Bu çalışma NIH RO1 AI079253 ve Gazi İşleri Bakanlığı tarafından finanse edildi.

1. Hayvan Modelleri <ol><li> Fare: S47 phox-Kullanım / - farelerde, yaş ve cinsiyete göre eşleştirilmiş C57BL6/DBA fareler. Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi deneyler için onay alın. </li><li> Anestezi: Anestezi ikna etmek için sürekli bir izofluran yönetim sistemi kullanın. Buharlaştırıcı sistemi (VetEquip) (% 2-3) izofluran ile doldurulur. Fareler dış uyaranlara yanıt olarak solunum, hareket ve korneal refleks gözlemleyerek tamamen uyuşturulduktan olduğunu onaylayın. </li><li> Cerrahi yöntemler:% 70 etanol ile cerrahi alan (benchtop) fırçalayın. Steril eldiven ve temiz bir cerrahi önlük ve maske takın. Saç kırpma ve kesik olan alanı için% 70 etanol ile dönüşümlü olarak betadin uygulayarak fareler hazırlayın. Steril bir yüzey üzerinde ameliyat gerçekleştirin ve steril aletler kullanın. Monitör fareler postoperatif kadar uyanık ve serbestçe hareket. </li><li> Intratrakeal zymosan yönetimi <ol><li> Anesteziklereolarak 1.2 nitelendirdi. </li><li> Betadin ve% 70 etanol ile cerrahi alan (boyun) Dezenfekte ve cerrahi diseksiyon ile trakea maruz. </li><li> Pierce, 27-gauge iğne ile soluk borusu ve steril PBS içinde eritildi, 0.5 ug / ml &#39;den çözeltisi (25 g fare için toplam hacim 50 ul) ile 1 ug / gr&#39; lik bir dozda zymosan (St. Louis, MO) enjekte edilir. </li><li> Kapat fareler boyun aseptik koşullarda 5-0 steril ipek dikişlerle yara. </li><li> 4 saat ve 24 saat sonra resmi. </li></ol></li><li> Çekal ligasyon ve delme <ol><li> 1.2 &#39;de tanımlanan anesteziklere. </li><li> Ameliyat bölgesinin (karın) saç Klip ve betadin ve% 70 etanol ile dezenfekte edin. </li><li> Bir orta hat laparotomi gerçekleştirin ve çekum tanımlamak. </li><li> 4-0 ipek sütür ve 21-gauge iğne tek geçişe sahip ligasyonu distal ponksiyon çekum ile maruz çekum distal 50% Arter. </li><li> 4-0 steril ipek dikişlerle kesi kapatın. </li><li> 4 saat sonra görüntü ve24 saat. </li></ol></li><li> Sözlü karbon tetraklorür (CCl4) idaresi <ol><li> 1.2 &#39;de tanımlanan anesteziklere. </li><li> Ağızdan sonda yoluyla mısır yağı içinde çözülmüş CCl4 (2 ug / g, St Louis, MO) uygulayın. CCl4 uygulama prosedür IBC / EHS ilkelerine uygun olarak belirlenmiş bir bölge içinde yapılmalıdır. </li><li> 4 saat ve 24 saat sonra resmi. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Bir Bioluminescent Görüntü Kazanılması <ol><li> Lüminesans moduna ayarlı IVIS 200 (Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA) Görüntüleme Sistemi, Initialize ve şarj bağlı cihaz (CCD) kilitlemek için sıcaklık için bekleyin. </li><li> Maruziyet süresi, binning (orta) ve F / Stop (8) ayarlarını seçin. </li><li> Normal vücut ısısını korumak için ateşli bir sahne görüntüleme odasında yatar pozisyonda yer fareler. Fareler IVIS görüntüleme odasında ise burun konisi ile 1.2 &#39;de tanımlanan anesteziklere. </li><li> L-012 yönetme<html> (20 mg / g) görüntüleme için seçilen her bir zaman noktasında retroorbital enjeksiyon yoluyla damardan steril PBS (10 mikrogram / ul) içinde eritildi. </li><li> L-012 enjeksiyonundan sonra 2 dk başlayarak görüntüler yakalayın. Biz genellikle 40 sn pozlama kullanın. </li></ol> 3. Region of Interest kullanarak Veri Analizi <ol><li> Yaşayan Image yazılımı V.4.2 (Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA) kullanılarak veriler analiz. </li><li> Bir görüntüyü açın ve İlgi araçları Bölgesi ölçümü seçin. </li><li> Göğüs ve / veya fare fotoğrafik görüntünün üzerinde pseudo-renkli dijital görüntü (foton algılama temsilen) overlaying sonra karın üzerine Faiz şekil ve boyut Bölge seçin. </li><li> İlgi Bölgesi&#39;nden gelen sinyal yoğunluğu (foton akısı) sayısal. </li></ol> 4. Istatistik <ol><li> Bireysel zaman noktalarında Bonferroni post-test ile iki yönlü ANOVA gerçekleştirmek için istatistiksel analiz yazılım paketi kullanın. </li></ol>tle &quot;&gt; 5. