우리는이 일을 지원 화이자 제약에서 계약 (WS1763368)을 인정하고 싶습니다. 우리는 또한 그들의 지원을위한 고등 교육의 사우디 아라비아 교육부 (MOHE)을 감사드립니다.

1. 운동 <ol><li> 본 실험에 대한 관심의 근육은 팔꿈치 flexors (팔뚝의 Brachii)했습니다. </li><li> 근육 강도는 각 개인에게 적절한 저항을 줄 수 있도록 각 참가자에 대해 측정했다. 이것은 그들의 저항을 최대 (RM)에 대한 각 참가자를 테스트에 의해 결정되었다. </li><li> RM 테스트를 위해, 우리는 근육 강도를 측정하는 BioPac (DA - 100C) 생체 증폭기 모듈 (BioPac 시스템, Goleta, CA)을 통해 컴퓨터와 인터페이스 스트레인 게이지 장치를 사용했습니다. 모듈은 초당 1,000 헤르츠의 주파수에 디지털 변환기의 샘플링에 MP - 100 아날로그에 연결하고, 24 비트 (그림 10)의 해상도.되었습니다 </li><li> 스트레인 게이지 장치는 45 °의 각도로 벤치에 고정되었다. 과목은 노력의 힘을 자신의 손목을 통해되도록 즉, 장치 뒤에 앉아 패딩이 지역에 자신의 팔꿈치를 휴식을 지시했다. 이것은 그 대상이 더 것입니다 보험도 최선의 방법이라고 생각t 모집 팔뚝 (그림 11) 이외의 근육. </li><li> 강도는 각 수축은 수축을 분리 약 45 초 기간에 삼초되고 3 차례 결정했다. 3 측정의 평균 RM했다. </li><li> 각 참가자의 팔뚝 근육에 대한 RM을 결정 후, 운동의 목적 세션들은 RM의 35 %로 진행되었습니다. </li><li> 모든 과목은 근육 쓰림 (DOMS)을 유도하기 위해 적절한 가중치 아령을 사용하여 동일한 운동을 받았습니다. 이것은 의자에 앉아있는 동안 팔뚝 농도 머리카락을 어루 25 반복 4 세트를 수행하여 실시하고, 팔꿈치는 (그림 12) 자신의 허벅지에서 지원과 함께했다. </li><li> 각 과목은 각 세트 사이에 90초 휴식 기간을 부여했다. 과목도 25 반복의 전체 집합을 한, 또는 그들이 꾸준히 운동을하는 동안 체중을 제어하는​​ 데 실패하면 중지하도록 지시했다. </li></ol> 2. 적외선 카메라​​ 준비 및 설치 <ol><li> 적외선 영상이 이루어지는 공간은 거짓 열 수치로 이어질 수 실온의 차이에서 외부 바이어스를 최소화하기 위해 일정한 온도로 설정했다. 본 실험의 목적을 위해 우리가 약 23 유지되었습니다 온도 조절 방을 가지고 ° C (+ / - 0.5 ° C). </li><li> 카메라가 멀리 1m의 거리에서 설정이었고, 수직 각도로 피부에 (그림 9A) 측정되는 *. </li><li> 필요한 거리 설정한 후, 과목은 이미지가 촬영되었습니다 때까지 가만히하시기 바랍니다했다. 이것은 몇 초 이상 걸리지 않을 거예요,하지만 촬영한 이미지의 정확성을 확보하기 위해 움직임을 최소화하기 위해 매우 중요합니다. </li><li> 이것은 방이 어두운 색깔의 페인트보다는 밝은 색상, 모든 적외선 간섭을 최소화하기 위해있다는 것이 바람직합니다. </li><li> 적외선 이미지 beca을 상대할 때는 조명도 중요합니다형광등이나 텅스텐 조명 같은 적외선 파도가 거짓 높은 수치를 얻을 수있을 방출 광원을 사용합니다. LED 조명은 거의 모든 적외선 간섭 (그림 9B)를 생산하지 않기 때문에 가장 좋은 조명 옵션, 균일한 LED 조명을 갖춘 방을 것입니다 *. </li></ol> 테스트 * 시리즈는 우리가 다른 각도 (0 (수직), 15, 30, 45, 60도)에서 피부의 이미지를 비교하여 FLIR 660 IR 카메라 (그림 8)를 사용하여 우리 연구소에서 수행하고 있었는데 피부에서 다른 거리 (1, 2, 5 미터)에서 정확하게 피부의 온도를 감지합니다. 모든 이미지는 보정 열전쌍에 비해, 그리고 이미지와 열전대 신호 사이에 가장 상관 관계가 수직 각도와 거리 피부 (R = 0.93)에서 1m의 거리에서있었습니다. 다양한 각도와 거리가 pixilation 손실을 발생하고, 이미지와 열전대 신호 사이의 전반적인 상관 관계를 감소. 3. 이미지 Acquirement <ol><li> 본 실험의 목적은 행사 근육의 이미지는 운동 전에 24에서 촬영하고, 48 시간 이후 훈련했다. </li><li> 대상 이외의 소스에서 체온은 열 이미지를 방해하고 잘못된 판독을 줄 수 있습니다. 