Markus Pajtler ve Robert Bohrer destek ve danışmanlık, bu protokol görselleştirme için paha biçilemez.

Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan deneylerde, hayvanların bakımı ve kullanımı ile ilgili deneysel prosedürleri ve Kurumsal Hayvan tarafından belirlenen düzenlemelere NIH Rehberi ardından, Avrupa Toplulukları Konsey Direktifi (86/609/EEC) uygun olarak yapıldığını ve bu yazarlar Bakım ve Duisburg-Essen Üniversitesi (Almanya) Komitesi (IACUC) kullanın. Bölüm 1: Kurma (Video gösterilir) GEREÇ VE ÇÖZÜMLER HAZIRLAMA (kuluçka yumurta alarak önce) <ul><li> Yumurta nemlendirilmiş bir inkübatör 37 az 11 gün inkübe olması ° C (100 ° F). </li><li> % 70 etanol sprey, temiz plakaları, hassas, temiz forseps, 4 ° C (40 ° F) soğuk steril buz DMEM ve 60 ml steril şırıngalar </li><li> 50 ml Steril Corning tüpler 4 ° C soğuk DMEM 1:1 oranında (DMEM yumuşatılır kitle) elma sirkesine embriyolarının karışımı ile yarım dolu olması. , Yumurta, civciv embriyo inkübatör diseksiyon dışarı alınır gibi kısa sürede başlatılmalıdır. </li><li> Diseksiyon araçları sterilize otoklav veya diseksiyon gün, 20 dakika boyunca% 70 etanol araçları bırakın. </li></ul> Bölüm 2: Civciv Embriyolar Diseksiyon (Video gösterdiği) <ol><li> En az 30 saniye boyunca% 70 etanol sprey ile inkübe yumurta Islak ve aşırı yumurta sallayarak olmasa da temiz yumuşak kağıt havlu ile iyice kurulayın. Not: Aynı anda 60&#39;dan fazla civciv embriyolarının diseksiyon değil tavsiye ederiz . </li><li> Keskin bir kenarına şık dikkatlice açın ve yumurta sarısı çuval ya da civciv embriyo kendisi yok dikkatli embriyo. </li><li> Göbek kordonu hızla başında arayın ve sarısı çuval ya da herhangi bir küçük damarları tahrip etmeden net bir sarma açık. Sonra kesin temiz forseps ile göbek kordonu teşrih. </li><li> Yumurta sarısı çuval embriyo dışarı atın. Not: Embriyolar (video gösterilmez) hızlı dekapite içinde olmalıdır . </li><li> 4 asgari temel orta embriyoların toplayın ° C </li></ol> Bölüm 3: Civciv Embriyolar Maserasyon <ol><li> 60 ml steril enjektör pistonu atın. </li><li> Biri 60 ml şırınga içine yaklaşık 10 embriyo transferine. </li><li> Pistonu elma sirkesine malzeme kaybetme riskine girmemek için şırıngaya dikkatle geri koyun. </li><li> Pistonu aşağı iterek ıslatarak yumuşatmak. </li><li> Hazırlanan Corning tüpler 1:1 (: DMEM yumuşatılır kitle) bir oranında DMEM ile yarı dolu elma sirkesine kitle toplayın. 10 embriyolar yaklaşık 25 ml hacmi kullanılarak üretilir. </li><li> 45 dakika 4 ° C için çalkalayıcı karışımı yerleştirin. </li></ol> Bölüm 4: Civciv Embriyo Santrifüj - DMEM Süspansiyon <ol><li> Civciv embriyo transferi - DMEM süspansiyon santrifüj tüplerine. </li><li> Embriyo başına 25 mg 1 mg konsantrasyonda steril hiyalüronidaz ekleyin. </li><li> Çok hassas Dara santrifüj tüpleri. Not: Bu adım çok yüksek g-kuvveti ve malzeme ya da dengesiz tüpler kullanılarak, santrifüj oluşabilir zarar santrifüj çalıştırmak gibi dikkatli yapılmalıdır. Yüksek doğruluk ile ilgili makine uygun DMEM ile kayıp miktarını ayarlayarak tarafından alınan tüm tüpler için ondalık noktadan sonra üç pozisyonda ağırlığındaki. </li><li> - 4 ° C santrifüj sıcaklığı azaltın Not: Ayrıca santrifüj rotor gece boyunca soğutma oda ya da buzdolabında saklanan olmalıdır . </li><li> En az 180.000 xgx saat 6 saat Santrifüj Not: tek faz ayrılması konusunda üstün sonuçlar için 266.000 xgx h. Mümkünse, vakum ayarı kullanın. </li></ol> Bölüm 5: Civciv Embriyo Özü Filtrasyon Santrifüj sonra, üç aşamadan fark edilebilir: yağ parçaları, ortasında berrak sıvı faz ve santrifüj tüpünün dibinde pelet ile üst pis sıvı faz Not: Titreme veya tempolu santrifüje karışım hareket Bu merkezi berrak sıvı faz kaybederek, santrifüj adım sonucu yok olduğu gibi kesinlikle kaçınılmalıdır. Not: Tüm aşağıdaki adımları laminer hava akışı tezgah kullanarak steril koşullar altında yapılması gereken: <ol><li> 0.45 mikron gözenekli bir filtre sistemi içine berrak sıvı faz Pipet. Sonra bağlı