Biz teknik yardım için Bakhos A. Tannous, Ph.D., rAAV-eGFP vektör bize sağlamak için Massachusetts Genel Hastanesi, Charlestown, Massachusetts, Nörobilim Merkezi Vektör Geliştirme ve Üretim Direktörü, ve John Whang ederim. Bu çalışma Nörolojik Bozukluklar ve İnme Ulusal Enstitüsü ödenekle R01 NS050408 (JS için) desteklenmiştir.

Açıklanan cerrahi prosedür Columbia Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Ekipman ve Virüs Parçacık Süspansiyon hazırlanması <ol><li> Ekipmanı temizleyin ve dezenfekte edin, cerrahi aletler ve vertebra L1 düzeltmek için kullanılacak V çentik sivri sterilize. </li><li> Çekin ve konik cam pipetler. Biz, 40 um arasında bir uç çapı olan ve 20 ° &#39;lik bir açı ile eğimli olan pipetler kullanır. Cam pipetler sterilize. </li><li> Stereotaksik çerçeve kurma, manipülatör üzerine mikroenjektör enjektör montaj ve kontrol için enjektör bağlayın. </li><li> Sıkıştırma montaj takımı kullanılarak mikroenjektör için cam pipet bir takın. </li><li> Mikroenjektör gelen plenseri ve mineral yağ ile şırınga doldurun. Oil Red O (1 - (2,5-dimetil-4-(2,5-dimethylphenylazo) fenilazo)-2-naftol) kendi v artırmak için mineral yağ ile eklenebilirisibility. Piston takın ve ucu tüm yol kadar itin. Dikkatlice bir hava kabarcığı oluşturmaktan kaçının. </li><li> Bir biyogüvenlik kabine virüs parçacık süspansiyonu hazırlayın. Buz üzerinde donmuş virüs çözülme ve kullanmadan hemen önce, istenen partikül konsantrasyonu tuzlu steril fosfat-tamponlu ile seyreltin. </li><li> Enjektör üzerindeki yuvasına mikroenjektör yerleştirin. </li><li> Küçük bir plastik levha üzerine virus süspansiyonu pipetle 5 ul, örneğin Parafilm. Damla içine cam pipet indirin ve mikroenjektör doldurmak için pistonu çekiniz. Tıkanmasını önlemek için pipet ucunda küçük bir hava kabarcığı oluşturun. </li></ol> 2. Laminektomi <ol><li> Tezgah ve dezenfektan ile ısıtma pedi silerek ameliyat alanı hazırlayın. </li><li> Fare anestetize. Biz izofluran ile inhalasyon anestezi kullanmak (% 3 indüksiyon, bakım sırasında% 2 -3% sırasında). </li><li> Sırasında kurumasını gözleri korumak için her gözün üzerine yağ koyunişlem. </li><li> Alt arka fare boyun kürk Tıraş ve böyle klorheksidin veya povidon-iyot ve% 70 etanol gibi bir topikal antiseptik mendil alternatif ile cildi dezenfekte edin. Cerrahi örtü ile aseptik hazırlanmış sitede ayırın ve bupivakain (% 0.25, serum fizyolojik ile sulandırılmış 1:10) ile kesi yeri sızmak. </li><li> Orta hat (2-3 cm) boyunca göğüs kafesinin kaudal sonunda cilt kesilirken ve omurga kapsayan fasya ayırın. </li><li> Omurilik vertebral kolon daha postnatal gelişimi sırasında önce büyümesini durdurur Çünkü, spinal segmentin L4 İlk lomber vertebra (L1) altında yatıyor. Vertebra L1 kaburga son çifti tutan vertebra kaudal yer almaktadır. Belirleyin ve küçük spinal kas ve dorsal yüzeyine yapışan ligament kaldırarak vertebra L1 maruz kalmaktadır. </li><li> Hafif bir Adson forsepsi ile vertebra L1 kaldırın ve tutun. Dorsal Portio kaldırmak için özel bir laminektomi forseps kullanınn vertebra (omurga ve lamina) ve spinal kord teşhir. Omurilik zarar vermekten kaçının. </li><li> Stereotaksik çerçevesinde ısıtma plakası üzerine fare aktarın. Müteakip çalışma esnasında fare sıcaklığı izleyin. </li></ol> 3. Enjeksiyon <ol><li> V çentik sivri vertebra L1 Fix. Omur solunum sırasında hareket etmez, böylece ani omurga stabilize olmalıdır. </li><li> Yakın böylece pipet laminektomi sitenin üstünde olduğunu mikroenjektör getir. Eğer pipet çıkmadan virüs süspansiyonu görene kadar pistonu aşağı indirin. Steril pamuk uçlu damlacık çıkarın. </li><li> Maruz omurilik rostral en kısmında pipet ucu yerleştirin. Merkezi posterior median sulkus üzerinde pipet, daha sonra 500 mikron yanal ucu hareket ettirin. Kablosunu ve delinme duramater yüzeyine ucu indirin veya bir unbeveled cam pipet ile çalışıyorsanız, d ponksiyon için eğimli çelik kanül kullanınura. Omurilik içine cam pipet 300 um uç alçaltın. </li><li> 200 nl / dak &#39;lık bir hızla virüs süspansiyonu 1 ul