이러한 이유로, 아무도 목표는 옆에 또는 뒤에 서해서는 안됩니다. </li><li> 이 조사에서 행사가 아닌 행사 팔 모두의 사진은 비교 목적으로 촬영되었습니다. 우리는 무기 중 하나를 행사로서 앞서 언급한이었고, 다른 팔은 (그림 4 및 5) 제어로 사용되었다. </li><li> 이 이미지를 누구에게 속해있는 식별하기 어려울 수로 IR 카메라에서 이미지 번호는 별도의 스프레드 시트에 즉시 기록했다. </li></ol> 4. 이미지 처리 및 분석 <ol><li> 1.10.2 : 획득 IR 이미지는 &quot;ThermoVision ExaminIR&quot;소프트웨어 버전을 사용 처리되었습니다. </li><li> 필요한 이미지를 선택한 후R 분석, 관심이 네 가지 영역은 소프트웨어 인터페이스 (Fig.6)에 대한 통계 상자를 사용하여 팔 취득한 이미지를 확인했습니다. </li><li> 팔을 걸쳐 필요한 지역이 위치한되었을 경우, 소프트웨어는 선택한 각 지역에 대한 온도의 수단과 표준 편차를 보여줍니다. 우리는 다음 중 하나를 교차 각 영역을 비교하거나 팔 전체의 평균 기온 (그림 7) 얻을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 5. 시각적 아날로그 스케일 및 혈액 분석 <ol><li> 시각 아날로그 척도 (중이야)은 팔 주관적 쓰림을 평가하는 데 사용되었다. 규모가 반대 끝에 &quot;매우 아프다&quot;는 10cm (100mm) 한쪽 끝에 &#39;고통&#39;표시도 긴 라인, 그리고했다. 각 참가자는 쓰림 자신의 응답을 나타내는 10cm 라인을 따라 마크를 만들기 위해 감독했다. </li><li> 중이야의이 운동은 운동 후 24 시간 및 48 시간 전에 과목으로 실시되었다. </li><li> 주변 피가 열되었습니다혈액의 미오 글 로빈 농도 수준을 측정하는 과목에서 lected. </li><li> 혈액이 운동을하기 전에 주제 antecubital 정맥에서 도출되었다, 운동 후 30 분 이상이었고, 48 시간. </li><li> 혈액은 세포에서 혈청을 분리하는 10 분 4,000 rpm으로 centrifuged했다. 미오 글 로빈의 분석이 완료되었습니다 ° C까지 샘플은 다음 -80에 저장되었습니다. </li><li> 미오 글 로빈은 TOSOH &quot;AIA - 360&quot;자동 효소 면역 분석기를 (TOSOH 주식 회사, 동경, 일본)를 사용하여 측정되었다. 미오 글 로빈 분석 키트 (Myo 025297, ST AIA - PACK 미오 글 로빈)은이 지침에 따라 제조 사용되었습니다. </li></ol> 6. 대표 결과 이 조사 중에 촬영한 IR 열 이미지의 결과는 명확하게 그림 1에 표시됩니다. 41 과목의 행사 무기에 대해 3 시간 기간 (사전 운동, 24 시간 후 운동과 48시간 후 운동)에서 촬영한 이미지로보기사전 운동 온도, 및 48 시간 촬영 온도에 비해 일 2 온도에서 눈에 띄게 증가 (24 시간 이후 운동). 그림 1에 나타난 평균 피부 온도가 32.80했습니다 + / - 1.03 ° 일 1 C (사전 운동) 및 33.96 + / - 1.46 ° 일 2 C (24 시간 후 운동) 및 32.82 + / - 일 3 1.29 (48시간 후 운동). 일 1 일 2 피부 온도의 이러한 차이는 (ANOVA P는 &lt;0.01) 의미했습니다. 그러나, 취소 행사 팔위한 3 기간 사이에 변화가 분명되지 않았습니다. 평균 피부 온도가 33.08 것을 그림 1은 보여주는 + / - 0.83 ° 일 1 C (사전 운동) 및 32.79 + / - 1.42 ° 2 일 (24 시간 후 운동) 및 33.17를위한 C + / - 0.95 에 대해 하루 3 (48시간 후 운동). 3 일 동안 피부 온도의 이러한 차이는 (ANOVA P는 = 0.38) 중요한되지 않았습니다. 중이야에서 통증 수치의 결과는 그림 2에 표시됩니다. 마찬가지로 그림에서 볼ure 2, 보고된 통증은 일 2, 3에 극적으로 증가했다. 행사 근육의 통증 레벨은 3.6에서 + / 증가 - 36.3로, 6.1 일 1 + / - 2 일 22.8 및 37.5 + / - 25.3 일 3. 일 1이 증가 (ANOVA P는 &lt;0.01) 의미했습니다. 미오 글 로빈 농도 수준의 결과는 그림 3에 표시됩니다. 