Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH RO1 AI079253 e do Departamento de Assuntos de Veteranos.

1. Modelos Animais <ol><li> Ratos: Use p47 phox-/ - ratos e camundongos idade e sexo pareados C57BL6/DBA. Obter aprovação para as experiências de Animal Care Institucional e Comitê de uso. </li><li> Anestesia: Use um sistema de administração contínua isoflurano para induzir a anestesia. O sistema de vaporizador (VetEquip) é preenchido com isoflurano (2-3%). Confirmar que os ratos são totalmente anestesiado pela observação da respiração, movimento e reflexo da córnea em resposta a estímulos externos. </li><li> Procedimentos cirúrgicos: Esfregue a área cirúrgica (bancada) com etanol 70%. Usar luvas estéreis e um vestido cirúrgico limpo e máscara. Preparar os ratos por recorte do cabelo e aplicação de betadine alternando com etanol a 70% para a área onde a incisão será feita. Realizar uma cirurgia em uma superfície estéril e usar instrumentos esterilizados. Monitor de ratos pós-operatório até acordado e se movendo livremente. </li><li> Zymosan administração intratraqueal <ol><li> Administrar anestesiacomo descrito na secção 1.2. </li><li> Desinfectar área cirúrgica (pescoço) com betadine e 70% de etanol e expor a traqueia por dissecção cirúrgica. </li><li> Pierce traqueia com uma agulha de calibre 27 e injectar zimosan (St. Louis, MO) a uma dose de 1 ug / g utilizando uma 0,5 mg / uL solução (volume total de 50 ul de um ratinho de 25 g) dissolvida em PBS estéril. </li><li> Pescoço ratinhos perto enrolada com fio de seda 5-0 estéreis sob condições assépticas. </li><li> Imagem após 4 horas e 24 horas. </li></ol></li><li> Ligadura e perfuração cecal <ol><li> Administrar anestesia, como descrito na secção 1.2. </li><li> Grampo de cabelo na área cirúrgica (abdómen) e desinfectar com betadine e etanol 70%. </li><li> Executar uma laparotomia mediana e identificar o ceco. </li><li> Ligar o 50% distal do ceco exposta com fio de seda 4-0 e ceco punção distal à ligadura com uma passagem de uma agulha de calibre 21. </li><li> Fechar a incisão com suturas de seda 4-0 estéreis. </li><li> Imagem depois de 4 horas e24 hr. </li></ol></li><li> Oral tetracloreto de carbono (CCl 4) administração <ol><li> Administrar anestesia, como descrito na secção 1.2. </li><li> Administrar CCl 4 (2 ng / g, St. Louis, MO), dissolvido em óleo de milho por meio de gavagem oral. O procedimento de CCl4 administração deve ser realizada em uma área designada de acordo com o IBC / EHS políticas. </li><li> Imagem após 4 horas e 24 horas. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Adquirir uma imagem Bioluminescent <ol><li> Inicializar o IVIS 200 (Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA) Imaging System, configurado para o modo de luminescência, e esperar que o dispositivo de carga acoplada (CCD) de temperatura para bloquear. </li><li> Selecione o tempo de exposição, binning (médio) e F / Stop (8) definições. </li><li> Ratinhos coloque em posição supina na câmara de imagem em uma fase aquecida para manter a temperatura corporal normal. Administrar anestesia como descrito em 1.2 através de cone do nariz enquanto os ratos estão na câmara de imagem IVIS. </li><li> Administrar L-012<html> (20 ug / g), dissolvido em PBS estéril (10 ug / uL) por via intravenosa retro-orbital de injecção em cada ponto de tempo seleccionado para a imagem latente. </li><li> Captar imagens a partir de 2 min após injecção de L-012. Normalmente usamos uma exposição 40 seg. </li></ol> 3. Análise de Dados utilizando Região de Interesse <ol><li> Analisar os dados utilizando software imagem viva v.4.2 (Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA). </li><li> Abra uma imagem e selecionar a medição da Região de ferramentas de juros. </li><li> Selecione a Região de forma e tamanho interesse sobre o peito e / ou abdome após sobreposição de uma imagem pseudo-colorido digital (representando a detecção de fótons) sobre uma imagem fotográfica do mouse. </li><li> Quantificar a intensidade do sinal (fóton fluxo) da região de interesse. </li></ol> 4. Estatística <ol><li> Usar pacote de software de análise estatística para executar two-way ANOVA com pós-teste de Bonferroni em momentos individuais. </li></ol>TLE &quot;&gt; 5. Resultados representativos Zymosan é um pró-inflamatória levedura produto da parede celular e um potente activador de NADPH-oxidase 3. Que anteriormente mostraram que