Bu araştırma için finansman Garnett Pasoları ve Rodney Williams Anıtı Vakfı ve La Trobe Üniversitesi tarafından sağlanmıştır.

<ol>
	<li>Mauger, S. J., Shivdasani, M. N., Rathbone, G. D., Argent, R. E., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vivo+investigation+of+first+spike+latencies+in+the+inferior+colliculus+in+response+to+multichannel+penetrating+auditory+brainstem+implant+stimulation.">An in vivo investigation of first spike latencies in the inferior colliculus in response to multichannel penetrating auditory brainstem implant stimulation.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 7, 036004-036004 (2010).</li><li>Shivdasani, M. N., Mauger, S. J., Argent, R. E., Rathbone, G. D., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+colliculus+responses+to+dual-site+intralamina+stimulation+in+the+ventral+cochlear+nucleus.">Inferior colliculus responses to dual-site intralamina stimulation in the ventral cochlear nucleus.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 4226-4242 (2010).</li><li>Shivdasani, M. N., Mauger, S. J., Rathbone, G. D., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+colliculus+responses+to+multichannel+microstimulation+of+the+ventral+cochlear+nucleus:+Implications+for+auditory+brain+stem+implants.">Inferior colliculus responses to multichannel microstimulation of the ventral cochlear nucleus: Implications for auditory brain stem implants.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 99, 1-13 (2007).</li><li>Lenarz, M., Lim, H. H., Patrick, J. F., Anderson, D. J., Lenarz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+Validation+of+a+Human+Prototype+Auditory+Midbrain+Implant+in+a+Guinea+Pig+Model.">Electrophysiological Validation of a Human Prototype Auditory Midbrain Implant in a Guinea Pig Model.</a> JARO. 7, 383-398 (2006).</li><li>Lim, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+Cortical+Responses+to+Electrical+Stimulation+of+the+Inferior+Colliculus:+Implications+for+an+Auditory+Midbrain+Implant.">Auditory Cortical Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Inferior Colliculus: Implications for an Auditory Midbrain Implant.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 96, 975-988 (2006).</li><li>Otto, K. J., Rousche, P. J., Kipke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstimulation+in+auditory+cortex+provides+a+substrate+for+detailed+behaviors.">Microstimulation in auditory cortex provides a substrate for detailed behaviors.</a> Hearing research. 210, 112-117 (2005).</li><li>Gai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Tones+in+Reproducible+Noise+Maskers+by+Rabbits+and+Comparison+to+Detection+by+Humans.">Detection of Tones in Reproducible Noise Maskers by Rabbits and Comparison to Detection by Humans.</a> JARO. 8, 522-538 (2007).</li><li>Miller, C. A., Woodruff, K. E., Pfingst, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+responses+from+guinea+pigs+with+cochlear+implants.+I.+Electrophysiological+and+psychophysical+measures.">Functional responses from guinea pigs with cochlear implants. I. Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures.</a> Hearing Research. 92, 85-99 (1995).</li><li>Beitel, R. E., Vollmer, M., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., Leake, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+neurophysiological+thresholds+for+electrical+cochlear+stimulation+in+the+deaf+cat.">Behavioral and neurophysiological thresholds for electrical cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat.</a> Audiology &#38; Neurotology. 5, 31-38 (2000).</li><li>Beitel, R. E., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., Raggio, M. W., Leake, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+cochlear+stimulation+in+the+deaf+cat:+comparisons+between+psychophysical+and+central+auditory+neuronal+thresholds.">Electrical cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat: comparisons between psychophysical and central auditory neuronal thresholds.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 83, 2145-2162 (2000).</li><li>Vollmer, M., Beitel, R. E., Snyder, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+detection+and+discrimination+in+deaf+cats:+Psychophysical+and+neural+thresholds+for+intracochlear+electrical+signals.">Auditory detection and discrimination in deaf cats: Psychophysical and neural thresholds for intracochlear electrical signals.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 86, 2330-2343 (2001).</li><li>LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., Romanski, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lateral+amygdaloid+nucleus:+sensory+interface+of+the+amygdala+in+fear+conditioning.">The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 10, 1062-1069 (1990).</li><li>McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G., Agnew, W. F., Bullara, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+characterization+of+the+effects+on+neuronal+excitability+due+to+prolonged+microstimulation+with+chronically+implanted+microelectrodes.">A characterization of the effects on neuronal excitability due to prolonged microstimulation with chronically implanted microelectrodes.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 44, 931-939 (1997).</li><li>Liu, X., McPhee, G., Seldon, H. L., Clark, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+physiological+effects+of+the+central+auditory+prosthesis:+surface+versus+penetrating+electrodes.">Histological and physiological effects of the central auditory prosthesis: surface versus penetrating electrodes.</a> Hearing Research. 114, 264-274 (1997).</li><li>Polikov, V. S., Tresco, P. A., Reichert, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+brain+tissue+to+chronically+implanted+neural+electrodes.">Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 148, 1-18 (2005).</li></ol>