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Zymosan bir pro-inflamatuar maya hücre duvarı ürünleri ve NADPH oksidaz 3 güçlü bir aktivatörü olan. Biz daha önce bu intratrakeal zymosan daha sağlam nötrofilik akciğer inflamasyonu ve S47 phox-/ pro-enflamatuar sitokin üretimini indükler gösterdi - farelerde 1 yabani-tip ile karşılaştırıldığında. Zymosan karşılaştırmadan sonra fareler - Burada amacımız yabani-tip ve S47 phox-/ akciğerleri ROS üretimi karşılaştırmaktır. 4 saat ve 24 saatte fareler - 4 saatte zymosan intratrakeal uygulamadan sonra, bu temel hem de S47 phox-/ göre yabani-tip olarak foton emisyon bir artış ile karşılaştırıldığında, yabani-tip farelerde göğüs boyunca foton emisyon önemli bir artış gözlenmiştir. Buna karşılık, S47 phox-/ in biyolüminesans sinyalleri - farelerde zymosan tedavisi (Şekil.1 AB) sonra 4 saatte bazal seviyelerde kalmıştır. Böylece, NADPH oksidaz b görünüyorE zymosan verilmesini takiben akciğerlerde ROS üretiminin ana kaynağı. Sonra, CLP-indüklenen sepsis modelinde ROS üretimi değerlendirilmiştir. Sepsis akut akciğer hasarı (ALI) ve akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu (ARDS) 4, 5 gibi uç organ hasarı ile ilişkili hayatı tehdit eden bir sendromdur. ROS aracılı yaralanma sepsis kaynaklı çoklu organ disfonksiyonu sürüş önemli bir faktör olarak kabul edilmiştir. Biz ROS belirgin göğüs (4 saat) üzerinde ve başlangıca göre yabani-tip farelerden CLP takiben karın (24 saat) fazla arttığı bulunmuştur. Ancak, S47 phox-/ ROS seviyeleri - fareler zaman noktalarında (Şekil.2 AC) hem de bazal düzeyleri benzer bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, CLP-indüklenmiş fare sepsis modelinde, ROS kuşak oksidaz bağımlı NADPH olduğunu göstermektedir. Son olarak, biz bir CCl 4-bağlı karaciğer hasarında modunda ROS üretimini tespit etmek bioluminescent görüntüleme kullanılırl. CCl 4 hepatosellüler nekroz neden olur ve akut karaciğer hasarı ve karaciğer fibrozisi 6 hem modellemek için kullanılır olmuştur. CCl 4 uygulamadan sonra 4 saatte fareler - iltihabı ve hasarı daha önce anlatılan modellerin aksine, biz karın ROS üretimi (yaklaşık% 35) S47 phox-/ başlangıca göre artış ılımlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Fareler (Şekil 3 AB) - Ancak, 4-indüklenen ROS üretimi CCl büyüklüğünü S47 phox-/ daha yabani-tip farelerden anlamlı olarak daha fazla idi. Bu veriler hem S47 phox içeren NADPH oksidaz-bağımlı ve bağımsız ROS üretimi akut CCl 4-bağlı karaciğer hasarında meydana öneririz. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig1.jpg" /> Zymosan tedaviden sonra akciğer Şekil 1. ROS üretimini. A) Temsilcisi bioluminescenROS üretimi ce görüntüleme. Fareler ve karın ışıldama zymosan muamele ile değişmez - göğüs ek olarak, lüminesans yabani-tip ve S47 phox-/ her ikisi de karın üzerine tespit edilebilir olduğuna dikkat edin. Yabani-tip ve S47 phox-/ ve göğüs B) foton sayım - zymosan bir (BT) intratrakeal tek enjeksiyondan sonra fareler. Biyoparlaklık görüntüleme taban, 4 saat ve 24 saat sonra yapıldı. Göğüs üzerinde ilgi bölgeden Işık emisyonu belirtilen sahte renk skalası kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar ortalama olarak sunulmaktadır ± SE, n = 6-9, grup başına * = p &lt;0.05. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">büyük bir rakam için tıklayınız</a> . <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2. ROS tespiti sonrasında CLP. ROS üretimi, B A) Temsilcisi biyolüminesans görüntüleme) Foton göğüs sayıları ve yabani-tip ve S47 phox-/ ve karın C) foton sayımı - başlangıçta fare, 4 saat ve CLP sonra 24 saat. Sonuçlar ortalama olarak sunulmaktadır ± SE, n = grup başına 4-5, * = p &lt;0.05. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">büyük bir rakam için tıklayınız</a> . <img alt="Şekil 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig3.jpg" /> CCl sonrası karın 4-bağlı karaciğer hasarında Şekil 3. ROS üretimi. Oral CCl 4 tedaviden sonra başlangıçta fare, 4 saat ve 24 saat - ROS üretimi ve yabani-tip ve S47 phox-/ ve karından B) foton sayımı A) Temsilcisi biyolüminesans görüntüleme. . N = 4-5 grup başına, * = p &lt;0.05; Sonuçlar ortalama ± SE olarak sunulmuştur <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">için tıklayınız büyük bir rakam</a> </a&gt;.