vakum pompası geçin. Not: altta pelet dokunmayın. Bu, özü ve filtre sistemi bir tıkanma kontaminasyona yol açacak. </li><li> 0.22 mikron ve bağlı vakum pompası anahtarı tekrar gözenekli bir filtre sistemi içine ön-özü aktarın. </li><li> Kısım elde civciv embriyo ekstresisteril 15 ml Corning tüpler. </li><li> Hızla -80 alikotları saklamak ° C (-62 ° F). Not: -80 saklandığı takdirde iki yıla kadar son CEE ° C </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bronner-Fraser, M., Fraser, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+analysis+reveals+multipotency+of+some+avian+neural+crest+cells.">Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells.</a> Nature. 335, 161-164 (1988).</li><li>Stemple, D. L., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+stem+cell+for+neurons+and+glia+from+the+mammalian+neural+crest.">Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest.</a> Cell. 71, 973-985 (1992).</li><li>Rao, M. S., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+and+controlled+in+vitro+differentiation+of+murine+multipotent+neural+crest+stem+cells.">Immortalization and controlled in vitro differentiation of murine multipotent neural crest stem cells.</a> J Neurobiol. 32, 722-746 (1997).</li><li>Paratore, C., Goerich, D. E., Suter, U., Wegner, M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+glial+fate+acquisition+of+neural+crest+cells+are+regulated+by+an+interplay+between+the+transcription+factor+Sox10+and+extrinsic+combinatorial+signaling.">Survival and glial fate acquisition of neural crest cells are regulated by an interplay between the transcription factor Sox10 and extrinsic combinatorial signaling.</a> Cell. 128, 3949-3961 (2001).</li><li>Kim, J., Lo, L., Dormand, E., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOX10+maintains+multipotency+and+inhibits+neuronal+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cells.">SOX10 maintains multipotency and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural crest stem cells.</a> Neuron. 38, 17-31 (2003).</li><li>Anderson, D. J., Groves, A., Lo, L., Ma, Q., Rao, M., Shah, N. M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+lineage+determination+and+the+control+of+neuronal+identity+in+the+neural+crest.">Cell lineage determination and the control of neuronal identity in the neural crest.</a> Review Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 62, 493-504 (1997).</li><li>Dorsky, R. I., Moon, R. T., Raible, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+signals+and+cell+fate+specification+in+premigratory+neural+crest.">Environmental signals and cell fate specification in premigratory neural crest.</a> Review Bioessays. 22, 708-716 (2000).</li><li>Sieber-Blum, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+controlling+lineage+specification+in+the+neural+crest.">Factors controlling lineage specification in the neural crest.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 197, 1-33 (2000).</li><li>Dupin, E., Real, C., Ledouarin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+crest+stem+cells:+control+of+neural+crest+cell+fate+and+plasticity+by+endothelin-3.">The neural crest stem cells: control of neural crest cell fate and plasticity by endothelin-3.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 73, 533-545 (2001).</li><li>Maurer, J., Fuchs, S., J&#228;ger, R., Kurz, B., Sommer, L., Schorle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+controlled+differentiation+of+neural+crest+stem+cell+lines+using+conditional+transgenesis.">Establishment and controlled differentiation of neural crest stem cell lines using conditional transgenesis.</a> Differentiation. 75, 890-891 (2007).</li><li>Wu, Y. Y., Mujtaba, T., Rao, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+stem+and+precursor+cells+from+fetal+tissue.">Isolation of stem and precursor cells from fetal tissue.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 198, 29-40 (2002).</li></ol>