이 그림에서 볼 수 마찬가지로, 일 1 2 미오 글 로빈의 농도 (사전, 및 30 분 게시 운동) 사이에 변화는 거의 없었습니다. 그러나 3 일에, 미오 글 로빈의 증가는 매우 큽니다. 일 1 처음 2 농도에 비해 3 일이 증가는 혈액의 밀리리터 당 약 147 나노 그램 (NG / ML)되었습니다. 미오 글 로빈의 농도가 30.12되었습니다 + / - 기준선에서 7.66 NG / ML, 31.66 + / - 11.89 NG / ML 30 분 게시 운동, 그리고 178.96 + / - 249.51 NG / 일 3 ML. 3 일이 증가 (ANOVA P는 &lt;0.01) 매우 중요했습니다. 상관 관계 분석은 피부의 온도 사이에 이루어졌다IR 이미지 및 중이야의 쓰림 수준에서 얻은. 그것은 일 2 중이야의 수치, 그리고 일 2 피부 온도 측정 사이에 상당한 상관 관계가있다는 것을 발견했다. 이 상관 관계가 중요한되었다 (R = 0.312, P &lt;0.05). 그러나 중이야 판독 및 일 3 피부의 온도 사이에는 분명 상관 관계가 없었다. 이 상관 관계가 무의미한되었다 (R = 0.047, P = 0.77). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1"/> 그림 1. 행사 팔 (다이아몬드)의 피부 온도 차이, 그리고 3 일간의 기간 동안 41 과목을 취소 행사 팔 (광장)의 대표적인 그래프. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2"/> 그림 2. 모두 41 과목에 대한 3 일간의 기간 동안 중이야로 측정된 인식 근육 쓰림의 차이의 대표적인 그래프. 그림 3. 3 시간 기간 동안 모두 41 과목 미오 글 로빈의 농도의 차이의 대표적인 그래프. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig4.jpg" alt="그림 4"/> 그림 4. 운동을하기 전에 주제의 행사 팔) 전형적인 IR 이미지. 24시간 운동 후 동일한 과목 팔 B) IR 이미지. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig5.jpg" alt="그림 5"/> 그림 5. 운동을하기 전에 주제의 취소 행사 팔) 전형적인 IR 이미지. 24시간 운동 후 동일한 과목 팔 B) IR 이미지. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig6.jpg" alt="그림 6"/> 그림 6. 대칼로리을 분석하는 관심의 4 영역의 그림팔 알 이미지. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig7.jpg" alt="그림 7"/> 그림 7. 행사 팔의 IR 이미지 관심의 4 박스를 보여주는 &quot;ThermoVision ExaminIR&quot;에 대한 소프트웨어 인터페이스입니다. 또한 각 상자에 통계 해석은 표시됩니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig8.jpg" alt="그림 8"/> 그림 8.이 조사 (FLIR 660)에 사용되는 IR 열감지 카메라. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig9.jpg" alt="그림 9"/> 그림 9.) 떨어진 과목 암에서 IR 카메라 1m의 설치. B) LED 조명은 이미지가 찍은 실험실에서 사용. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig10.jpg" alt="그림 10"/> 그림 10.) 근육의 강도를 측정에 사용되는 BioPac 모듈. B) 스트레인 게이지 장치는 4로 고정5 ° 직각 벤치와 BioPac 시스템 줬습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig11.jpg" alt="그림 11"/> 그림 11. 스트레인 게이지 장치에 힘을 exerting 전형적인 주제. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3551/3551fig12.jpg" alt="그림 12"/> 그림 12. 근육 쓰림를 유도를위한 운동 프로토콜을 겪고 주제.

