Biz bu işe destek için Pfizer İlaç (WS1763368) bir sözleşme kabul etmek istiyoruz. Ayrıca, verdikleri destek için Suudi Arabistan Yüksek Öğretim Bakanlığı (Mohe) teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1. Egzersiz <ol><li> Bu deneme için ilgi dirsek fleksör kas (biceps brachii&#39;nin) oldu. </li><li> Kas gücü, her bireyin uygun bir direnç verebilmek için her bir katılımcı için ölçüldü. Bu, onların direnci maksimum (RM) için her katılımcı testi ile tespit edildi. </li><li> RM test etmek için, kas gücünü ölçmek için bir BIOPAC (DA-100C) biyoelektrik amplifikatör modülü (BIOPAC Sistemleri, Santa Barbara, CA) aracılığıyla bilgisayar arabirim strain gauge cihazı kullanılır. Saniyede 1000 hertz frekans, dijital dönüştürücü, örnekleme bir MP-100 analog modülü bağlı ve 24 bit çözünürlükte (Şekil 10). </li><li> 45 ° &#39;lik açıyla strain gauge cihazı bir tezgah tespit edildi. Konularda efor gücü kendi bilek yoluyla, böylece cihazın arkasına yaslanın ve yastıklı alanda dirsek dinlenmek istendi. Bu konuda hiçbir sigortalamak için en iyi yolut işe pazı (Şekil 11) başka herhangi bir kas. </li><li> Güç her kasılma kasılmaların ayıran yaklaşık 45 saniye süresi 3 saniye ile 3 kez tespit edildi. 3 ölçümlerinin ortalama RM idi. </li><li> Her katılımcının pazı kas RM belirledikten sonra, egzersiz istenen oturum, RM% 35 ile gerçekleştirildi. </li><li> Tüm konular, kas ağrıları (DOM&#39;lar) ikna etmek için uygun ağırlıklı dumbell ile aynı egzersiz uygulandı. Bu bir sandalyede otururken, 4 set 25 tekrarlar biseps konsantrasyon bukleler yaparak yürütülen, dirsek, uyluk (Şekil 12) desteklenir. </li><li> Her konu, her set arasında 90 saniyelik bir dinlenme dönemi verildi. Başlık 25 tekrarlar ya tam seti, ya da sürekli egzersiz sırasında kilo kontrolü için başarısız olursa durdurmak için talimat verilmiştir. </li></ol> 2. Infra-Red CaMera Hazırlık ve Kurulum <ol><li> Kızıl ötesi görüntüleme gerçekleşir oda yanlış termal okumaları yol açabilecek farklılıklar, oda sıcaklığında herhangi bir dış önyargı en aza indirmek için sabit bir sıcaklıkta kuruldu. Bu deneyde amaç için yaklaşık 23 muhafaza sıcaklık kontrollü bir oda vardı ° C (+ / - 0.5 ° C). </li><li> Kamera 1 metre uzaklıkta bir mesafede kurulmuştur ve cilde dik bir açıyla (Şekil 9a) ölçülen *. </li><li> Gerekli mesafe kurulduktan sonra, denekler alınmıştır kadar hareketsiz durmak tavsiye edilmiştir. Bu birkaç saniye daha fazla zaman gerektiğini, ancak bu hareketi en aza indirmek için alınan görüntünün doğruluğunu sigortalamak için çok kritik. </li><li> Bu oda, daha koyu renkli boya, açık renkler yerine, kızıl ötesi herhangi bir girişimi en aza indirmek için olması tercih edilir. </li><li> , Kızıl ötesi resimler, beca ile uğraşırken Aydınlatma da kritik., kızıl ötesi dalgalar veya tungsten floresan aydınlatma gibi yanlış ölçüm verebilir yayan ışık kaynağı kullanın. LED ışıklar neredeyse hiç kızıl ötesi girişim (Şekil 9b) ürettiğimiz en iyi aydınlatma seçeneği, tek tip LED ışıkları ile donatılmış bir oda olurdu *. </li></ol> * Bir dizi testler cilt görüntüleri farklı açılardan (0 (dik), 15, 30, 45 ve 60 derece) karşılaştırıldığında FLIR 660 IR Kamera (Şekil 8) kullanılarak laboratuvarlarımızda yapılmaktadır. cilt uzaklıkları farklıdır (1, 2 ve 5 metre), deri sıcaklığı doğru algılamak için. Tüm görüntüleri kalibre termokupl ile karşılaştırıldığında, en iyi görüntü ve termokupl okuma arasında korelasyon dik bir açıyla ve 1 metre mesafeden cilt (r = 0.93) uzak. Farklı açılardan ve mesafeler pixilation kaybına neden ve genel görüntüler ve termokupl okumaları arasındaki korelasyon azaldı. 