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Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Canlı hayvanlar reaktif oksijen türlerinin &quot;Gerçek zamanlı&quot; ölçümü (ROS) floresan ve kemilüminesans problar kullanılarak elde edilebilir. Floresan problar zayıf sinyal-gürültü oranı 12 olan muzdarip iken, açıklanan görüntüleme tekniği luminol tabanlı substrat L-012 ile ROS bir kimyasal reaksiyon sonrasında ışık emisyon tespiti için daha duyarlıdır. Tüm bioluminescent görüntüleme teknikleri gibi, bu metodoloji organ ve dokular tarafından dalgaboyu bağımlı ışık ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> L-012 </td><td> Wako Chemicals USA, Inc </td><td> 120-04891 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zymosan </td><td> Sigma, St Louis, MO </td><td> Z4250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> karbon tetraklorid </td><td> Sigma, St Louis, MO </td><td> 289116 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

bioluminescence imaging of nadph oxidase activity in different animal models

NADPH oksidaz antibakteriyel ve antifungal konak savunma aracılık kritik bir enzimdir. Antimikrobiyal konak savunma rolüne ek olarak, NADPH oksidaz inflamatuvar yanıt 1 modüle kritik sinyalizasyon fonksiyonları vardır. Böylece, NADPH oksidaz kökenli ROS nesil &quot;gerçek zamanlı&quot; kinetik ölçmek için bir yöntem geliştirilmesi savunma, inflamasyon ve yaralanma barındırması ilgili mekanizmalar anlamak için değerli bir araştırma aracı olması bekleniyor. Kronik granülomatöz hastalık (CGD) ciddi enfeksiyonlar ve aşırı inflamasyon ile karakterize NADPH oksidaz kalıtsal bir hastalıktır. Fagosit NADPH oksidaz aktivasyonu, kendi sitosolik alt birimden (S47 phox, phox P67, P40 ve phox) ve bir membran-sınırlayıcı flavocytochrome (bir gp91 phox ve p22 heterodimeri phox oluşur) Rac translokasyon gerektirir. KayıpCGD bu NADPH oksidaz bileşenlerin sonucu herhangi birinde işlev mutasyonlar. ÇGD olan hastalarda benzer, gp91 phox-eksik farelerde ve S47 phox-eksik farelerde arızalı fagosit NADPH oksidaz aktivitesi ve bozulmuş konak savunması 13, 14 var. Yukarıda tarif edilen NADPH oksidaz bileşenler içeren fagositler, ek olarak, diğer hücre tipleri arasında, çeşitli NADPH oksidaz izoformları değişik ifade eder. Burada yaşayan farelerde ROS üretimini ölçmek ve inflamasyon ve yaralanma modellerinde ROS nesil NADPH oksidaz katkısını belirginleştiren bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu yöntem, bir şarj bağlı cihaz (CCD) tarafından kaydedilir ışıldama yayma L-012 (luminol bir analog) ile reaksiyona ROS dayanmaktadır. L-012 prob orijinal tanımı olarak, L-012-bağlı kemiluminesans tamamen bu reaksiyon tespit ana ROS süper olduğunu gösteren, süperoksit dismutaz kaldırılmış;oksit anyon 15. Daha sonraki çalışmalar, L-012 reaktif nitrojen türleri 16, 17 gibi diğer serbest radikaller, tespit edebildiğini göstermiştir. Kielland ve ark. 17 forbol miristat asetat, NADPH oksidaz güçlü bir aktivatörü, bu topikal uygulama ışıldayan sonda L-012 fare kullanılarak tespit edilebilir oksidaz bağımlı ROS NADPH üretim yol göstermiştir. Bu modelde, L-012-bağımlı lüminesans S47 phox-eksik farelerde kaldırılmış olduğunu gösterdi. Biz yabani-tip farelerden ve NADPH oksidaz eksikliği S47 phox-/ ROS üretimi karşılaştınl - aşağıdaki üç model fareler 2: zymosan, NADPH oksidaz aktive edebilirsiniz duvara türetilmiş ürün