Dr Antonio Paolini Tucker Davis Teknolojileri ve NeuroNexus Soruşturmasının Avustralya distribütörü için Avustralya temsilcileri Bioengenesis Teknolojileri Pty Ltd bir Müdürüdür.

Teknikler böylece veri işleme için gerekli zamanı en aza araştırmacı, kısa eğitim süreleri ile hızla ayrımcılık görevleri bir dizi test ve önemli otomasyon için izin için gerekli araçları sağlamak olarak tanımlanmıştır. Uyaran sunum zamanlarında kalp hızı implante EKG, hesaplama (İK) değişiklik elde edilen verileri kullanarak otomatik hale getirilebilir. EKG işleme hataları (örneğin, kalp atışı, tek bir eksik olarak) kolaylıkla çok kısa bir süre için kalp hızı belirgin olarak taklit ederek büyük değişimlere neden olarak tanımlanan ve bu kolay hata algılama zaman yoğun manuel veri inceleme gereksinimini en aza indirir edilebilir . ECG telemetri cihazı implantasyon için açıklanan yöntem, sürekli çok az ya da hiçbir müdahale ile kayıtlarında (Şekiller 1 ve 2&#39;ye bakınız) üretir. Ancak, mediasten bölgede kurşun yerleştirme nispeten küçük varyasyonları yakındaki kas girişime yol açabilirs ve özellikle solunum ile ilişkili gürültü. Özellikle yerde potansiyel sütür sonra, implantasyon sürecinde potansiyel müşteri doğru yerleşim doğrulanıyor kurşun yerleştirme ince ayar girişimi en aza indirmek için olanak sağlar. Koklear nükleus içine beyin implantasyonu süreci zordur. Olarak, daha önce 3 kullanılmıştır bant-geçişli filtrelenmiş birkaç frekans aralıklarını gürültü yerine bant ses seri sunular ile, elektrod bölgelerinde hücre popülasyonlarının yanıtları hızla az spesifik gürültü daha frekans-tepkisi bakımından oldukça görülebileceği yanıtı. Frekans ayarlı hücre popülasyonlarının yeterli sayıda ulaşılabilir olduğunda hızla tanımlamak için yeteneği elektriksel uyarı ayrımcılık test ediliyor araştırma önemlidir. Frekans dağılımı yetersiz elde edilirse, o zaman farklı frekans alanlarının uyarılması arasında karşılaştırma basitçe mümkün değildir. Bununla birlikte, daha uzun bir süreçfrekans-genlik yanıtı haritalama hücre popülasyonlarının tuning broadness ilgili detay sağlayan ve yerinde elektrot sabitleme önce yapılmalıdır için kritik kalır. Davranışsal eğitim ve test olarak, olmayan bir uyaran (ya da sessiz) çalışmalar arasındaki dönemde, uyaranın başlangıcından önce, dahil ilk uyaranın başlangıcından yanıt muayene izin verir. Elektriksel sinir stimülasyonu kullanırken, uyaranın başlangıcından bir yanıt uyaranın basit tespiti için kanıt sağlar. Böylece, herhangi bir uyarıcı tepki başlangıçlı, ancak ikinci arda uyaran tanıtılır bir yanıt olduğu zaman, sadece ikinci uyaran tespit edilebilir çıkarılabilir. Böyle bir sessiz dönemi dahil olmadan, eski uyaran algılanmadığını belirlemek için bir yol olurdu. Bu davranışsal test tekniğinin bir sınırlama ayak şokların yokluğunda neura sunumu sonra teslim olduğunuakustik uyaran verildiğinde l stimülasyon şartlı korku içinde özgünlük gelişmesine sebep olabilir, öyle ki korku sadece ifade edilmektedir. Yani, hayvan nöral stimülasyon özellikle duyusal etkileri bir ayak şok almayan ile ilişkili olduğunu öğrenebilirsiniz. Buna karşılık, sinir stimülasyon sunumdan sonra ayak şoklar vermesini sinir uyarıcı olabilecek herhangi bir ses gibi özellikleri farklı nöral uyaran kendisi, bir şartlı korku neden olabilir. Sinir stimülasyonu sonra bir ayak-şok hariç zaman elde edilen sonuçlar kesinlikle sinir uyarıcı şartlı korku akustik gelen sinirsel uyarılara genelleştirilmiş olan eski örneğinde olduğu gibi, sinir stimülasyonu sonra bir ayak-şok kullanarak çok ses gibi olmak için güçlü bir kanıt. Bununla birlikte, daha ziyade sinir uyarılması daha akustik spesifisite yakalanma riskini mevcuttur. Bant geçiren kullanımı akustik uyaran ziyade saf ses patlamaları, hangi eski gibi gürültü filtreiyi nöral stimülasyon algısal deneyim yansıtıyor olabilir, gelişmekte gibi özgüllük riskini azaltabilir. Bununla birlikte, bu tür bir prosedür ayrım görevleri etkileyecektir filtre bant-genişliği ek değişken tanıtır. Bu davranış testleri için gerekli olan herhangi bir kronik sinir implantasyon, ilişkili ek bir sınırlandırma zamanla elektrot veya ilişkili sinir doku fonksiyon değişimdir. Sinir doku stimülasyonu sinirsel etkinlik 13 ve böyle elektroduna hücre kaybı 14 ve doğrudan beyin doku tepkisi olarak doku değişiklikleri geçici bastırılması hem de yol açabilir. 15 Implantasyon ve davranış testi için açıklanan yaklaşım algılama ve ayrımcılık akustik ve elektrik uyarılarının kısa eğitim ve deneme frekans kontrol uygulamak yeteneği hem de test etmek için bir araç sağlar. Bir sinyal kuv olarak HR değişim tekniğini kullanarakşartlandırılmış korku e sadece işitsel test uygulanır, ancak daha genel olarak uyarıcı bir süre boyunca kesikli sunulabilir ve hangi duyusal ayırt tespit arzu edildiği herhangi bir duyusal test etmek. olabilir