3. Resim Acquirement <ol><li> Bu deneyin amacı için, egzersiz kas görüntü, egzersiz öncesi ve 24 ve 48 saat egzersiz oldu. </li><li> Hedef başka kaynaklardan vücut ısısını termal görüntüsünü bozabilir ve yanlış okumalar verebilir. Bu nedenle amaçlanan hedef, hiç kimsenin yanında veya arkasında duran olmalıdır. </li><li> Bu soruşturma, hem de icra ve icra olmayan kol resimleri karşılaştırma amaçları için alınmıştır. Biz, silah icra Daha önce de belirtildiği gibi, diğer kol (Şekil 4 ve 5) ve bir kontrol olarak kullanılmıştır. </li><li> IR kamera Image numaraları bu resmin kime ait olduğunu tespit etmek zor olabilir, ayrı bir tablo üzerinde hemen kaydedildi. </li></ol> 4. Görüntü İşleme ve Analizi <ol><li> 1.10.2: &quot;ThermoVision ExaminIR&quot; Software Version elde edilen kızılötesi görüntüleri kullanılarak işlendi. </li><li> Için gerekli olan görüntü seçtikten sonrar analizi, faiz dört bölgeden elde edilen görüntü üzerinde yazılım arayüzü (Şekil 6) istatistiksel kutularını kullanarak kolu tespit edildi. </li><li> Kol boyunca gerekli bölgelerinde yer olduğunda, yazılım seçilen bölgelerin her biri için sıcaklık ortalamaları ve standart sapmaları gösterir. Daha sonra da çapraz her bölgede ayrı ayrı karşılaştırmak veya tüm kol ortalama sıcaklığı (Şekil 7) elde edebilirsiniz. </li></ol> 5. Görsel Analog Ölçeği ve Kan Analizi <ol><li> Görsel analog skala (VAS) kol subjektif ağrıyı değerlendirmek için kullanılır oldu. Ölçek ters sonunda &quot;son derece ağrılı bir&quot; 10 cm (100mm), bir ucunda &quot;ağrı yok&quot; işaretli uzun çizgi ve vardı. Her katılımcı bir işareti yapmak aci tepki göstermek için 10 cm hattı boyunca yönetti. </li><li> VAS egzersiz, egzersiz sonrası 24 saat, 48 saat önce deneklere uygulandı. </li><li> Periferik kan colkandaki miyoglobin konsantrasyon düzeylerini ölçmek için denekler olarak toplanmaktadır. </li><li> Egzersiz öncesi kan konuları antekübital venden çekildi, egzersiz sonrası 30 dakika sona erdi ve 48 saat. </li><li> Kan hücreleri, serum ayırmak için 4000 rpm&#39;de 10 dakika santrifüj edildi. Miyoglobin analizler yapıldı ° C ye kadar numuneler daha sonra -80 C&#39;de saklandı. </li><li> Miyoglobin Tosoh &quot;AIA-360&quot; Otomatik enzim İmmünoassay Analyzer (Tosoh Corp, Tokyo, Japonya) kullanılarak ölçüldü. Talimatları üreten göre, miyoglobin Testi kitleri (Myo 025.297, ST AIA-PACK Miyoglobin) kullanılmıştır. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Bu soruşturma sırasında alınan kızılötesi termal görüntü sonuçları Şekil 1&#39;de açıkça temsil edilmektedir. 41 konuların icra silah için 3 süreler (egzersiz öncesi, egzersiz sonrası 24 saat ve 48 saat egzersiz sonrası), alınan görüntüler gösterdiegzersiz öncesi sıcaklıklar, ve 48 saatte alınan sıcaklıklara göre 2 gün sıcaklık gözle görülür bir artış (egzersiz sonrası 24 saat). Şekil 1&#39;de gösterildiği gibi, ortalama cilt sıcaklığı 32,80 + / - 1.03 ° C 1 gün (egzersiz öncesi) ve 33,96 + / - 1.46 ° C 2 gün (24 saat sonrası egzersiz) ve 32,82 + / - - 3 gün için 1.29 (egzersiz sonrası 48 saat). Gün 1 gün 2 cilt sıcaklığı bu fark anlamlıydı (ANOVA p &lt;0.01). Ancak, un-icra kolu, 3 süreler arasında değişiklikler belirgin değildi. Ortalama cilt sıcaklığı 33,08 olduğunu Şekil 1 + / - 0.83 ° C (1 gün egzersiz öncesi) ve 32,79 + / - 1.42 ° C gün 2 (egzersiz sonrası 24 saat) ve 33.17 + / - 0.95 3. gün (48 saat sonrası egzersiz). 