pro-inflamatuar fungal hücre 1) zerk; 2) çekal ligasyon ve delme (CLP), sekonder akut akciğer inflamasyonu ve hasarı ile intra-abdominal sepsis modeli ve 3) sözlü karbon tetraklorür(CCl4), ROS-bağımlı karaciğer hasarının bir model. Bu modeller özellikle sırasıyla, non-enfeksiyöz inflamasyon, polimikrobiyal sepsis ve toksin kaynaklı organ hasarının bağlamında NADPH oksidaz bağımlı ROS üretimi değerlendirmek için seçilmiştir. S47 için yabani-tip farelerde biyolüminesans karşılaştırma phox-/ - farelerde bize bu modellerde bioluminescent sinyal S47 phox içeren NADPH oksidaz tarafından üretilen ROS özgül katkıda tasvir sağlar. S47 ile karşılaştırıldığında yabani-tip farelerden artmış ROS seviyeleri gösterdi Biyoparlaklık görüntüleme sonuçları phox-/ - farelerde NADPH oksidaz enflamatuvar uyaranlara yanıt olarak ROS üretiminin ana kaynağı olduğunu belirtti. Bu yöntem, in vivo enflamasyon sırasında ROS nesil &quot;gerçek zamanlı&quot; izlenmesi için minimal invaziv bir yaklaşım sağlar.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models

NADPH oksidaz fagositler reaktif oksijen türlerinin ana kaynağı (ROS) &#39;dir. Çünkü ROS geçici doğası nedeniyle, canlı hayvanlarda ROS seviyelerini ölçmek ve izlemek zordur. Yaşayan farelerde ROS seri ölçümü için bir minimal invaziv bir yöntem tarif edilmiştir.

Farklı Hayvan Modelleri NADPH Oksidaz Aktivitesinin Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme

NADPH oxidase is a critical enzyme that mediates antibacterial and antifungal host defense. In addition to its role in antimicrobial host defense, NADPH ...

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Immunology and Infection

16.1K Görüntüleme.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. NADPH oksidaz fagositler reaktif oksijen türlerinin ana kaynağı (ROS) 'dir. Çünkü ROS geçici doğası nedeniyle, canlı hayvanlarda ROS seviyelerini ölçmek ve izlemek zordur. Yaşayan farelerde ROS seri ölçümü için bir minimal invaziv bir yöntem tarif edilmiştir.

Video: Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models

Diagnosis of Ecto- and Endoparasites in Laboratory Rats and Mice

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized animals. Before embarking on an examination of animals for parasites, two things should be considered. One: what use will be made of the information collected, and two: which test is the most appropriate. Knowing that animals are parasitized may be something that the facility accepts, but there is often a need to treat animals and then to determine the efficacy of treatment. Parasites may be detected in animals through various techniques, including samples taken from live or euthanized animals. Historically, the tests with the greatest diagnostic sensitivity required euthanasia of the animal, although PCR has allowed high-sensitivity testing for several types of parasite. This article demonstrates procedures for the detection of endo- and ectoparasites in mice and rats. The same procedures are applicable to other rodents, although the species of parasites found will differ.

This article describes various procedures for screening rats and mice to detect endo- or ectoparasitism. Several diagnostic assays will be demonstrated, both those suitable for use on live animals and those used after euthanasia of the animal. Photographs to aid in identification of rat and mouse parasites will be included.