Bu protokol, geçmişte 10,11 tarif edilmiştir prosedürlerin değişiklikler dayanmaktadır . Eski yayınların yanı sıra burada bireysel farklı sürecinin adımları daha genişletilmiş göstermektedir. Bu, doğru davası ve güvenilir sonuçlar sağlayan önemli detayları ile deneyi destekler. Ayrıca, diseksiyon sürecinin vazgeçilmez bir parçası CEE çıkarma gibi biz her detayında sarısı çuval embriyoların yaptırmayı prosedürü açıklar. Aşağıda anlatıldığı gibi Unutulmaması ge...

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<td>11 days incubated chicken eggs</td>
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<td>S&ouml;rries-Trockels Vermehrungszucht GmbH &amp; Co.KG</td>
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<td>Alcoholic disinfection spray</td>
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<td>Sch&uuml;lke &amp; Mayr GmbH</td>
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<td>DMEMGlutamax</td>
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<td>GIBCO Invitrogen</td>
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<td>Syringe sterile (60 ml)</td>
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<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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<td>Tubes sterile (50; 15 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Pipet tips sterile</td>
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<td>Starlab GmbH</td>
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<td>Hyaluronidase typeIV-S</td>
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<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>Milipore stericups sterile (0.45; 0.22 &mu;l)</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific AG</td>
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<td>Pipettes sterile (25; 10; 5 ml)</td>
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<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
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<td>Centrifuge L5-50</td>
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<td>Rotor type Ti-45</td>
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production of chick embryo extract for the cultivation of murine neural crest stem cells

Nöro-ektoderm nöral krest embriyogenez sırasında ortaya çıkan ve sadece geçici bir süre devam. İlk deneyler zaten nöral krest 1 ayrılmaz bir parçası olmak pluripotent progenitör hücrelerin geçirmez. Fenotipik, nöral krest kök hücreler (NCSC) nöral krest 2,3,4,5 göç sırasında aynı anda P75 (düşük afin sinir büyüme faktörü reseptörü LNGFR) ve SOX10 ifade ile tanımlanır . Bu progenitör hücreler, düz kas hücreleri, kromafin hücreler nöronlar ve glial hücrelerin yanı sıra, melanosit, kıkırdak ve kemik 6,7,8,9 ayırt edebilirsiniz . 10 in vitro, özel nöral krest kök hücre orta (NCSCM) NCSC yetiştirmek için gereklidir. NCSCM en karmaşık parçası NCSC yanı sıra, sinir eksplant diğer türleri için büyüme faktörlerinin önemli bir kaynağı temsil civciv embriyo ekstraktı (CEE) hazırlanması. CEE yanında diğer NCSCM maddeler ticari olarak kullanılabilir. Izolasyon, maserasyon, santrifüj ve filtrasyon işlemleri gibi zorlu detayları hakkında bilmek büyük önem CCE kullanarak laboratuvarda standart ekipman üretimi. Bu protokolde, saf ve yüksek kaliteli CEE maksimize miktarda üretmek için doğru teknikleri anlatıyoruz.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

In vitro nöral krest kök hücreler (NCSC) yetiştirmek için özel bir orta (NCSCM) gereklidir. NCSCM önemli bir parçası civciv embriyo ekstraktı (CEE). Biz burada, izolasyon, maserasyon, santrifüj ve filtrasyon işlemleri gibi ayrıntıları da dahil olmak üzere saf ve kaliteli CEE maksimize miktarda üretmek için doğru teknikleri anlatıyoruz.

Civciv Embriyo Özü murin Sinir Crest Kök Hücre Yetiştiriciliği Üretimi

The neural crest arises from the neuro-ectoderm during embryogenesis and persists only temporarily. Early experiments already proofed pluripotent ...

production-chick-embryo-extract-for-cultivation-murine-neural-crest

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.6K Görüntüleme.  University Children's Hospital Essen. In vitro nöral krest kök hücreler (NCSC) yetiştirmek için özel bir orta (NCSCM) gereklidir. NCSCM önemli bir parçası civciv embriyo ekstraktı (CEE). Biz burada, izolasyon, maserasyon, santrifüj ve filtrasyon işlemleri gibi ayrıntıları da dahil olmak üzere saf ve kaliteli CEE maksimize miktarda üretmek için doğru teknikleri anlatıyoruz.