3 gün içinde cilt sıcaklığı bu fark anlamlı değildi (ANOVA p = 0.38). VAS ağrı okumaları sonuçları Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmiştir. Şekil görüldüğü gibiSekil 2, 2 ve 3 gün rapor ağrı dramatik bir artış vardı. Egzersiz kas ağrı düzeyleri 3.6 + / arttı - 36.3 6.1 gün 1 gün 2 + / - 22.8 ve 37.5 + / - 25.3 3. gün. 1. gün bu artış anlamlıydı (ANOVA p &lt;0.01). Miyoglobin konsantrasyon düzeylerinde sonuçları Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilmiştir. Bu resimde görüldüğü gibi, 1 gün 2 miyoglobin konsantrasyonları (öncesi ve sonrası 30 dakika egzersiz) arasında herhangi bir değişiklik yoktu. Ama 3. gününde, miyoglobin artışı çok büyük oldu. 1. gün ilk 2 konsantrasyonları karşılaştırıldığında bu artış 3. günde yaklaşık 147 nanogram (ng / ml) kan mililitrede oldu. Miyoglobin konsantrasyonları 30.12 + / - + / - 11,89 ng / ml 30 dakika egzersiz ve 178,96 başlangıçta 7.66 ng / ml, 31,66 + / - 3. gününde 249,51 ng / ml. 3. gün bu artış son derece anlamlı idi (ANOVA p &lt;0.01). Cilt sıcaklıkları arasındaki korelasyon analizi yapıldıIR görüntüleri ve VAS aci seviyeleri elde. Bu gün 2 VAS okuma ve günde 2 cilt sıcaklığı ölçümü arasında önemli bir korelasyon olduğunu tespit edildi. Bu korelasyon anlamlıydı (r = 0.312, p &lt;0.05). Ancak, VAS okumalar ve günde 3 cilt sıcaklıkları arasında belirgin bir korelasyon vardı. Bu ilişki anlamlı değildi (r = 0.047, p = 0.77). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1"/> Şekil 1: icra silah (Elmas) cilt sıcaklık farklılıkları ve 3 günlük süre içinde 41 olgu un icra silahlar (Kareler) temsil eden bir grafik . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2"/> Şekil 2, 41 olgu için 3 günlük süre içinde VAS ile ölçülen algılanan kas ağrıları farklılıkları bir temsilci grafik . Şekil 3. 3 süreler içinde 41 olgu için miyoglobin konsantrasyonlarda farklılıkları bir temsilci grafik. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig4.jpg" alt="Şekil 4"/> Şekil 4. Egzersize başlamadan önce bir konu icra kolu A) tipik bir IR görüntü. B) 24 saat egzersiz sonrası aynı konu kol IR görüntü. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig5.jpg" alt="Şekil 5"/> Şekil 5 egzersiz öncesi bir konu un icra kolu A) tipik bir IR görüntü. B) 24 saat egzersiz sonrası aynı konu kol IR görüntü. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig6.jpg" alt="Şekil 6"/> Şekil 6: 4 bölge ilgi therm analiz için bir örnekkol al görüntü. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig7.jpg" alt="Şekil 7"/> Şekil 7 icra kolu IR görüntü 4 kutu ilgi gösteren &quot;ThermoVision ExaminIR&quot; için yazılım arabirimi. Ayrıca her kutu için istatistiksel yorumlara gösterilir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig8.jpg" alt="Şekil 8"/> Şekil 8, bu soruşturma (FLIR 660) için kullanılan IR termal kamera . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig9.jpg" alt="Şekil 9"/> Şekil 9 A) IR Kamera 1 metre uzakta konular kol Kurulum. B) görüntüleri alındı, laboratuvarda kullanılan LED ışıkları. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig10.jpg" alt="Şekil 10"/> Şekil 10 A) kas gücünü ölçmek için kullanılan BIOPAC Modülleri. B) strain gauge cihazı, 4 sabit5 ° açılı tezgah ve BIOPAC sistemine bağladım. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig11.jpg" alt="Şekil 11"/> Şekil 11 strain gauge cihazı tarihinde yürürlüğe uygulamakla tipik bir konu. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig12.jpg" alt="Şekil 12"/> Şekil 12, kas ağrıları inducing için egzersiz protokolü uygulanan bir konu .