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Isim </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Model </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> PowerLab </td><td> ADInstruments </td><td> ML880 </td><td> Kayıtların veri implante TR40 vericiden gelen </td></tr><tr><td> SmartCtrl denetleyici kartı </td><td> Med Associates </td><td> DIG-716B </td><td> Ayak şok gibi davranışsal test odası, Kontrolleri </td></tr><tr><td> Modüler davranışsal test odası </td><td> Med Associates </td><td> ENV-009 </td><td> Deney odası boyutları: 30.5cm x 39.4cm </td></tr><tr><td> Caydırıcı uyaran jeneratör </td><td> Med Associates </td><td> ENV-410B </td><td> Katı Hal Scrambler ünitesi sayesinde kafesin metal çubuk yere caydırıcı ayak şok Sağlıyor </td></tr><tr><td> Programlanabilir Zayıflatıcı </td><td> TDT </td><td> PA5 </td><td> AMPL Kontrollerifrekanslar üzerinden sabit genlik sağlamak için teslim akustik sinyal ayarını yapın </td></tr><tr><td> Elektrostatik hoparlör sürücüsü </td><td> TDT </td><td> ED1 </td><td> Elektrostatik hoparlörler (EC1, ES1) Sürücüler </td></tr><tr><td> Serbest alan elektrostatik hoparlör </td><td> TDT </td><td> ES1 </td><td> Sesler davranışsal test odasında bu hoparlör olarak sunulmuştur </td></tr><tr><td> Coupled elektrostatik hoparlör </td><td> TDT </td><td> EC1 </td><td> Sesler nöral implant cerrahisi sırasında bu hoparlör olarak sunulmuştur </td></tr><tr><td> Stimülatör Baz İstasyonu </td><td> TDT </td><td> RX7 </td><td> Elektriksel sinir stimülasyonu Kontroller teslimat (MS16 ile birlikte kullanılır) </td></tr><tr><td> Microstimulator </td><td> TDT </td><td> MS16 </td><td> Çok kanallı elektriksel sinir stimülasyonu Sağlıyor </td></tr><tr><td> İşleme baz istasyonu </td><td> TDT </td><td> RZ2 </td><td> Beyin implantasyonu sırasında Kayıtları nöral aktivitenin (PZ2 preamplifikatör kullanarak) </td></tr><tr><td> Preamplifikatör </td><td> TDT </td><td> PZ2-256 </td><td> 256-kanal yüksek empedans preamplifikatör </td></tr><tr><td> Telemetri cihazı alıcı </td><td> Telemetri Araştırma </td><td> TR162 </td><td> TR40 dijital sinyal alır ve güçlendirilmiş analog çıkış dönüştürür </td></tr><tr><td> İmplante elektrokardiyogram telemetri cihazı </td><td> Telemetri Araştırma </td><td> TR40 </td><td> 2kHz at örnekleme implante verici cihazı, </td></tr><tr><td> Çok Fonksiyonlu İşlemci </td><td> Tucker Davis Teknolojileri (TDT) </td><td> RX6 </td><td> Akustik uyaranlar oluşturmak için kullanılan </td></tr><tr><td> Vertex Castavaria </td><td> Vertex Diş </td><td></td><td> Yerde elektrot düzeltmek için kullanılır Diş akrilik </td></tr><tr><td> Kwik-Sil Yapıştırıcı, Düşük viskoziteli </td><td> Dünya Hassas Aletler </td><td></td><td> Silikon elastomer kaplama elektrod saplar için kullanılan </td></tr><tr><td> Çok kanallı elektrot </td><td> NeuroNexus </td><td> a2x16-10mm 100-500-413 </td><td> 2-şaftlı 32-kanal ekstraselüler elektrot dizisi implantasyonu için kullanılır. Elektrot siteleri uyarılması için hazırlık iridyum oksit kaplama üretmek için aktive edilmiştir. </td></tr></tbody></table>