zymosan intratraqueal induz uma inflamação pulmonar neutrofílica mais robusto e pró-inflamatória da produção de citocinas em p47 phox-/ - em comparação com a estirpe selvagem ratos 1. Aqui, nosso objetivo foi o de comparar a geração de ROS nos pulmões de tipo selvagem e p47 phox-/ - ratos após desafio zymosan. Às 4 horas após a administração de zymosan intratraqueal, observou-se um aumento significativo da emissão de fotões sobre o peito em ratinhos de tipo selvagem em relação à linha de base, bem como um aumento na emissão de fotões, em comparação com o tipo selvagem p47 phox-/ - murganhos em 4 h e 24 h. Em contraste, os sinais de bioluminescência em p47 phox-/ - ratinhos mantiveram-se em níveis de linha de base em 4 h após o tratamento por zimosan (Fig.1 AB). Assim, parece NADPH oxidase be a principal fonte de geração de ROS nos pulmões a seguir à administração zymosan. Em seguida, foi avaliada a produção de ROS no modelo de sepse por CLP induzido. A sepse é uma síndrome com risco de vida associado com lesões de órgãos-, incluindo lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) 4, 5. ROS mediada por lesão foi considerado um factor importante dirigir-sepsia induzida por disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Descobrimos que ROS foram significativamente aumentados sobre o peito (4 horas) e sobre o abdômen (24 horas) após CLP em camundongos de tipo selvagem em comparação à linha de base. No entanto, os níveis de ROS em p47 phox-/ - ratos foram semelhantes aos níveis de base em ambos os pontos de tempo (Fig.2 AC). Estes resultados mostram que a geração de ROS no modelo do rato induzida por CLP sepse é dependente da NADPH-oxidase. Finalmente, utilizou-se imagiologia bioluminescente para detectar a produção de ROS em um modo de lesão induzida por CCl 4 fígadol. CCl 4 provoca a necrose hepatocelular, e tem sido utilizado para modelar ambos lesão hepática aguda e fibrose hepática 6. Em contraste com os modelos anteriormente descritos de inflamação e lesão, verificou-se que a produção de ROS no abdómen foi modestamente (cerca de 35%) aumentado em relação ao valor basal phox p47-/ - ratos a 4 h após a administração de CCl 4. No entanto, a magnitude de CCl 4 induzida por geração de ROS foi significativamente maior nos ratos do tipo selvagem do que nas p47 phox-/ - camundongos (Fig. 3-B). Estes dados sugerem que tanto a p47 phox contendo NADPH oxidase-dependente e independente de geração de ROS ocorrer em CCl 4 aguda induzida por dano hepático. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Produção de ROS em pulmões após tratamento zymosan. A) Representante bioluminescence de imagem de produção de ROS. Note-se que, em adição ao peito, a luminescência é detectável sobre o abdómen, tanto de tipo selvagem e p47 phox-/ - murganhos e luminescência abdominal é inalterado por tratamento zymosan. B) a contagem de fotões a partir da caixa de tipo selvagem e p47 phox-/ - murganhos depois de uma única injecção intratraqueal (IT) de zimosan. Imagem de bioluminescência foi realizada na linha de base, 4 h, e 24 h. A emissão de luz a partir da região de interesse sobre o tórax foi identificada utilizando a escala de pseudo cor-indicada. Os resultados são apresentados como média ± EP, n = 6-9 por grupo, * = p &lt;0,05. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">clique aqui para ampliar a figura</a> . <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Detecção de ROS após CLP. A) imagem de bioluminescência Representante da produção de ROS, BFótons) conta a partir do peito, e conta C) de fótons do abdômen do tipo selvagem e p47 phox-/ - ratos na linha de base, 4 horas, e 24 horas após a CLP. Os resultados são apresentados como média ± EP, n = 4-5 por grupo, * = p &lt;0,05. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">clique aqui para ampliar a figura</a> . <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Produção de ROS no abdômen após CCl 4 induzida por lesão hepática. A) imagem de bioluminescência Representante da produção de ROS e conta B) fótons do abdômen do tipo selvagem e p47 phox-/ - ratos na linha de base, 4 horas, e 24 horas após a administração oral CCl 4 tratamento. Os resultados são apresentados como média ± EP, n = 4-5 por grupo, * = p &lt;0,05. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3925/3925fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">figura clique aqui para ampliar</a> </a&gt;.