enjekte edilir. </li><li> Enjeksiyonun sonunda, yavaş yavaş geri çekme pipet önce en az 2 dakika bekleyin. </li><li> Spinal segmentin L4 viral vektör tam dağılımı elde etmek için maruz omurilik kuyruk kısmının en az 3.5 kadar olan adımları 3.3 tekrarlayın. Iki enjeksiyon siteleri hedef bölgede doku hasarı önlemek için rostral ve L4 segment kaudal bulunmaktadır. </li></ol> 4. Yara Kapatma <ol><li> Yayın omur V çentik kelepçelerden L1 ve stereotaksik çerçeveden fareyi çıkarın. </li><li> 5.0 vikril ile fasya dikin. Kapalı fasya laminektomi site için kapak sağlar. </li><li> Naylon sütür veya cerrahi zımba ile cildi kapatın. </li></ol> 5. Postoperatif Bakım <ol><li> Yumuşak, nonparticular yatak ile bir kurtarma kafes fare aktarın. T yerleştirino rahat nefes için yan. Bu yürüyebilen, tamamen uyanık ve içme başlayana kadar hayvan izleyin. </li><li> Biz, carprofen günlük subkutan enjeksiyon (5.0 mg / kg) ile 72 saat için cerrahi sonrası analjezi sağlar. </li><li> Ilk olarak 3 gün için günlük olarak kontrol cerrahi sonrası iyileşme izleyin, sonra deney kadar her gün ya da 3 gün haftada tamamlandı. </li><li> Yara iyileşmesi tamamlandığında, 7 ila 10 gün operasyon sonrası deri sütürler veya zımbaları çıkarın. </li><li> Deneyin tamamlanmasından sonra, hayvanın Euthanize. </li></ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

Stereotaksik vektör enjeksiyon, nörodejenerasyon 11 önlenmesi veya tedavisi için yaralanma 9,10, veya gen tedavisi rejenerasyon sırasında 6,7 veya optogenetic disseksiyon 8, akson kılavuz yayılan virüs transsinaptik dayalı bu tür nöronal ağ eşleme gibi uygulamalar için, omurilik nöronları hedefleme sağlar 12. Viral vektörler somatosensoriyel, motor ve otonomik yolların 9,10,13-15 çalışma omurilikte gen manipülasyonu içi...

Fare koşullu gen manipülasyonu Gelişmiş teknolojiler merkezi sinir sisteminde sinaptik yollar ve fonksiyonel bağlantılarının araştırılması için çok yönlü yaklaşımlar sağlar. Transgenlerin östrojen reseptör 1 mutasyona uğramış bir ligand-bağlayıcı etki tanıyan bir repressör veya gen transkripsiyon aktivatörü veya tamoksifen gibi çalışması için dizayn edilebilir bir tetrasiklin kontrollü Transaktivatörü, hareket gibi doksisiklin gibi küçük moleküllü etkileyiciler tarafından düzenlenebilir . Tersinmez transgen değişiklik yaygın deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA) rekombinaz tarafından elde edilir. Cre (nedenleri rekombinasyon) ve FLP (flippase rekombinasyon enzim) eksizyonu, inversiyon veya sırasıyla 1 loxP (crossing x odağı üzerinde, P1) veya Frt (flippase tanınması hedef) siteleri tarafından kuşatılmıştır DNA parçalarının translokasyon katalize. Uygulamalar gen aktivasyonu veya susturulması ve indüklenebilir ribonükleik asit (RNA) girişime dahil <sup&gt; 2. Bu tür β-galaktosidaz, alkalin fosfataz ya da enzimatik olarak floresan muhabir Koşullu ifade nöronlar etiket ve bunların topikal organizasyon ve bağlantı 3 incelemek için kullanılabilir. Kuzey Amerika (Büyük ölçekli mutajenez projeler <a href="http://www.norcomm.org/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.norcomm.org/index.htm</a> ) ve Avrupa ( <a href="http://www.knockoutmouse.org/about/eucomm" target="_blank">http://www.knockoutmouse.org/about/eucomm</a> ) ile fare embriyonik kök hücre klonlarının kütüphaneleri üretiyoruz sonunda tüm fare genomuna kapsayacak koşullu gen hedefleri ve tuzaklar. Bu klonlar elde Fare seçici gen manipülasyonu için nöronların belirli bir nüfus (özel yararlanıcılar veya lokus altında DNA rekombinaz ifade o fare hatları genişleyen bir sayı ile geçilebilir <a href="http://nagy.mshri.on.ca/cre_new/index.php" target="_blank">http://nagy.mshri.on.ca/cre_new/index . php</a> ). <p class= &quot;Jove_content&quot;&gt; Ancak, nöronların veya ilgi belirli bölgelerde ayrı nüfus gen manipülasyonu kısıtlayan genetik ilgi nöron topluluğuna özgü bir organizatörü bilinir değilse yalnız hedefleme veya bölgedeki bütün nöronlar tarafından ifade değil elde edilemez ilgi. Spinal kord, deneysel