We wish to acknowledge a contract (WS1763368) from Pfizer Pharmaceuticals for support in this work. We would also like to thank the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for their support.

1. The Exercise
<ol>
 <li>The muscle of interest for this experiment was the elbow flexors (Biceps Brachii).</li>
 <li>Muscle strength was measured for each participant to be able to give each individual an appropriate resistance. This was determined by testing each participant for their resistance maximum (RM).</li>
 <li>For testing the RM, we used a strain gauge device interfaced with a computer through a BioPac (DA-100C) bioelectric amplifier module (BioPac Systems, Goleta, CA) to measure muscle strengt...

<ol>
	<li>Cheung, K., Hume, P. A., Maxwell, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness:+Treatment+strategies+and+Performance+Factors.">Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: Treatment strategies and Performance Factors.</a> Sports. Med. 33, 145-164 (2003).</li><li>MacIntyre, D. L., Reid, W. D., McKenzie, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+Muscle+Soreness:+The+Inflammatory+Response+to+Muscle+Injury+and+its+Clinical+Implications.">Delayed Muscle Soreness: The Inflammatory Response to Muscle Injury and its Clinical Implications.</a> Sports. Med. 20, 24-40 (1995).</li><li>Armstrong, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+exercise-induced+delayed+onset+muscular+soreness:+a+brief+review.">Mechanisms of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 16, 529-538 (1984).</li><li>Howatson, G., Someren, K. A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Prevention+and+Treatment+of+Exercise-Induced+Muscle+Damage.">The Prevention and Treatment of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage.</a> Sports. Med. 38, 483-503 (2008).</li><li>Petrofsky, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Different+Heat+Modalities+for+Treating+Delayed-Onset+Muscle+Soreness+in+People+with+Diabetes.">Comparison of Different Heat Modalities for Treating Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness in People with Diabetes.</a> Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics. 13, 645-655 (2011).</li><li>Warren, G. L., Lowe, D. A., Armstrong, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+Tools+Used+in+the+Study+of+Eccentric+Contraction-Induced+Injury.">Measurement Tools Used in the Study of Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury.</a> Sports. Med. 27, 43-59 (1999).</li><li>Hilbert, J. E., Sforzo, G. A., Swensen, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effects+of+Massage+on+Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness.">The Effects of Massage on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.</a> Br. J. Sports. Med. 37, 72-75 (2003).</li><li>Symons, T. B., Clasey, J. L., Gater, D. R., Yates, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Deap+Heat+as+a+Preventative+Mechanism+on+Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness.">Effects of Deap Heat as a Preventative Mechanism on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.</a> Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 18, 155-161 (2004).</li><li>Vaile, J. M., Gill, N. D., Blazevich, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Contrast+Water+Therapy+on+Symptoms+of+Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness.">The Effect of Contrast Water Therapy on Symptoms of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.</a> Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21, 697-702 (2007).</li><li>Stone, M. B., Merrick, M. A., Ingersoll, C. D., Edwards, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+Comparison+of+Bromelain+and+Ibuprofen+for+Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness+Management.">Preliminary Comparison of Bromelain and Ibuprofen for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Management.</a> Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 12, 373-378 (2002).</li><li>Barlas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Managing+Delayed-Onset+Muscle+Soreness:+Lack+of+Effect+of+Selected+Oral+Systemic+Analgesics.">Managing Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: Lack of Effect of Selected Oral Systemic Analgesics.</a> Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81, 966-972 (2000).</li><li>Jackman, S. R., Witard, O. C., Jeukendrup, A. E., Tipton, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branched-Chain+Amino+Acid+Ingestion+Can+Ameliorate+Soreness+from+Eccentric+Exercise.">Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ingestion Can Ameliorate Soreness from Eccentric Exercise.</a> Medicine &#38; Science in Sports &#38; Exercise. 42, 962-970 (2010).</li><li>Law, F. r. e. y., A, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Massage+Reduces+Pain+Perception+and+Hyperalgesia+in+Experimental+Muscle+Pain:+A+Randomized,+Controlled+Trial.">Massage Reduces Pain Perception and Hyperalgesia in Experimental Muscle Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.</a> The Journal of Pain. 9, 714-721 (2008).</li><li>Vaile, J., Halson, S., Gill, N., Dawson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hydrotherapy+on+the+signs+and+symptoms+of+delayed+onset+muscle+soreness.">Effect of hydrotherapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 102, 447-455 (2007).</li><li>Vinck, E., Cagnie, B., Coorevits, P., Vanderstraeten, G., Cambier, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pain+reduction+by+infrared+light-emitting+diode+irradiation:+a+pilot+study+on+experimentally+induced+delayed-onset+muscle+soreness+in+humans.">Pain reduction by infrared light-emitting diode irradiation: a pilot study on experimentally induced delayed-onset muscle soreness in humans.</a> Lasers in Medical Science. 21, 11-18 (2006).</li><li>Clarkson, P. M., Ebbeling, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+Serum+Creatine+Kinase+Variability+after+Muscle-Damaging+Exercise.">Investigation of Serum Creatine Kinase Variability after Muscle-Damaging Exercise.</a> Clin. Sci. 75, 257-261 (1988).</li><li>Jiang, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perspective+on+medical+infrared+imaging.">A perspective on medical infrared imaging.</a> Journal of Medical Engineering &#38; Technology. 29, 257-267 (2005).</li><li>Pennes, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Tissue+and+Arterial+Blood+Temperatures+in+the+Resting+Human+Forearm.">Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperatures in the Resting Human Forearm.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 1, 93-122 (1948).</li><li>Ivanitsky, G. R., Khizhnyak, E. P., Deev, A. A., Khizhnyak, L. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+imaging+in+medicine:+A+comparative+study+of+infrared+systems+operating+in+wavelength+ranges+of+3&#x2013;5+and+8-12+&#956;m+as+applied+to+diagnosis.">Thermal imaging in medicine: A comparative study of infrared systems operating in wavelength ranges of 3&#x2013;5 and 8-12 &#956;m as applied to diagnosis.</a> Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 407, 59-63 (2006).</li><li>Herman, C., Cetingul, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Visualization+and+Detection+of+Skin+Cancer+Using+Dynamic+Thermal+Imaging.">Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2679-e2679 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+diagnostic+performance+of+infrared+imaging+of+the+breast:+a+preliminary+study.">Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of infrared imaging of the breast: a preliminary study.</a> BioMedical Engineering OnLine. 9, 3-3 (2010).</li><li>Murray, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+imaging+techniques+in+the+assessment+of+scleroderma+spectrum+disorders.">Noninvasive imaging techniques in the assessment of scleroderma spectrum disorders.</a> Arthritis &#38; Rheumatism. 61, 1103-1111 (2009).</li><li>Zaproudina, N., Ming, Z., Hanninen, O. O. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plantar+Infrared+Thermography+Measurements+and+Low+Back+Pain+Intensity.">Plantar Infrared Thermography Measurements and Low Back Pain Intensity.</a> Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 29, 219-223 (2006).</li><li>Kim, Y. -. C., Bahk, J. -. H., Lee, S. -. C., Lee, Y. -. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+Thermographic+Imaging+in+the+Assessment+of+Successful+Block+on+Lumbar+Sympathetic+Ganglion.">Infrared Thermographic Imaging in the Assessment of Successful Block on Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion.</a> Yonsei Medical Journal. 44, 119-124 (2003).</li><li>Brancaccio, P., Lippi, G., Maffulli, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+markers+of+muscular+damage.">Biochemical markers of muscular damage.</a> Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 48, 757-767 (2010).</li><li>Neubauer, O., K&#246;nig, D., Wagner, K. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+after+an+Ironman+triathlon:+sustained+inflammatory+responses+and+muscular+stress.">Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 104, 417-426 (2008).</li></ol>