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Contrast+Water+Therapy+on+Symptoms+of+Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness.">The Effect of Contrast Water Therapy on Symptoms of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.</a> Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21, 697-702 (2007).</li><li>Stone, M. B., Merrick, M. A., Ingersoll, C. D., Edwards, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+Comparison+of+Bromelain+and+Ibuprofen+for+Delayed+Onset+Muscle+Soreness+Management.">Preliminary Comparison of Bromelain and Ibuprofen for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Management.</a> Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 12, 373-378 (2002).</li><li>Barlas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Managing+Delayed-Onset+Muscle+Soreness:+Lack+of+Effect+of+Selected+Oral+Systemic+Analgesics.">Managing Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: Lack of Effect of Selected Oral Systemic Analgesics.</a> Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81, 966-972 (2000).</li><li>Jackman, S. R., Witard, O. C., Jeukendrup, A. E., Tipton, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Branched-Chain+Amino+Acid+Ingestion+Can+Ameliorate+Soreness+from+Eccentric+Exercise.">Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ingestion Can Ameliorate Soreness from Eccentric Exercise.</a> Medicine &#38; Science in Sports &#38; Exercise. 42, 962-970 (2010).</li><li>Law, F. r. e. y., A, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Massage+Reduces+Pain+Perception+and+Hyperalgesia+in+Experimental+Muscle+Pain:+A+Randomized,+Controlled+Trial.">Massage Reduces Pain Perception and Hyperalgesia in Experimental Muscle Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.</a> The Journal of Pain. 9, 714-721 (2008).</li><li>Vaile, J., Halson, S., Gill, N., Dawson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hydrotherapy+on+the+signs+and+symptoms+of+delayed+onset+muscle+soreness.">Effect of hydrotherapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 102, 447-455 (2007).</li><li>Vinck, E., Cagnie, B., Coorevits, P., Vanderstraeten, G., Cambier, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pain+reduction+by+infrared+light-emitting+diode+irradiation:+a+pilot+study+on+experimentally+induced+delayed-onset+muscle+soreness+in+humans.">Pain reduction by infrared light-emitting diode irradiation: a pilot study on experimentally induced delayed-onset muscle soreness in humans.</a> Lasers in Medical Science. 21, 11-18 (2006).</li><li>Clarkson, P. M., Ebbeling, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+Serum+Creatine+Kinase+Variability+after+Muscle-Damaging+Exercise.">Investigation of Serum Creatine Kinase Variability after Muscle-Damaging Exercise.</a> Clin. Sci. 75, 257-261 (1988).</li><li>Jiang, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perspective+on+medical+infrared+imaging.">A perspective on medical infrared imaging.</a> Journal of Medical Engineering &#38; Technology. 29, 257-267 (2005).</li><li>Pennes, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Tissue+and+Arterial+Blood+Temperatures+in+the+Resting+Human+Forearm.">Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperatures in the Resting Human Forearm.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 1, 93-122 (1948).</li><li>Ivanitsky, G. R., Khizhnyak, E. P., Deev, A. A., Khizhnyak, L. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+imaging+in+medicine:+A+comparative+study+of+infrared+systems+operating+in+wavelength+ranges+of+3&#x2013;5+and+8-12+&#956;m+as+applied+to+diagnosis.">Thermal imaging in medicine: A comparative study of infrared systems operating in wavelength ranges of 3&#x2013;5 and 8-12 &#956;m as applied to diagnosis.</a> Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics. 407, 59-63 (2006).</li><li>Herman, C., Cetingul, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Visualization+and+Detection+of+Skin+Cancer+Using+Dynamic+Thermal+Imaging.">Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2679-e2679 (2011).</li><li>Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+diagnostic+performance+of+infrared+imaging+of+the+breast:+a+preliminary+study.">Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of infrared imaging of the breast: a preliminary study.</a> BioMedical Engineering OnLine. 9, 3-3 (2010).</li><li>Murray, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+imaging+techniques+in+the+assessment+of+scleroderma+spectrum+disorders.">Noninvasive imaging techniques in the assessment of scleroderma spectrum disorders.</a> Arthritis &#38; Rheumatism. 61, 1103-1111 (2009).</li><li>Zaproudina, N., Ming, Z., Hanninen, O. O. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plantar+Infrared+Thermography+Measurements+and+Low+Back+Pain+Intensity.">Plantar Infrared Thermography Measurements and Low Back Pain Intensity.</a> Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 29, 219-223 (2006).</li><li>Kim, Y. -. C., Bahk, J. -. H., Lee, S. -. C., Lee, Y. -. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+Thermographic+Imaging+in+the+Assessment+of+Successful+Block+on+Lumbar+Sympathetic+Ganglion.">Infrared Thermographic Imaging in the Assessment of Successful Block on Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion.</a> Yonsei Medical Journal. 44, 119-124 (2003).</li><li>Brancaccio, P., Lippi, G., Maffulli, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+markers+of+muscular+damage.">Biochemical markers of muscular damage.</a> Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 48, 757-767 (2010).</li><li>Neubauer, O., K&#246;nig, D., Wagner, K. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+after+an+Ironman+triathlon:+sustained+inflammatory+responses+and+muscular+stress.">Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 104, 417-426 (2008).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 조사의 주요 목적은 감지하고 운동 후 근육 쓰림을 측정 열 IR 영상의 유용성을 평가할 수 있었고, 우리의 결과는 적외선 영상은 특히 운동의 첫 24 시간 이내에 검출 DOMS에 대한 올바른 방법이 될 수 있다고 제안합니다. Pennes 18 근육에서 사지에 피부에 열 흐름의 매우 상세한 모델을 제공로서 이것은 놀라운 일이 아닙니다. 이 모델은 근육과 같은 깊은 조직에 열을 전도 열 교환을 통해 ?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 장치의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> 적외선 열감지​​ 카메라 </td><td> FLIR </td><td> FLIR SC660 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 열 적외선 분석 소프트웨어 </td><td> ThermoVision ExaminIR </td><td> 소프트웨어 버전 1.10.2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 생체 증폭기 모듈 </td><td> BioPac </td><td> DA100C </td><td> DA100C는 가변 이득 설정 및 조정 전압 레퍼런스를 제공합니다. </td></tr><tr><td> 디지털 컨버터 모듈에 아날로그 </td><td> BioPac </td><td> MP100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 자동 효소 면역 분석기 </td><td> TOSOH </td><td> AIA -360 </td><td> 이 장치는 혈액 샘플을 분석하는 데 사용하고, 미오 글 로빈의 수치를 얻을했습니다. </td></tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