behavioral determination of stimulus pair discrimination of auditory acoustic and electrical stimuli using a classical conditioning and heart-rate approach

Akut hayvan hazırlıkları prospektif olarak işitsel beyin sapı implantlar 1-3 ve işitsel orta beyin implantları 4,5 gibi nöral işitme protezleri, içine elektrot tasarım ve entegrasyonu için stimülasyon teknikleri araştıran araştırmalarda kullanılmaktadır. Akut deneyler kronik implante ve uyanık hayvanların test, implantın etkinliği için ilk fikir vermek sağlar olurken duyumların psikofiziksel özelliklerini inceleyerek avantajı implante cihazlar 6,7 ile oluşturuldu. Bu ödül bazlı edimsel koşullanma 6-8, klimalı kaçınma 9-11 veya klasik korku Klima 12 gibi çeşitli teknikler ilgili bir uyarı niteliği tespit davranışsal onay sağlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Bir teknik seçimi zamanı verimliliği (çoğunlukla kötü ödül tabanlı yaklaşımlar), bir çok test etme olanağı da dahil olmak üzere dengeleme yönü içeriruyaran (klimalı kaçınma sınırlı) aynı anda bağlıyor ve tekrarlanan uyaranlara (fizyolojik tedbirler istihdam edilen potansiyel bir kısıtlama) ölçüsü güvenilirlik. Burada, klasik bir korku klima davranışsal yöntemi aynı anda bir uyarıcı tespiti ve iki uyaran arasındaki ayrım her iki test etmek için kullanılabilecek bazı sunulmuştur. Kalp hızı donma davranışı ya da diğer tür önlemler için kodlama zaman alıcı video için gereksinimi azaltır veya ortadan kaldırır korku tepkisi, bir ölçüsü olarak kullanılır (örneğin önlemler yakınsak kanıt dahil rağmen). Hayvanlar üç 2 saatlik klima oturumları, 48 canlandırma denemeleri sağlayarak her bu teknikleri kullanarak şartına edildi. Sonraki 48-deneme test oturumları sonra sunulan çift her uyaran algılama ve her bir çiftin üyesi uyaranlara arasında ayrımcılık testi test etmek için kullanıldı. Bu davranış yöntem sunulmaktadırişitsel protez araştırma kendi kullanımı bağlamında. Elektrokardiogram telemetri cihazların implantasyon gösterilmiştir. Akustik uyaranlara sinirsel tepkilerin izlenmesi tarafından yönlendirilen Cochlear Nucleus, ve kronik kullanımı için yerine elektrodun fiksasyon beyin elektrotları sonraki implantasyonu aynı şekilde gösterilmiştir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach at