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+Thermographic+Imaging+in+the+Assessment+of+Successful+Block+on+Lumbar+Sympathetic+Ganglion.">Infrared Thermographic Imaging in the Assessment of Successful Block on Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion.</a> Yonsei Medical Journal. 44, 119-124 (2003).</li><li>Brancaccio, P., Lippi, G., Maffulli, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+markers+of+muscular+damage.">Biochemical markers of muscular damage.</a> Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 48, 757-767 (2010).</li><li>Neubauer, O., K&#246;nig, D., Wagner, K. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+after+an+Ironman+triathlon:+sustained+inflammatory+responses+and+muscular+stress.">Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 104, 417-426 (2008).</li></ol>

Hiçbir çıkar çatışmaları ilan etti.

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, tespit etmek ve yorucu egzersizden sonra kas ağrıları ölçen termal kızılötesi görüntüleme yararlılığını değerlendirmek için, ve sonuç kızılötesi görüntüleme, egzersiz, özellikle ilk 24 saat içinde tespit DOM&#39;lar için geçerli bir tekniği, etkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Pennes 18 kas bacaklarda cilt ısı akışı çok ayrıntılı bir model oluşturduğunu, bu durum şaşırtıcı değildir. Bu modelin olduğu gibi kasları gibi de...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Aygıt Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> Kızılötesi Termal Kamera </td><td> FLIR </td><td> FLIR SC660 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Infra-Red Termal Analiz Yazılımı </td><td> ThermoVision ExaminIR </td><td> Yazılım Sürüm 1.10.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Biyoelektrik Amplifikatör Modülü </td><td> BIOPAC </td><td> DA100C </td><td> DA100C, değişken kazanç ayarları ve ayarlanabilir voltaj başvuruları sağlar. </td></tr><tr><td> Dijital Dönüştürücü Modülü Analog </td><td> BIOPAC </td><td> MP100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Otomatik enzim İmmünoassay Analyzer </td><td> Tosoh </td><td> AIA -360 </td><td> Bu cihaz, kan örnekleri analiz etmek için kullanılır ve miyoglobin okumaları elde edildi. </td></tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