the use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness

또한 운동 유발 근육 손상 (EIMD)로 알려진 지연 발병 근육 쓰림 (DOMS)는, 일반적으로 시간의 연장 기간 동안 신체적으로 활동하지 않은, 그리고 운동 1-4 예상치 못한 한판 승부로 시작이 개인의 경험이 있지만, 수있다 또한 훈련 5 그들의 정상적인 한계를 넘어 운동 선수에서 발생합니다. 이 고통스런 현상과 관련된 증상은 심한 쇠약 통증 1,3,5에, 약간의 근육 부드러움에서 다양합니다. 이러한 증상과 첫 24 시간 이내에 관련 불편함 증가 운동의 종료 다음, 그리고 24-72시간 포스트 운동 1,3 사이의 피크의 강도. 이러한 이유로, DOMS는 개인의 실적에 영향을 미치지, 많은 1,4에 대한 위협이 될 수 스포츠 부상의 가장 일반적인 반복 형태 중 하나입니다. 지난 3 년 동안, DOMS 현상은 상당한 금액을 받고있다운동 생리학, 스포츠, 재활 분야 6 연구자와 전문가 사이에 관심. 의 기본 구조, 치료 개입, 예방 전략 1-5,7-12에 관해서는이 고통스런 사건을 조사 발표 연구의 다양한가 발생했습니다. 그러나이 조건 6 계량하는 데 사용되는 측정 도구와 방법 사이의 다양성 다양한 양의가로 DOMS는 수치 쉬운 병리 아니라는 것을 문학에서 분명하다. 이것은 합의가 어려운 특정 개입이 쓰림 여부 이런 종류의와 관련된 증상을 감소에 정말 도움이 여부를 확인하게 DOMS, 하나의 최고의 평가 측정에 이루어지지 않았다 것이 분명합니다. 많은 연구가 주관보다는 객관적으로 측정할 수있는 시각 아날로그 척도 (중이야) 10,13-15을 사용 쓰림을 측정에 의존하기 때문에 따라서, DOMS는 다소 모호한로 볼 수 있습니다. 비록 바늘근육의 biopsies, 그리고 myofibre 단백질의 혈중 레벨이 혈액 단백질의 일부의 일부 6, 대형 유사 금 본위 제도가 때로는 침입 기술과 관련된 높은 위험 이외에, 6,16을 문서화했습니다 간주 수 있습니다. 따라서, 현재 조사에, 우리는 관련된 근육 쓰림을 감지하기 위해 행사 근육 위에있는 피부의 열 적외선 (IR​​) 이미징 기술을 테스트했습니다. 적외선 thermography를 사용하고, 1950 년대 17 년 이후 질병 및 감염의 종류 검출에 성공하는 것으로 판명되었습니다. 그러나 놀랍게도, 아무것도 근처는 DOMS 및 피부 온도의 변화에​​ 완료되었습니다. 이 조사의 주요 목적이 안전하고 비침습 기법을 사용 DOMS의 변화를 조사하는 것이었다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness at JoVE.com

The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

이 조사의 목적은 적외선 열감지​​ 카메라를 사용하는 것이 감지하고 운동 후 근육 쓰림를 quantifying의 유효한 도구가 있는지 여부를 평가하는 것이었다.

지연 발병 근육 쓰림을 감지하는 열 적외선 이미징의 사용

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically ...

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19.1K 조회수.  Loma Linda University. 이 조사의 목적은 적외선 열감지​​ 카메라를 사용하는 것이 감지하고 운동 후 근육 쓰림를 quantifying의 유효한 도구가 있는지 여부를 평가하는 것이었다.

비디오: The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ablation procedure, a thin applicator is guided into the target tumor under imaging guidance. Energy is then applied to the tissue until temperatures rise to cytotoxic levels (50-60 &deg;C). Various energy sources are available to heat biological tissues, including radiofrequency (RF) electrical current, microwaves, laser light and ultrasonic waves. Of these, RF and microwave ablation are most commonly used worldwide.
During RF ablation, alternating electrical current (~500 kHz) produces resistive heating around the interstitial electrode. Skin surface electrodes (ground pads) are used to complete the electrical circuit. RF ablation has been in use for nearly 20 years, with good results for local tumor control, extended survival and low complication rates1,2. Recent studies suggest RF ablation may be a first-line treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma3-5. However, RF heating is hampered by local blood flow and high electrical impedance tissues (eg, lung, bone, desiccated or charred tissue)6,7. Microwaves may alleviate some of these problems by producing faster, volumetric heating8-10. To create larger or conformal ablations, multiple microwave antennas can be used simultaneously while RF electrodes require sequential operation, which limits their efficiency. Early experiences with microwave systems suggest efficacy and safety similar to, or better than RF devices11-13.
Alternatively, cryoablation freezes the target tissues to lethal levels (-20 to -40 &deg;C). Percutaneous cryoablation has been shown to be effective against RCC and many metastatic tumors, particularly colorectal cancer, in the liver14-16. Cryoablation may also be associated with less post-procedure pain and faster recovery for some indications17. Cryoablation is often contraindicated for primary liver cancer due to underlying coagulopathy and associated bleeding risks frequently seen in cirrhotic patients. In addition, sudden release of tumor cellular contents when the frozen tissue thaws can lead to a potentially serious condition known as cryoshock 16.
Thermal tumor ablation can be performed at open surgery, laparoscopy or using a percutaneous approach. When performed percutaneously, the ablation procedure relies on imaging for diagnosis, planning, applicator guidance, treatment monitoring and follow-up. Ultrasound is the most popular modality for guidance and treatment monitoring worldwide, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used as well. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are typically employed for diagnosis and follow-up imaging.