Tanı Laboratuvarı Sıçanlar ve Fareler Ecto-Endoparasites

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

Ixodes scapularis Keneler gelen tükürük, Tükürük Bezi ve hemolimf Koleksiyonu

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, neutrophils, T cell subsets, B cells, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. Intravital microscopy of the liver for monitoring immune cell migration is particularly challenging due to the high requirements regarding sample preparation and fixation, optical resolution and long-term animal survival. Yet, the dynamics of inflammatory processes as well as cellular interaction studies could provide critical information to better understand the initiation, progression and regression of inflammatory liver disease. Therefore, a highly sensitive and reliable method was established to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of different immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hr) by intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) in combination with intensive care monitoring.
The method provided includes a gentle preparation and stable fixation of the liver with minimal perturbation of the organ; long term intravital imaging using multicolor multiphoton microscopy with virtually no photobleaching or phototoxic effects over a time period of up to 6 hr, allowing tracking of specific leukocyte subsets; and stable imaging conditions due to extensive monitoring of mouse vital parameters and stabilization of circulation, temperature and gas exchange.
To investigate lymphocyte migration upon liver inflammation CXCR6.gfp knock-in mice were subjected to intravital liver imaging under baseline conditions and after acute and chronic liver damage induced by intraperitoneal injection(s) of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
CXCR6 is a chemokine receptor expressed on lymphocytes, mainly on Natural Killer T (NKT)-, Natural Killer (NK)- and subsets of T lymphocytes such as CD4 T cells but also mucosal associated invariant (MAIT) T cells1. Following the migratory pattern and positioning of CXCR6.gfp+ immune cells allowed a detailed insight into their altered behavior upon liver injury and therefore their potential involvement in disease progression.

Stable intravital high-resolution imaging of immune cells in the liver is challenging. Here we provide a highly sensitive and reliable method to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hours) by intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in combination with intensive care monitoring.

CXCR6.Gfp Muhabir Fare kullanma Sağlıklı ve hastalıklı Karaciğer Bağışıklık Hücreleri Uzun Vadeli intravital multiphoton Mikroskopi Görüntüleme

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, ...

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and selection of T cells specific for self and foreign antigens. The approach entails implantation of thymic grafts derived from various aged mice into immunodeficient scid recipients. Over a relatively short period of time the recipients are fully reconstituted with T cells derived from the implanted thymus graft. Only thymocytes seeding the thymus at the time of isolation undergo selection and develop into mature T cells. As such, changes in the nature and specificity of the engrafted T cells as a function of age-dependent thymic events can be assessed. Although technical expertise is required for successful thymic transplantation, this method provides a unique strategy to study in vivo a wide range of pathologies that are due to or a result of aberrant thymic function and/or homeostasis.

This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo.

İzolasyon ve Farklı Yaşlı Fare Timik Greft Nakli.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and ...

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades the central nervous system (CNS). In vivo study of the late stage has been limited as traditional methodologies require the removal of the brain to determine the presence of the parasites.
Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive, highly sensitive form of optical imaging that enables the visualization of a luciferase-transfected pathogen in real-time. By using a transfected trypanosome strain that has the ability to produce late stage disease in mice we are able to study the kinetics of a CNS infection in a single animal throughout the course of infection, as well as observe the movement and dissemination of a systemic infection.
Here we describe a robust protocol to study CNS infections using a bioluminescence model of African trypanosomiasis, providing real time non-invasive observations which can be further analyzed with optional downstream approaches.

This manuscript describes the use of a bioluminescent strain of African trypanosomes to enable the tracking of late stage infection and demonstrates how in vivo live imaging can be used to visualize infections within the central nervous system in real-time.

Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme Afrika Trypanosomiasis Geç Evre Enfeksiyon Algılama için