the use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness

Aynı zamanda egzersiz kaynaklı kas hasarı (EIMD) olarak bilinen geç başlangıçlı kas ağrıları (DOM&#39;lar), genellikle uzun süre için fiziksel olarak aktif olmayan ve beklenmedik bir egzersiz 1-4 maçı ile başlayan kişilerde deneyimli, ancak aynı zamanda 5 eğitim onların normal sınırlar ötesinde egzersiz sporcular ortaya çıkar. Bu acı olay ile ilişkili semptomlar, hafif kas ağrısı şiddetli zayıflatıcı ağrı 1,3,5 uzanabilir. Yoğunluğu ve bu belirtiler ilk 24 saat içinde ilgili rahatsızlık artar, egzersizin sona erdirilmesinden sonra ve 24 ila 72 saat egzersiz 1,3 arasında doruklarına. Bu nedenle, bir bireyin performansını etkileyebilir ve birçok 1,4 için korkutucu olabilir, spor yaralanması en sık rastlanan tekrarlayan formları DOM&#39;lar biridir . Son 3 yıl için DOM&#39;lar fenomen önemli miktarda kazanmıştıregzersiz fizyolojisi, spor ve rehabilitasyon alanlarında 6 araştırmacılar ve uzmanlar arasında ilgi. Bu acı olay soruşturma altında yatan mekanizmaları, tedavi müdahaleler, ve önleyici stratejilerin 1-5,7-12 konusunda yayınlanmış çalışmaların bir dizi olmuştur. Ancak, bu durum 6 ölçmek için kullanılan ölçme araçları ve yöntemleri arasındaki değişkenlik geniş bir miktarı vardır DOM&#39;lar ölçmek için kolay bir patoloji olmadığı literatürde bellidir. Bu, herhangi bir anlaşma, zor, aci ya da bu tip ile ilgili belirtileri azaltmada belirli bir müdahale gerçekten yardımcı olup olmadığını doğrulamak için DOM&#39;lar, en iyi değerlendirme ölçüsüdür yapılmış olduğu açıktır. Böylece, pek çok çalışmada, öznel değil, nesnel bir ölçü bir görsel analog skala (VAS) 10,13-15, aci ölçüm bağlıdır çünkü DOM&#39;lar biraz muğlak olarak görülebilir yapabilirsiniz . Rağmen iğnekas biyopsileri ve myofibre proteinlerin kan düzeyleri, bazı bazı, bu kan proteinleri 6, büyük farklılıklar bir altın standart, bazen invaziv teknikler ile ilişkili yüksek risklere ek olarak, 6,16 dokümante edilmiştir düşünülebilir. Bu nedenle, mevcut soruşturmada, ilgili kas ağrıları tespit etmek için cilt egzersiz kas üzerinde bir termal kızıl ötesi (IR) görüntüleme tekniği test etti. Infra-red termografi kullanılan ve 1950 17 yılından bu yana farklı türde hastalıklar ve enfeksiyonlar tespit etmede başarılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ama şaşırtıcı bir şekilde, hiçbir şey yakın DOM&#39;lar ve cilt sıcaklığı değişiklikler yapılır olmuştur. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, bu güvenli ve non-invaziv tekniği kullanılarak DOM&#39;lar değişiklikleri incelemek için.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness at JoVE.com

The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Bu araştırmanın amacı, bir kızıl-ötesi termal kamera ile tespit etmek ve egzersiz sonrası kas ağrıları niceleme için geçerli bir araç olup olmadığını değerlendirmek için.

Gecikmeli Onset Kas Aci Algılama için Termal Infra-Red Görüntüleme Kullanımı

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically ...

the-use-thermal-infra-red-imaging-to-detect-delayed-onset-muscle

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.1K Görüntüleme.  Loma Linda University. Bu araştırmanın amacı, bir kızıl-ötesi termal kamera ile tespit etmek ve egzersiz sonrası kas ağrıları niceleme için geçerli bir araç olup olmadığını değerlendirmek için.

Video: The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ablation procedure, a thin applicator is guided into the target tumor under imaging guidance. Energy is then applied to the tissue until temperatures rise to cytotoxic levels (50-60 &deg;C). Various energy sources are available to heat biological tissues, including radiofrequency (RF) electrical current, microwaves, laser light and ultrasonic waves. Of these, RF and microwave ablation are most commonly used worldwide.
During RF ablation, alternating electrical current (~500 kHz) produces resistive heating around the interstitial electrode. Skin surface electrodes (ground pads) are used to complete the electrical circuit. RF ablation has been in use for nearly 20 years, with good results for local tumor control, extended survival and low complication rates1,2. Recent studies suggest RF ablation may be a first-line treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma3-5. However, RF heating is hampered by local blood flow and high electrical impedance tissues (eg, lung, bone, desiccated or charred tissue)6,7. Microwaves may alleviate some of these problems by producing faster, volumetric heating8-10. To create larger or conformal ablations, multiple microwave antennas can be used simultaneously while RF electrodes require sequential operation, which limits their efficiency. Early experiences with microwave systems suggest efficacy and safety similar to, or better than RF devices11-13.
Alternatively, cryoablation freezes the target tissues to lethal levels (-20 to -40 &deg;C). Percutaneous cryoablation has been shown to be effective against RCC and many metastatic tumors, particularly colorectal cancer, in the liver14-16. Cryoablation may also be associated with less post-procedure pain and faster recovery for some indications17. Cryoablation is often contraindicated for primary liver cancer due to underlying coagulopathy and associated bleeding risks frequently seen in cirrhotic patients. In addition, sudden release of tumor cellular contents when the frozen tissue thaws can lead to a potentially serious condition known as cryoshock 16.
Thermal tumor ablation can be performed at open surgery, laparoscopy or using a percutaneous approach. When performed percutaneously, the ablation procedure relies on imaging for diagnosis, planning, applicator guidance, treatment monitoring and follow-up. Ultrasound is the most popular modality for guidance and treatment monitoring worldwide, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used as well. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are typically employed for diagnosis and follow-up imaging.