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Sıçanlarda işitsel protez araştırma için klasik bir korku klima davranışsal paradigmanın uygulaması açıklanmıştır. Bu paradigma, her iki algılama belirlenmesi için mekanizması, ve bir sonuç ölçütü olarak kalp hızı kullanılarak farklı akustik ve elektrik uyaranlar arasında ayrımcılık sağlar.

Bir Klasik Koşullanma ve Kalp hızı Yaklaşımı ile İşitsel Akustik ve Elektrik uyarıcı Stimulus Çifti Ayrımcılığın Davranış Belirlenmesi

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

behavioral-determination-stimulus-pair-discrimination-auditory

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14.4K Görüntüleme.  La Trobe University. Sıçanlarda işitsel protez araştırma için klasik bir korku klima davranışsal paradigmanın uygulaması açıklanmıştır. Bu paradigma, her iki algılama belirlenmesi için mekanizması, ve bir sonuç ölçütü olarak kalp hızı kullanılarak farklı akustik ve elektrik uyaranlar arasında ayrımcılık sağlar.

Video: Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the survival of a honeybee colony depends on the exploitation of food sources, forager bees learn and memorize variable flower sites as well as their profitability. Forager bees can be easily trained in natural settings where they forage at a feeding site and learn the related signals such as odor or color. Appetitive associative learning can also be studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory by conditioning the proboscis extension response (PER) of individually harnessed honeybees3,4. This learning paradigm enables the study of the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation in a simple and highly reliable way5-12. A behavioral pharmacology approach is used to study molecular mechanisms. Drugs are injected systemically to interfere with the function of specific molecules during or after learning and memory formation13-16.
Here we demonstrate how to train harnessed honeybees in PER conditioning and how to apply drugs systemically by injection into the bee flight muscle.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera

We demonstrate how to implement a behavioral pharmacology method in an appetitive olfactory conditioning paradigm in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by systemic application of drugs. This method allows investigation of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in a simple and reliable way.

Bal arısı burnumun Extension Tepki Klasik Koşullanma Davranış Farmakoloji ( Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the ...

Nörobilim

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

Hipokampal İnsülin Mikroenjeksiyon ve<em&gt; In vivo</emMekansal Bellek Test sırasında&gt; mikrodivaliz

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and sensorimotor plasticity1. Consistent sensory perturbations result in compensatory changes in motor output, reflecting changes in feedforward motor control that reduce the experienced feedback error. By quantifying how different sensory feedback errors affect human behavior, prior studies have explored how visual signals are used to recalibrate arm movements2,3 and auditory feedback is used to modify speech production4-7. The strength of this approach rests on the ability to mimic naturalistic errors in behavior, allowing the experimenter to observe how experienced errors in production are used to recalibrate motor output.
Songbirds provide an excellent animal model for investigating the neural basis of sensorimotor control and plasticity8,9. The songbird brain provides a well-defined circuit in which the areas necessary for song learning are spatially separated from those required for song production, and neural recording and lesion studies have made significant advances in understanding how different brain areas contribute to vocal behavior9-12. However, the lack of a naturalistic error-correction paradigm - in which a known acoustic parameter is perturbed by the experimenter and then corrected by the songbird - has made it difficult to understand the computations underlying vocal learning or how different elements of the neural circuit contribute to the correction of vocal errors13.
The technique described here gives the experimenter precise control over auditory feedback errors in singing birds, allowing the introduction of arbitrary sensory errors that can be used to drive vocal learning. Online sound-processing equipment is used to introduce a known perturbation to the acoustics of song, and a miniaturized headphones apparatus is used to replace a songbird's natural auditory feedback with the perturbed signal in real time. We have used this paradigm to perturb the fundamental frequency (pitch) of auditory feedback in adult songbirds, providing the first demonstration that adult birds maintain vocal performance using error correction14. The present protocol can be used to implement a wide range of sensory feedback perturbations (including but not limited to pitch shifts) to investigate the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning.