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

İnsan Tüm Kan Natural Killer Hücre Parçalayıcı Faaliyet Akışı Sitometrik Analizi

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to the frequent failure of traditional antibiotic treatments. Alternative therapeutics are urgently needed to tackle MDR bacteria.
An innovative non-antibiotic approach, antimicrobial blue light (aBL), has shown promising effectiveness against MDR infections. The mechanism of action of aBL is not yet well understood. It is commonly hypothesized that naturally occurring endogenous photosensitizing chromophores in bacteria (e.g., iron-free porphyrins, flavins, etc.) are excited by aBL, which in turn produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) through a photochemical process.
Unlike another light-based antimicrobial approach, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), aBL therapy does not require the involvement of an exogenous photosensitizer. All it needs to take effect is the irradiation of blue light; therefore, it is simple and inexpensive. The aBL receptors are the endogenous cellular photosensitizers in bacteria, rather than the DNA. Thus, aBL is believed to be much less genotoxic to host cells than ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation, which directly causes DNA damage in host cells.
In this paper, we present a protocol to assess the effectiveness of aBL therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a mouse model of burn injury. By using an engineered bioluminescent strain, we were able to noninvasively monitor the extent of infection in real time in living animals. This technique is also an effective tool for monitoring the spatial distribution of infections in animals.

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains have emerged as a serious threat to public health, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutics. We present a protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in mouse burns by using bioluminescence imaging.

Çok ilaca dirençli için Antimikrobiyal Mavi Işık Tedavisinin Vivo İncelenmesinin Acinetobacter baumannii Biyoparlaklık ımaging&#39;i kullanarak Enfeksiyonlar Yanık

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to ...

Non-invasive In Vivo Fluorescence Optical Imaging of Inflammatory MMP Activity Using an Activatable Fluorescent Imaging Agent

This paper describes a non-invasive method for imaging matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-activity by an activatable fluorescent probe, via in vivo fluorescence optical imaging (OI), in two different mouse models of inflammation: a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHR) model. Light with a wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) window (650 - 950 nm) allows a deeper tissue penetration and minimal signal absorption compared to wavelengths below 650 nm. The major advantages using fluorescence OI is that it is cheap, fast and easy to implement in different animal models.
Activatable fluorescent probes are optically silent in their inactivated states, but become highly fluorescent when activated by a protease. Activated MMPs lead to tissue destruction and play an important role for disease progression in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHRs) such as RA and CHR. Furthermore, MMPs are the key proteases for cartilage and bone degradation and are induced by macrophages, fibroblasts and chondrocytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we use a probe that is activated by the key MMPs like MMP-2, -3, -9 and -13 and describe an imaging protocol for near infrared fluorescence OI of MMP activity in RA and control mice 6 days after disease induction as well as in mice with acute (1x challenge) and chronic (5x challenge) CHR on the right ear compared to healthy ears.

Non-invasive In Vivo Fluorescence Optical Imaging of Inflammatory MMP Activity Using an Activatable Fluorescent Imaging Agent

This paper explains the application of fluorescent imaging using an activatable optical imaging probe to visualize the in vivo activity of key matrix metalloproteinases in two different experimental models of inflammation.

Non-invaziv<emIn vivo</em&gt; Aktive Edilebilir Floresan Görüntüleme Ajanını Kullanan İnflamatuvar MMP Aktivitesinin Flüoresan Optik Görüntülemesi

This paper describes a non-invasive method for imaging matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-activity by an activatable fluorescent probe, via in vivo ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

Cevabı İnsan İlköğretim nötrofiller ve monositler tarafından Antifungal Faaliyet Canlı Görüntüleme<em&gt; A. fumigatus</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7, which is a foodborne pathogen that causesdiarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HS), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), colonize to the intestinal tract of humans. To study the detailed mechanism of EHEC colonization in vivo, it is essential to have animal models to monitor and quantify EHEC colonization. We demonstrate here a mouse-EHEC colonization model by transforming the bioluminescent expressing plasmid to EHEC to monitor and quantify EHEC colonization in living hosts. Animals inoculated with bioluminescence-labeled EHEC show intense bioluminescent signals in mice by detection with a non-invasive in vivo imaging system. After 1 and 2 days post infection, bioluminescent signals could still be detected in infected animals, which suggests that EHEC colonize in hosts for at least 2 days. We also demonstrate that these bioluminescent EHEC locate to mouse intestine, specifically in the cecum and colon, from ex vivo images. This mouse-EHEC colonization model may serve as a tool to advance the current knowledge of the EHEC colonization mechanism.

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

A detailed protocol of a mouse model for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) colonization by using bioluminescence-labeled bacteria is presented. The detection of these bioluminescent bacteria by a non-invasive in vivo imaging system in live animals can advance our current understanding of EHEC colonization.

Non-invaziv Vivo içinde Bioluminescence sistemi tarafından fare konak Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli kolonizasyon algılama

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7, which is a foodborne pathogen that causesdiarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HS), and hemolytic uremic syndrome ...