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&quot;Em tempo real&quot; de medição de espécies reactivas de oxigénio (ROS) em animais vivos pode ser conseguido através da utilização de sondas fluorescentes e quimioluminescentes. Enquanto sondas fluorescentes com fracos sofrem de sinal-para-ruído 12, a técnica de imagem descrito é mais sensível para a detecção de emissão de luz na sequência de uma reacção química de ROS com o substrato luminol baseada em L-012. Como todas as técnicas de imagiologia bioluminescentes, esta metodologia é ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentários </td></tr><tr><td> L-012 </td><td> Wako Chemicals EUA, Inc. </td><td> 120-04891 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zymosan </td><td> Sigma, St. Louis, MO </td><td> Z4250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> tetracloreto de carbono </td><td> Sigma, St. Louis, MO </td><td> 289116 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

bioluminescence imaging of nadph oxidase activity in different animal models

NADPH oxidase é uma enzima importante que medeia a defesa do hospedeiro antibacteriana e antifúngica. Em adição ao seu papel na defesa do hospedeiro antimicrobiana, NADPH oxidase tem funções críticas de sinalização que modulam a resposta inflamatória 1. Assim, o desenvolvimento de um método para medir, em &quot;tempo real&quot;, a cinética da NADPH-oxidase geração de ROS derivado deve ser uma ferramenta de investigação valiosa para compreender os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro em causa, inflamação e lesão. A doença granulomatosa crônica (CGD) é uma desordem hereditária do NADPH oxidase caracterizada por infecções graves e inflamação excessiva. A activação da NADPH oxidase de fagócitos requer translocação das suas subunidades citosólicas (phox p47, p67 phox, e p40 phox) e Rac a um flavocytochrome ligada à membrana (composto de um phox gp91 e p22 phox heterodímero). Perdafunção de mutações em qualquer um destes componentes resultado NADPH oxidase na CGD. Semelhante ao dos pacientes com CGD, gp91 phox camundongos deficientes e P47 phox camundongos deficientes têm defeito oxidase de fagócitos NADPH e de acolhimento prejudicada defesa 13, 14. Além de fagócitos, que contêm os componentes da NADPH oxidase descritos acima, uma variedade de outros tipos de células expressam diferentes isoformas da NADPH-oxidase. Aqui, descrevemos um método para quantificar a produção de ROS em camundongos vivos e delinear a contribuição da NADPH oxidase para a geração de ROS em modelos de inflamação e lesão. Este método baseia-se ROS reagir com L-012 (um análogo do luminol) para emitir luminescência que é gravada por um dispositivo de carga acoplada (CCD). Na descrição original da sonda L-012, L-012-dependente de quimioluminescência foi completamente abolido pela superóxido-dismutase, o que indica que o principal ROS detectado nesta reacção foi superanião óxido 15. Estudos subsequentes têm mostrado que o L-012 pode detectar outros radicais livres, incluindo as espécies reactivas de azoto 16, 17. Kielland et al. 17 mostrou que a aplicação tópica de acetato de miristato de forbol, um activador potente da NADPH-oxidase, levou a NADPH oxidase-dependente de geração de ROS, que pode ser detectada em ratos usando o teste luminescente L-012. Neste modelo, eles mostraram que a luminescência L-012-dependente foi abolida em p47 phox camundongos deficientes. Nós comparamos geração de ROS em ratinhos de tipo selvagem e da NADPH-oxidase deficiente phox p47-/ - 2 ratos nos três seguintes modelos: administração 1) intratraqueal de zimosan, uma célula pro-inflamatório fúngico parede derivado do produto que podem activar a NADPH oxidase, 2) ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP), um modelo de sepse intra-abdominal com inflamação pulmonar aguda e lesão secundária e 3) tetracloreto de carbono por via oral(CCl 4), um modelo de ROS-dependente lesão hepática. Estes modelos foram seleccionados para avaliar especificamente NADPH oxidase-dependente de geração de ROS no contexto de inflamação não infecciosa, sepse polimicrobiana e toxina induzida por lesão de órgãos, respectivamente. Comparando bioluminescência em camundongos de tipo selvagem de p47 phox-/ - ratos nos permite delinear a contribuição específica de ROS gerado pelo p47 oxidase phox contendo NADPH para o sinal bioluminescente nesses modelos. Resultados de imagem de bioluminescência que demonstraram níveis elevados de ROS em ratinhos de tipo selvagem em comparação com p47 phox-/ - ratos indicaram que a NADPH oxidase é a principal fonte de produção de ROS em resposta a estímulos inflamatórios. Este método oferece uma abordagem minimamente invasiva para &quot;real-time&quot; monitoramento da geração de ROS durante a inflamação in vivo.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models

NADPH oxidase é a principal fonte de espécies reactivas de oxigénio (ROS) em fagócitos. Por causa da natureza efêmera de ROS, é difícil de medir e monitorar os níveis de ROS em animais vivos. Um método minimamente invasivo para quantificação de série de ROS em ratos vivos é descrito.