We describe the design and assembly of miniaturized headphones suitable for replacing a songbird&#x2019;s natural auditory feedback with a manipulated acoustic signal. Online sound processing hardware is used to manipulate song output, introduce real-time errors in auditory feedback via the headphones, and drive vocal motor learning.

Songbirds İşitsel Geribildirim kurgulama için Hafif, Kulaklıklar tabanlı Sistemi

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Yüksek alan fMRI kullanılarak Yetişkin kedilerde işitme korteksi Fonksiyonel Görüntüleme

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars and fats are mediated by their innate attractions as well as learned preferences. Brain dopamine, especially meso-limbic and meso-cortical projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been implicated in both of these unlearned and learned responses. The concept of distributed brain networks, wherein several sites and transmitter/peptide systems interact, has been proposed to mediate palatable food intake, but there is limited evidence empirically demonstrating such actions. Thus, sugar intake elicits DA release and increases c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) from individual VTA DA projection zones including the nucleus accumbens (NAC), amygdala (AMY) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as the dorsal striatum. Further, central administration of selective DA receptor antagonists into these sites differentially reduce acquisition and expression of conditioned flavor preferences elicited by sugars or fats. One approach by which to determine whether these sites interacted as a distributed brain network in response to sugar or fat intake would be to simultaneous evaluate whether the VTA and its major mesotelencephalic DA projection zones (prelimbic and infralimbic mPFC, core and shell of the NAc, basolateral and central-cortico-medial AMY) as well as the dorsal striatum would display coordinated and simultaneous FLI activation after oral, unconditioned intake of corn oil (3.5%), glucose (8%), fructose (8%) and saccharin (0.2%) solutions. This approach is a successful first step in identifying the feasibility of using cellular c-fos activation simultaneously across relevant brain sites to study reward-related learning in ingestion of palatable food in rodents.

The goal of this study is to identify reward-related distributed brain networks by delineating a reliable immunohistological technique using cellular c-fos activation to measure simultaneous changes in dopamine pathways and terminal sites after novel ingestion of fat and sugar in rats.

Sıçanlar Naif Şeker ve Yağ Yeme ardından mezolimbik ve mezokortikal Dopamin Ödül Siteleri c-Fos Aktivasyon Eşzamanlı Algılama

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

İşitsel Ayrımcılık Öğrenme sonra Fare Beyin Bölgeler Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Sayısal Synaptic Proteome Profil

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

Hipokampal disfonksiyon Fetal alkol spektrum bozuklukları, fare modeli değerlendirmek için izleme Eyeblink Klasik koşullanma kullanımı

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is useful for understanding the basic neurobiology underlying cognitive deficits resulting from mutations in genes associated with human cognitive disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This work describes a methodology for testing learning and memory using a classic paradigm in Drosophila known as courtship conditioning. Male flies court females using a distinct pattern of easily recognizable behaviors. Premated females are not receptive to mating and will reject the male&#39;s copulation attempts. In response to this rejection, male flies reduce their courtship behavior. This learned reduction in courtship behavior is measured over time, serving as an indicator of learning and memory. The basic numerical output of this assay is the courtship index (CI), which is defined as the percentage of time that a male spends courting during a 10 min interval. The learning index (LI) is the relative reduction of CI in flies that have been exposed to a premated female compared to na&#239;ve flies with no previous social encounters. For the statistical comparison of LIs between genotypes, a randomization test with bootstrapping is used. To illustrate how the assay can be used to address the role of a gene relating to learning and memory, the pan-neuronal knockdown of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Dhap-at) was characterized here. The human ortholog of Dhap-at, glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPT), is involved in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2, an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by severe ID. Using the courtship conditioning assay, it was determined that Dhap-at is required for long-term memory, but not for short-term memory. This result serves as a basis for further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

This protocol describes a Drosophila learning and memory assay called courtship conditioning. This classic assay is based on a reduction of male courtship behavior after sexual rejection by a non-receptive premated female. This natural form of behavioral plasticity can be used to test learning, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Öğrenme ve Bellek Tedrisi Olan Drosophila Kurbanlığı İklimlendirme

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model ...