A thermal tumor ablation procedure is described. The entire procedure is detailed, including pretreatment planning and imaging studies, anesthesia, adjuvant techniques to facilitate a percutaneous approach, imaging guidance of the ablation device to the tumor, thermal treatment, post-treatment care and follow-up.

복부 종양의 치료를위한 열 절제

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ...

연구

의학

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

양적 시각화 및 동적 써멀 이미징을 사용하여 피부암의 감지

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

소설 허벌 요법을 평가하는 패혈증의 동물 모델의 사용

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

The Use of Pharmacological-challenge fMRI in Pre-clinical Research: Application to the 5-HT System

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel underlying neurobiological mechanisms behind drug action and neurotransmitter-related disorders, such as depression and ADHD. Like most of the imaging methods (PET, SPECT, CT) it represents a progress in the investigation of brain disorders and the related function of neurotransmitter pathways in a non-invasive way with respect of the overall neuronal connectivity. Moreover it also provides the ideal tool for translation to clinical investigations. MRI, while still behind in molecular imaging strategies compared to PET and SPECT, has the great advantage to have a high spatial resolution and no need for the injection of a contrast-agent or radio-labeled molecules, thereby avoiding the repetitive exposure to ionizing radiations. Functional MRI (fMRI) is extensively used in research and clinical setting, where it is generally combined with a psycho-motor task. phMRI is an adaptation of fMRI enabling the investigation of a specific neurotransmitter system, such as serotonin (5-HT), under physiological or pathological conditions following activation via administration of a specific challenging drug.
The aim of the method described here is to assess brain 5-HT function in free-breathing animals. By challenging the 5-HT system while simultaneously acquiring functional MR images over time, the response of the brain to this challenge can be visualized. Several studies in animals have already demonstrated that drug-induced increases in extracellular levels of e.g. 5-HT (releasing agents, selective re-uptake blockers, etc) evoke region-specific changes in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signals (signal due to a change of the oxygenated/deoxygenated hemoglobin levels occurring during brain activation through an increase of the blood supply to supply the oxygen and glucose to the demanding neurons) providing an index of neurotransmitter function. It has also been shown that these effects can be reversed by treatments that decrease 5-HT availability16,13,18,7. In adult rats, BOLD signal changes following acute SSRI administration have been described in several 5-HT related brain regions, i.e. cortical areas, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus9,16,15. Stimulation of the 5-HT system and its response to this challenge can be thus used as a measure of its function in both animals and humans2,11.

The goal of this technique is to assess serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter function in the live and free-breathing animal with pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) and an intravenous challenge with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine.

사전 임상 연구에서 Pharmacological - 도전 fMRI의 사용 : 5-HT 시스템 신청

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel ...

Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.

A non-invasive means to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation is described. The method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities. Here, we make use of a fluc reporter gene sequence to target cells via bioluminescence imaging.

이식 근육 전구 세포를 타겟팅 할 수 분자 이미징

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

인간 혈청에있는 N-메틸-D-아스파 라진 산염 수용체 또는 도파민 2 수용체에 대한 항체를 검출하는 높은 처리량 유동 세포 계측법 세포 기반 분석

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

비 침습적 영상에 대한 생쥐 모델 검색 및 모니터 난소 암 재발

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

골격근 질환의 정량적 자기 공명 영상

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.

Vascular calcification is an important predictor of and contributor to human cardiovascular disease. This protocol describes methods for inducing calcification of cultured primary vascular smooth muscle cells and for quantifying calcification and macrophage burden in animal aortas using near-infrared fluorescence imaging.

대동맥 석회화와 염증의 혈관 평활근 세포 및 이미지의 석회화

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world.  Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.