izolasyon ve ayrılma açıklar ve ikincil medulloblastom başlatmak için immün sistemi baskılanmış alıcı farelere tümör hücrelerinin sonraki allografting.

Video: Intracranial Orthotopic Allografting of Medulloblastoma Cells in Immunocompromised Mice

Isolation, Enrichment, and Maintenance of Medulloblastoma Stem Cells

Brain tumors have been suggested to possess a small population of stem cells that are the root cause of tumorigenesis. Neurosphere assays have been generally adopted to study the nature of neural stem cells, including those derived from normal and tumorous tissues. However, appreciable amounts of differentiation and cell death are common in cultured neurospheres likely due to sub-optimal condition such as accessibility of all cells within sphere aggregates to culture medium.
Medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric CNS tumor, is characterized by its rapid progression and tendency to spread along the entire brain-spinal axis with dismal clinical outcome. Medulloblastoma is a neuroepithelial tumor of the cerebellum, accounting for 20% and 40% of intracranial and posterior fossa tumor in childhood, respectively1. It is now well established that Shh signaling stimulates proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) during cerebellar development 2-4. Numerous studies using mouse models, in which the Shh pathway is constitutively activated, have linked Shh signaling with medulloblastoma 5-9.
A recent report has shown that a subset of medulloblastoma cells derived from Patched1LacZ/+ mice are cancer stem cells, which are capable of initiating and propogating tumors 10. Here we describe an efficient method to isolate, enrich and maintain tumor stem cells derived from several mouse models of medulloblastoma, with constitutively activated Shh pathway due to a mutation in Smoothened (11, hereon referred as SmoM2), a GPCR that is critical for Shh pathway activation. In every isolated medulloblastoma tissue, we were able to establish numerous highly proliferative colonies. These cells robustly expressed several neural stem cell markers such as Nestin and Sox2, can undergo serial passages (greater than 20) and were clonogenic. While these cultured tumor stem cells were relatively small, often bipoar with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio when cultured under conditions favoring stem cell growth, they dramatically altered their morphology, extended multiple cellular processes, flattened and withdrew from the cell cycle upon switching to a cell culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. More importantly, these tumor stem cells differentiated into Tuj1+ or NeuN+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes and CNPase+ oligodendrocytes, thus highlighting their multi-potency. Furthermore, these cells were capable of propagating secondary medulloblastomas when orthotopically transplanted into host mice.

This protocol describes the isolation, enrichment, and maintenance of medulloblastoma tumor stem cells derived from mutant mice with ectopic Sonic hedgehog pathway activity.

Medulloblastom Kök Hücreleri İzolasyon, Zenginleştirme ve Bakım

Brain tumors have been suggested to possess a small population of stem cells that are the root cause of tumorigenesis. Neurosphere assays have been ...

Nörobilim

Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific subsets of cells in different brain regions both in vivo and in brain sections. Unlike the injection of fluorescent dyes, viral labeling offers targeting of individual cell types and is less expensive and time consuming than establishing transgenic mouse lines. In this technique, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is injected intracranially using stereotaxic coordinates, a micropipette and an automated pump for precise delivery of AAV to the desired area with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Injection parameters can be tailored to individual experiments by adjusting the animal age at injection, injection location, volume of injection, rate of injection, AAV serotype and the promoter driving gene expression. Depending on the conditions chosen, virally-induced transgene expression can allow visualization of groups of cells, individual cells or fine cellular processes, down to the level of dendritic spines. The experiment shown here depicts an injection of double-stranded AAV expressing green fluorescent protein for the labeling of neurons and glia in the mouse primary visual cortex.

Here we present the intracranial injection of AAV vectors for fluorescent labeling of neurons and glia in the visual cortex.

Adeno-ilişkili Viral Vektörler İntrakranial Enjeksiyon

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Bozulmamış Duyu Organ Öncü Hücreler Canlı hücre Görüntüleme Drosophila Pupa

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Fareler Soğuk Hassasiyeti ve Uyum belirlenmesi için Basit ve ucuz Yöntem

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Pain is a salient sensory experience with affective and cognitive dimensions. However, central mechanisms for pain remain poorly understood, hindering the development of effective therapeutics. Intracranial pharmacology presents an important tool for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pain in the brain, as well as for novel treatments. Here we present a protocol that integrates intracranial pharmacology with pain behavior testing. Specifically, we show how to infuse analgesic drugs into a select brain region, which may be responsible for pain modulation. Furthermore, to determine the effect of the candidate drug in the central nerve system, pain assays are performed after intracranial treatment. Our results demonstrate that intracranial administration of analgesic drugs in a targeted region can provide relief of pain in rodents. Thus, our protocol successfully demonstrates that intracranial pharmacology, combined with pain behavior testing, can be a powerful tool for the study of pain mechanisms in the brain.

Here we present a protocol to perform intracranial pharmacological experiments followed by pain behavior assays in rodents. This protocol allows researchers to deliver molecular and cellular targets in the brain, for pharmacologic agents in the treatment of pain.

Kafa içi farmakoterapi ve ağrı deneyleri Rodents

Pain is a salient sensory experience with affective and cognitive dimensions. However, central mechanisms for pain remain poorly understood, hindering the ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

Farelerin Nöral Kök Hücreleri ve Beyinlerinde 5-Hidroksimetilsitozozin Insaptama

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

Quantitative Measurement of Intrathecally Synthesized Proteins in Mice

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a fluid found in the brain and the spinal cord, is of great importance to both basic and clinical science. The analysis of the CSF protein composition delivers crucial information in basic neuroscience research as well as neurological diseases. One caveat is that proteins measured in CSF may derive from both intrathecal synthesis and transudation from serum, and protein analysis of CSF can only determine the sum of these two components. To discriminate between protein transudation from the blood and intrathecally produced proteins in animal models as well as in humans, CSF protein profiling measurements using conventional protein analysis tools must include the calculation of the albumin CSF/serum quotient (Qalbumin), a marker of the integrity of the blood-brain interface (BBI), and the protein index (Qprotein/Qalbumin), an estimate of intrathecal protein synthesis. This protocol illustrates the entire procedure, from CSF and blood collection to quotients and indices calculations, for the quantitative measurement of intrathecal protein synthesis and BBI impairment in mouse models of neurological disorders.