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior are identified in freely moving animals, this three-fold subdivision becomes too simplistic. During wakefulness, ensembles of global and local cortical activities, together with peripheral parameters such as pupillary diameter and sympathovagal balance, define various degrees of arousal. It remains unclear the extent to which sleep also forms a continuum of brain states-within which the degree of resilience to sensory stimuli and arousability, and perhaps other sleep functions, vary gradually-and how peripheral physiological states co-vary. Research advancing the methods to monitor multiple parameters during sleep, as well as attributing to constellations of these functional attributes, is central to refining our understanding of sleep as a multifunctional process during which many beneficial effects must be executed. Identifying novel parameters characterizing sleep states will open opportunities for novel diagnostic avenues in sleep disorders.
We present a procedure to describe dynamic variations of mouse non-REM sleep states via the combined monitoring and analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG)/electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using standard polysomnographic recording techniques. Using this approach, we found that mouse non-REM sleep is organized into cycles of coordinated neural and cardiac oscillations that generate successive 25-s intervals of high and low fragility to external stimuli. Therefore, central and autonomic nervous systems are coordinated to form behaviorally distinct sleep states during consolidated non-REM sleep. We present surgical manipulations for polysomnographic (i.e., EEG/EMG combined with ECG) monitoring to track these cycles in the freely sleeping mouse, the analysis to quantify their dynamics, and the acoustic stimulation protocols to assess their role in the likelihood of waking up. Our approach has already been extended to human sleep and promises to unravel common organizing principles of non-REM sleep states in mammals.

Here, we present experimental and analytical procedures to describe the temporal dynamics of the neural and cardiac variables of non-REM sleep in mice, which modulate sleep responsiveness to acoustic stimuli.

Uyku Faresinde Spektral Gücün ve İnsanın Yavaş yavaş Dinamiklerinin Nicelleştirilmesi

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

Desensitization and Recovery of Crayfish Photoreceptors Upon Delivery of a Light Stimulus

A method to study desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors is presented. We performed intracellular electrical recordings of photoreceptor cells in isolated eyestalks using the discontinuous single electrode-switched voltage-clamp configuration. First, with a razor blade we made an opening in the dorsal cornea to get access to the retina. Thereafter, we inserted a glass electrode through the opening, and penetrated a cell as reported by the recording of a negative potential. Membrane potential was clamped at the photoreceptor's resting potential and a light-pulse was applied to activate currents. Finally, the two light-flash protocol was employed to measure current desensitization and recovery. The first light-flash triggers, after a lag period, the transduction ionic current, which after reaching a peak amplitude decays towards a desensitized state; the second flash, applied at varying time intervals, assesses the state of the light-activated conductance. To characterize the light-elicited current, three parameters were measured: 1) latency (the time elapsed between light flash delivery and the moment in which current achieves 10% of its maximum value); 2) peak current; and 3) desensitization time constant (exponential time constant of the current decay phase). All parameters are affected by the first pulse.
To quantify recovery from desensitization, the ratio p2/p1 was employed versus time between pulses. p1 is the peak current evoked by the first light-pulse, and p2 is the peak current evoked by the second pulse. These data were fitted to a sum of exponential functions. Finally, these measurements were carried out as function of circadian time.

A protocol for the study of desensitization and sensitivity recovery of crayfish photoreceptors as a function of circadian time is presented.

Bir Işık Uyaranteslimi Üzerine Kerevit Fotoreseptörlerinin Duyarsızlaştırılması ve İyileştirilmesi

A method to study desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors is presented. We performed intracellular electrical recordings of photoreceptor ...