Imagem de bioluminescência de NADPH oxidase em diferentes modelos animais

NADPH oxidase is a critical enzyme that mediates antibacterial and antifungal host defense. In addition to its role in antimicrobial host defense, NADPH ...

bioluminescence-imaging-nadph-oxidase-activity-different-animal

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

16.2K visualizações.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. NADPH oxidase é a principal fonte de espécies reactivas de oxigénio (ROS) em fagócitos. Por causa da natureza efêmera de ROS, é difícil de medir e monitorar os níveis de ROS em animais vivos. Um método minimamente invasivo para quantificação de série de ROS em ratos vivos é descrito.

Vídeo: Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models

Diagnosis of Ecto- and Endoparasites in Laboratory Rats and Mice

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized animals. Before embarking on an examination of animals for parasites, two things should be considered. One: what use will be made of the information collected, and two: which test is the most appropriate. Knowing that animals are parasitized may be something that the facility accepts, but there is often a need to treat animals and then to determine the efficacy of treatment. Parasites may be detected in animals through various techniques, including samples taken from live or euthanized animals. Historically, the tests with the greatest diagnostic sensitivity required euthanasia of the animal, although PCR has allowed high-sensitivity testing for several types of parasite. This article demonstrates procedures for the detection of endo- and ectoparasites in mice and rats. The same procedures are applicable to other rodents, although the species of parasites found will differ.

This article describes various procedures for screening rats and mice to detect endo- or ectoparasitism. Several diagnostic assays will be demonstrated, both those suitable for use on live animals and those used after euthanasia of the animal. Photographs to aid in identification of rat and mouse parasites will be included.

Diagnóstico de Ecto e Endoparasitas em ratos de laboratório e Ratos

Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

A saliva, glândula salivar, e Coleta de hemolinfa de carrapatos Ixodes scapularis

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Isolation and Transplantation of Different Aged Murine Thymic Grafts.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and selection of T cells specific for self and foreign antigens. The approach entails implantation of thymic grafts derived from various aged mice into immunodeficient scid recipients. Over a relatively short period of time the recipients are fully reconstituted with T cells derived from the implanted thymus graft. Only thymocytes seeding the thymus at the time of isolation undergo selection and develop into mature T cells. As such, changes in the nature and specificity of the engrafted T cells as a function of age-dependent thymic events can be assessed. Although technical expertise is required for successful thymic transplantation, this method provides a unique strategy to study in vivo a wide range of pathologies that are due to or a result of aberrant thymic function and/or homeostasis.

This report provides a detailed description of transplanting murine thymi from different aged donor mice under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient mouse recipients. The goal of this approach is to model T cell development and thymic selection events in vivo.

Isolamento e Transplante de diferentes envelhecidas murino tímicos enxertos.

The mechanisms that regulate the efficacy of thymic selection remain ill-defined. The method presented here allows in vivo analyses of the development and ...

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades the central nervous system (CNS). In vivo study of the late stage has been limited as traditional methodologies require the removal of the brain to determine the presence of the parasites.
Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive, highly sensitive form of optical imaging that enables the visualization of a luciferase-transfected pathogen in real-time. By using a transfected trypanosome strain that has the ability to produce late stage disease in mice we are able to study the kinetics of a CNS infection in a single animal throughout the course of infection, as well as observe the movement and dissemination of a systemic infection.
Here we describe a robust protocol to study CNS infections using a bioluminescence model of African trypanosomiasis, providing real time non-invasive observations which can be further analyzed with optional downstream approaches.

This manuscript describes the use of a bioluminescent strain of African trypanosomes to enable the tracking of late stage infection and demonstrates how in vivo live imaging can be used to visualize infections within the central nervous system in real-time.

Bioluminescência de imagem para detectar a infecção fase tardia Africano Tripanossomíase

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

Citometria de fluxo e assassinas naturais celular Lytic Actividade em sangue total humano

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to the frequent failure of traditional antibiotic treatments. Alternative therapeutics are urgently needed to tackle MDR bacteria.
An innovative non-antibiotic approach, antimicrobial blue light (aBL), has shown promising effectiveness against MDR infections. The mechanism of action of aBL is not yet well understood. It is commonly hypothesized that naturally occurring endogenous photosensitizing chromophores in bacteria (e.g., iron-free porphyrins, flavins, etc.) are excited by aBL, which in turn produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) through a photochemical process.
Unlike another light-based antimicrobial approach, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), aBL therapy does not require the involvement of an exogenous photosensitizer. All it needs to take effect is the irradiation of blue light; therefore, it is simple and inexpensive. The aBL receptors are the endogenous cellular photosensitizers in bacteria, rather than the DNA. Thus, aBL is believed to be much less genotoxic to host cells than ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation, which directly causes DNA damage in host cells.
In this paper, we present a protocol to assess the effectiveness of aBL therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a mouse model of burn injury. By using an engineered bioluminescent strain, we were able to noninvasively monitor the extent of infection in real time in living animals. This technique is also an effective tool for monitoring the spatial distribution of infections in animals.