Elevated spinal fluid protein levels can either be the result of diffusion of plasma protein across an altered blood-brain barrier or intrathecal synthesis. An optimized testing protocol is presented in this article that helps to discriminate both cases and provides quantitative measurements of intrathecally synthesized proteins.

Farelerde İntrathecally Sentezlenmiş Proteinlerin Kantitatif Ölçümü

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a fluid found in the brain and the spinal cord, is of great importance to both basic and clinical science. The analysis of the ...

A Scalable Model to Study the Effects of Blunt-Force Injury in Adult Zebrafish

Blunt-force traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the most common form of head trauma, which spans a range of severities and results in complex and heterogenous secondary effects. While there is no mechanism to replace or regenerate the lost neurons following a TBI in humans, zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate neurons throughout their body, including the brain. To examine the breadth of pathologies exhibited in zebrafish following a blunt-force TBI and to study the mechanisms underlying the subsequent neuronal regenerative response, we modified the commonly used rodent Marmarou weight drop for the use in adult zebrafish. Our simple blunt-force TBI model is scalable, inducing a mild, moderate, or severe TBI, and recapitulates many of the phenotypes observed following human TBI, such as contact- and post-traumatic seizures, edema, subdural and intracerebral hematomas, and cognitive impairments, each displayed in an injury severity-dependent manner. TBI sequelae, which begin to appear within minutes of the injury, subside and return to near undamaged control levels within 7 days post-injury. The regenerative process begins as early as 48 hours post-injury (hpi), with the peak cell proliferation observed by 60 hpi. Thus, our zebrafish blunt-force TBI model produces characteristic primary and secondary injury TBI pathologies similar to human TBI, which allows for investigating disease onset and progression, along with the mechanisms of neuronal regeneration that is unique to zebrafish.

We modified the Marmarou weight drop model for adult zebrafish to examine a breadth of pathologies following blunt-force traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the mechanisms underlying subsequent neuronal regeneration. This blunt-force TBI model is scalable, induces a mild, moderate, or severe TBI, and recapitulates injury heterogeneity observed in human TBI.

Yetişkin Zebra Balıklarında Künt Kuvvet Yaralanmasının Etkilerini Incelemek İçin Ölçeklenebilir Bir Model

Blunt-force traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the most common form of head trauma, which spans a range of severities and results in complex and ...

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish

Cognitive deficits, including impaired learning and memory, are a primary symptom of various developmental and age-related neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Zebrafish are an important neuroscience model due to their transparency during development and robust regenerative capabilities following neurotrauma. While various cognitive tests exist in zebrafish, most of the cognitive assessments that are rapid examine non-associative learning. At the same time, associative-learning assays often require multiple days or weeks. Here, we describe a rapid associative-learning test that utilizes an adverse stimulus (electric shock) and requires minimal preparation time. The shuttle box assay, presented here, is simple, ideal for novice investigators, and requires minimal equipment. We demonstrate that, following TBI, this shuttle box test reproducibly assesses cognitive deficit and recovery from young to old zebrafish. Additionally, the assay is adaptable to examine either immediate or delayed memory. We demonstrate that both a single TBI and repeated TBI events negatively affect learning and immediate memory but not delayed memory. We, therefore, conclude that the shuttle box assay reproducibly tracks the progression and recovery of cognitive impairment.

Learning and memory are potent metrics in studying either developmental, disease-dependent, or environmentally induced cognitive impairments. Most cognitive assessments require specialized equipment and extensive time commitments. However, the shuttle box assay is an associative learning tool that utilizes a conventional gel box for rapid and reliable assessment of adult zebrafish cognition.

Yetişkin Zebra Balığı Kullanarak Öğrenme ve Bellek Çalışmalarında Bilişsel Değerlendirme için İlişkisel Bir Öğrenme Aracı Olarak Mekik Kutusu Tahlil

Cognitive deficits, including impaired learning and memory, are a primary symptom of various developmental and age-related neurodegenerative diseases and ...

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model

Survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage are often left with significant long-term memory impairment; thus, research utilizing intraventricular hemorrhage animal models is essential. In this study, we sought out ways to measure intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure during nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage in rats. The experimental design included three Sprague Dawley groups: sham, standard 200 &#181;l intraventricular hemorrhage, and vehicle control groups. By introducing an intraparenchymal fiberoptic pressure sensor, precise intracranial pressure measurements were obtained in all groups. Cerebral perfusion pressures were calculated with the knowledge of intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure values. As expected, the intraventricular hemorrhage and vehicle control groups both experienced a rise in the intracranial pressure and subsequent decline in cerebral perfusion pressure during intraventricular injection of autologous blood and artificial cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The addition of an intraparenchymal fiberoptic pressure sensor is beneficial in monitoring precise intracranial pressure changes.

Monitoring intracranial pressure in rodent&#160;models of nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage is not common in the current literature. Herein, we demonstrate a technique for measuring intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure during intraventricular hemorrhage in a rat&#160;animal model.

Nontravmatik İntraventriküler Kanama Kemirgen Modelinde İntrakraniyal Basınç İzleme

Survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage are often left with significant long-term memory impairment; thus, research utilizing intraventricular hemorrhage ...