The primary purpose of this investigation was to assess the usefulness of thermal IR imaging in detecting and measuring muscle soreness after strenuous exercise, and our results suggest that IR imaging could be a valid technique for detecting DOMS, especially within the first 24 hours of exercising. This is not surprising, as Pennes18 provided a very detailed model of heat flow from muscle to skin in limbs. This model predicts that heat in deeper tissues such as muscles can be dissipated into blood and into th...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the Device</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Infra-Red Thermal Camera</td>
 <td>FLIR</td>
 <td>FLIR SC660</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Thermal Infra-Red Analysis Software</td>
 <td>ThermoVision ExaminIR</td>
 <td>Software Version 1.10.2</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bioelectric Amplifier Module</td>
 <td>BioPac</td>
 <td>DA100C</td>
 <td>The DA100C provides variable gain settings, and adjustable voltage references.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Analog to Digital Converter Module</td>
 <td>BioPac</td>
 <td>MP100</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Automated enzyme Immunoassay Analyzer</td>
 <td>TOSOH</td>
 <td>AIA -360</td>
 <td>This device was used to analyze the blood samples, and obtain the myoglobin readings.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

the use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically inactive for prolonged periods of time, and begin with an unexpected bout of exercise1-4, but can also occur in athletes who exercise beyond their normal limits of training5. The symptoms associated with this painful phenomenon can range from slight muscle tenderness, to severe debilitating pain1,3,5. The intensity of these symptoms and the related discomfort increases within the first 24 hours following the termination of the exercise, and peaks between 24 to 72 hours post exercise1,3. For this reason, DOMS is one of the most common recurrent forms of sports injury that can affect an individual&#x2019;s performance, and become intimidating for many1,4.
For the last 3 decades, the DOMS phenomenon has gained a considerable amount of interest amongst researchers and specialists in exercise physiology, sports, and rehabilitation fields6. There has been a variety of published studies investigating this painful occurrence in regards to its underlying mechanisms, treatment interventions, and preventive strategies1-5,7-12. However, it is evident from the literature that DOMS is not an easy pathology to quantify, as there is a wide amount of variability between the measurement tools and methods used to quantify this condition6. It is obvious that no agreement has been made on one best evaluation measure for DOMS, which makes it difficult to verify whether a specific intervention really helps in decreasing the symptoms associated with this type of soreness or not. Thus, DOMS can be seen as somewhat ambiguous, because many studies depend on measuring soreness using a visual analog scale (VAS)10,13-15, which is a subjective rather than an objective measure. Even though needle biopsies of the muscle, and blood levels of myofibre proteins might be considered a gold standard to some6, large variations in some of these blood proteins have been documented 6,16, in addition to the high risks sometimes associated with invasive techniques. 
Therefore, in the current investigation, we tested a thermal infra-red (IR) imaging technique of the skin above the exercised muscle to detect the associated muscle soreness. Infra-red thermography has been used, and found to be successful in detecting different types of diseases and infections since the 1950&#x2019;s17. But surprisingly, near to nothing has been done on DOMS and changes in skin temperature. The main purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in DOMS using this safe and non-invasive technique.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness at JoVE.com

The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether using an infra-red thermal camera is a valid tool for detecting and quantifying the muscle soreness after exercising.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically ...

the-use-thermal-infra-red-imaging-to-detect-delayed-onset-muscle

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.1K visualizações.  Loma Linda University. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se usando uma câmera infra-vermelha térmica é uma ferramenta válida para detectar e quantificar a dor muscular após o exercício.