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains have emerged as a serious threat to public health, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutics. We present a protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in mouse burns by using bioluminescence imaging.

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Therapy luz azul para-multirresistente Acinetobacter baumannii queimadura Infecções Usando bioluminescência Imagiologia

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to ...

Non-invasive In Vivo Fluorescence Optical Imaging of Inflammatory MMP Activity Using an Activatable Fluorescent Imaging Agent

This paper describes a non-invasive method for imaging matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-activity by an activatable fluorescent probe, via in vivo fluorescence optical imaging (OI), in two different mouse models of inflammation: a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHR) model. Light with a wavelength in the near infrared (NIR) window (650 - 950 nm) allows a deeper tissue penetration and minimal signal absorption compared to wavelengths below 650 nm. The major advantages using fluorescence OI is that it is cheap, fast and easy to implement in different animal models.
Activatable fluorescent probes are optically silent in their inactivated states, but become highly fluorescent when activated by a protease. Activated MMPs lead to tissue destruction and play an important role for disease progression in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHRs) such as RA and CHR. Furthermore, MMPs are the key proteases for cartilage and bone degradation and are induced by macrophages, fibroblasts and chondrocytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we use a probe that is activated by the key MMPs like MMP-2, -3, -9 and -13 and describe an imaging protocol for near infrared fluorescence OI of MMP activity in RA and control mice 6 days after disease induction as well as in mice with acute (1x challenge) and chronic (5x challenge) CHR on the right ear compared to healthy ears.

Non-invasive In Vivo Fluorescence Optical Imaging of Inflammatory MMP Activity Using an Activatable Fluorescent Imaging Agent

This paper explains the application of fluorescent imaging using an activatable optical imaging probe to visualize the in vivo activity of key matrix metalloproteinases in two different experimental models of inflammation.

Non-invasive<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Fluorescência de imagem óptico de Inflamatória MMP Atividade Usando um Agente de Imaging Activatable fluorescente

This paper describes a non-invasive method for imaging matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-activity by an activatable fluorescent probe, via in vivo ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

Imagens ao vivo de antifúngicos Atividade por neutrófilos humanos primários e monócitos em resposta à<em&gt; A. fumigatus</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major manifestation of S. suis infections. A suitable infection model is an essential tool to understand the mechanisms of diseases caused by pathogens. Several routes of infection in mice have been developed to study the pathogenesis of S. suis infection. However, the intraperitoneal, intranasal, and intravenous routes of infection are not suitable for studying the roles of S. suis surface components in meningitis directly in the brain, such as the extracellular matrix from biofilms. Although intracisternal inoculation has been used for S. suis infection, the precise injection site has not been described. Here, the intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection was described in a mouse model to investigate the roles of biofilms in S. suis meningitis. S. suis planktonic cells or biofilm state cells were directly injected into the subarachnoid space of mice through the injection site located 3.5 mm rostral from the bregma. Histopathological analysis and increased mRNA expression of TLR2 and cytokines of the brain tissue from mice injected with biofilm state cells clearly indicated that S. suis biofilm plays definitive roles in S. suis meningitis. This route of infection has obvious advantages over other routes of infection, allowing the study of the host-bacterium interaction. Furthermore, it permits the effect of bacterial components on host immune responses directly in the brain to be assessed, and mimics bacterial entrance into the central nervous system. This route of infection can be extended for investigating the mechanisms of meningitis caused by other bacteria. In addition, it can also be used to test the efficacy of drugs against bacterial meningitis.

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Here, we describe the intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection in mice to study roles of biofilms in Streptococcus suis meningitis. This infection model is also suitable for studying the pathogenesis of other bacterial meningitis and the efficacy of new drugs against bacterial meningitis.

Intracraniana optou rota de infecção para investigar papéis de biofilmes de Streptococcus suis em meningite em um modelo de infecção do rato

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

Implantação e monitoramento por PET/CT de um modelo ortotópico de mesotelioma pleural humano em camundongos atímicos

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...