Video: Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

İnsan Saç köklerinin arasından Sinir Crest Kök Hücre İzolasyonu ve Kültür

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Nörobilim

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Embriyonik Mürin Nöral Tüp çıkan sinirsel Crest Hücre İzolasyonu ve Kültür

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

İnsan Pluripotent dan Sinir Crest Progenitör Hücreler besleyici ücretsiz Derivasyon Kök Hücre

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. NSCs and neural progenitors (NPs) are commonly cultured in vitro as neurospheres. This protocol describes in detail how to determine the NSC frequency in a given cell population under clonal conditions. The protocol begins with the seeding of the cells at a density that allows for the generation of clonal neurospheres. The neurospheres are then transferred to chambered coverslips and differentiated under clonal conditions in conditioned medium, which maximizes the differentiation potential of the neurospheres. Finally, the NSC frequency is calculated based on neurosphere formation and multipotency capabilities. Utilities of this protocol include the evaluation of candidate NSC markers, purification of NSCs, and the ability to distinguish NSCs from NPs. This method takes 13 days to perform, which is much shorter than current methods to enumerate NSC frequency.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) refer to cells&#160;which can self-renew and differentiate into the three neural lineages. Here, we describe a protocol to determine NSC frequency in a given cell population using neurosphere formation and differentiation under clonal conditions.

Nöral Kök Hücre Sayım klonal Tahliller Kullanma

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

Sıçan gözlerinin içine insan retina Pigment epitel hücrelerinin Trans-scleral Subretinal nakli için rafine bir protokol geliştirilmesi

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

Farelerin Nöral Kök Hücreleri ve Beyinlerinde 5-Hidroksimetilsitozozin Insaptama

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the lack of proper animal models that fully mimic human diseases and the poor availability of post-mortem human brain tissue. Adult human nervous tissue culture offers the possibility to study different aspects of neurological disorders. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms could be easily addressed in this system, as well as testing and validating drugs or different treatments, such as cell-based therapies. This method combines long-term organotypic cultures of the adult human cortex, obtained from epileptic patients undergoing resective surgery, and ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors. This method will allow the study of cell survival, neuronal differentiation, the formation of synaptic inputs and outputs, and the electrophysiological properties of human-derived cells after transplantation into intact adult human cortical tissue. This approach is an important step prior to the development of a 3D human disease modeling platform that will bring basic research closer to the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies for patients with different neurological disorders and allow the development of new tools for reconstructing damaged neural circuits.

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

This protocol describes long-term organotypic cultures of adult human cortex combined with ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, which present a novel methodology to further test stem cell-based therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders.

İnsan Kök Hücre Nakli ve Validasyonu için Ex vivo Model Olarak Yetişkin İnsan Korteksinin Organotipik Kültürleri

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the ...

İnsan Pluripotent Kök Hücrelerinden Enterik Nöronların Türetilmesi

Differentiation of Enteric Nervous System Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls bowel motility, enzyme secretion, and nutrient absorption and interacts with the immune system and the gut microbiome. Consequently, developmental and acquired defects of the ENS are responsible for many human diseases and may contribute to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Limitations in animal model systems and access to primary tissue pose significant experimental challenges in studies of the human ENS. Here, a detailed protocol is presented for effective in vitro derivation of the ENS lineages from human pluripotent stem cells, hPSC, using defined culture conditions. Our protocol begins with directed differentiation of hPSCs to enteric neural crest cells within 15 days and yields diverse subtypes of functional enteric neurons within 30 days. This platform provides a scalable resource for developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative applications.

Yazar Spotlight: İnsan Pluripotent Kök Hücrelerinden İnsan Enterik Nöronlarının Sağlam Kültürü

Deriving enteric nervous system (ENS) lineages from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) provides a scalable source of cells to study ENS development and disease, and to use in regenerative medicine. Here, a detailed in vitro protocol to derive enteric neurons from hPSCs using chemically defined culture conditions is presented.

Enterik Sinir Sistemi Soylarının İnsan Pluripotent Kök Hücrelerinden Farklılaşması

The human enteric nervous system, ENS, is a large network of glial and neuronal cell types with remarkable neurotransmitter diversity. The ENS controls ...