A thermal tumor ablation procedure is described. The entire procedure is detailed, including pretreatment planning and imaging studies, anesthesia, adjuvant techniques to facilitate a percutaneous approach, imaging guidance of the ablation device to the tumor, thermal treatment, post-treatment care and follow-up.

Karın Tümörler Tedavi için Termal Ablasyon

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ...

Tıp

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

Kantitatif Görselleştirme ve Dinamik Termal Görüntüleme Deri Kanseri Tespiti

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

Roman Bitkisel Tedaviler Değerlendirmek için Sepsis Hayvan Modeli kullanımı

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

The Use of Pharmacological-challenge fMRI in Pre-clinical Research: Application to the 5-HT System

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel underlying neurobiological mechanisms behind drug action and neurotransmitter-related disorders, such as depression and ADHD. Like most of the imaging methods (PET, SPECT, CT) it represents a progress in the investigation of brain disorders and the related function of neurotransmitter pathways in a non-invasive way with respect of the overall neuronal connectivity. Moreover it also provides the ideal tool for translation to clinical investigations. MRI, while still behind in molecular imaging strategies compared to PET and SPECT, has the great advantage to have a high spatial resolution and no need for the injection of a contrast-agent or radio-labeled molecules, thereby avoiding the repetitive exposure to ionizing radiations. Functional MRI (fMRI) is extensively used in research and clinical setting, where it is generally combined with a psycho-motor task. phMRI is an adaptation of fMRI enabling the investigation of a specific neurotransmitter system, such as serotonin (5-HT), under physiological or pathological conditions following activation via administration of a specific challenging drug.
The aim of the method described here is to assess brain 5-HT function in free-breathing animals. By challenging the 5-HT system while simultaneously acquiring functional MR images over time, the response of the brain to this challenge can be visualized. Several studies in animals have already demonstrated that drug-induced increases in extracellular levels of e.g. 5-HT (releasing agents, selective re-uptake blockers, etc) evoke region-specific changes in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signals (signal due to a change of the oxygenated/deoxygenated hemoglobin levels occurring during brain activation through an increase of the blood supply to supply the oxygen and glucose to the demanding neurons) providing an index of neurotransmitter function. It has also been shown that these effects can be reversed by treatments that decrease 5-HT availability16,13,18,7. In adult rats, BOLD signal changes following acute SSRI administration have been described in several 5-HT related brain regions, i.e. cortical areas, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus9,16,15. Stimulation of the 5-HT system and its response to this challenge can be thus used as a measure of its function in both animals and humans2,11.

The goal of this technique is to assess serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter function in the live and free-breathing animal with pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) and an intravenous challenge with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine.

Pre-klinik araştırma Farmakolojik-meydan fMRI Kullanımı: 5-HT Sistemi Uygulaması

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel ...

Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.

A non-invasive means to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation is described. The method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. Here, we make use of a fluc reporter gene sequence to target cells via bioluminescence imaging.

Nakledilen Muscle Progenitör Hücreler Hedefleyecek Moleküler Görüntüleme

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

İnsan Serum içinde N-metil-D-aspartat reseptör ya da dopamin-2 reseptör antikorları algılamak üzere yüksek verimli Flow Cytometry hücre bazlı bir deneyde

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Non-invaziv Görüntüleme için fare modeli Algılama ve Monitör Yumurtalık Kanseri nüks için

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

İskelet Kası Hastalığının kantitatif Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.

Vascular calcification is an important predictor of and contributor to human cardiovascular disease. This protocol describes methods for inducing calcification of cultured primary vascular smooth muscle cells and for quantifying calcification and macrophage burden in animal aortas using near-infrared fluorescence imaging.

Aort Kalsifikasyon ve Enflamasyon Vasküler düz kas hücrelerinin ve Görüntüleme Kalsifikasyon

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world.  Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.