tasarımlar bir veya iki kraniokaudal kesimlerine gen manipülasyonu mekansal kısıtlanması gerekebilir. Cre veya FLP ifade eden bir viral vektör Stereotaksik enjeksiyonu floxed veya flrted alel denilen, DNA parçalarının loxP veya Frt siteleri tarafından çevrili olduğu farelerde omurilik bölgelere gen rekombinasyon sınırlanmasını sağlayan. Bünye DNA düzenlenmesi aksine, hangi Rekombinaz ifade fare ile melezleme hayvanlardan neden olur, bu strateji aynı zamanda gen aktivasyonu veya susturulması üzerinde zamansal kontrol sağlar. Kodlama Viral vektörler floxed veya transgenlerin correspo ifade farelerde gen manipülasyonu bir ters seçeneği sunuyoruz flörtBir nöron spesifik promotör Rekombinaz aşağı nding. Nöronlara afinite ile Çeşitli rekombinant vektörler 4 mevcuttur. Yüksek kapasiteli (korkak) adenovirüs, adeno-ilişkili virüs, herpes simpleks virüsü ve lentivirüs yaygın nörotropik vektörler kullanılır. Bir araştırma sorusu için uygun olan virüs seçilmesi deneysel tasarım çok önemli bir parçasıdır. Transgen büyüklüğü, doğum şekli, inflamatuar ve toksik yan etkileri 4 düşünülmesi gereken glial hücreleri, enfeksiyon etkinliği, aksine nöronlara enfeksiyon özgüllüğü. Burada omurilik dorsal boynuz, biz ağrı nörobiyoloji üzerine araştırma koşullu gen regülasyonu için kullandıkları bir tekniktir bir viral vektör stereotaksik enjeksiyon tarif. Dorsal boynuz nosiseptif nöronlar da dahil olmak üzere birincil somatosensoriyel nöronlardan gelen afferent girdi alır. Projeksiyon nöronları onu ifade etmeden önce yerel internöron bilgi işlembeyin 5 dorsal boynuz. Biz yapısal olarak aktif sitomegalovirüs organizatörü altında arttırılmıştır yeşil flüoresan protein (eGFP) ifade eden bir nörotropik rekombinant adeno-ilişkili virüs (rAAV) ile spinal segmental seviyede L4 dorsal boynuz nöron enfeksiyonu gösterir.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Malzeme Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog Numarası </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Spinal taban plakası </td><td> David Kopf Instruments </td><td> 912 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Küçük hayvan stereotaksik alet </td><td> David Kopf Instruments </td><td> 900 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fare gaz anestezi kafa tutucu </td><td> David Kopf Instruments </td><td> 923-B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ayarlanabilir taban bağlar </td><td> David Kopf Instruments </td><td> 982 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> V çentik sivri </td><td> David Kopf Instruments </td><td> 987 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Küçük hayvan sıcaklık kontrol sistemi </td><td> David Kopf Instruments </td><td> Tcat-2LV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Adson forsepsi </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 11006-12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Laminektomi forseps </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 11223-20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SYS-Micro4 Controller ile UltraMicroPump (bir) </td><td> Dünya Hassas Aletler </td><td> UMP3-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mikroenjektör, 65RN </td><td> Hamilton </td><td> 7633-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RN sıkıştırma uydurma, 1 mm </td><td> Hamilton </td><td> 55750-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Borosilikat cam kapilerleri </td><td> Dünya Hassas Aletler </td><td> 1B100F-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microgrinder </td><td> Narishige </td><td> EG-44 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stereotaxic injection of a viral vector for conditional gene manipulation in the mouse spinal cord

Bir viral vektörün intraparankimal enjeksiyon nöronlar ya da merkezi sinir sisteminin belirli bölgelerinde farklı popülasyonlarda şartlı gen manipülasyonu sağlar. Biz fare omurilik dorsal boynuz hedeflenen gen ekspresyonu veya susturulması sağlayan bir stereotaksik enjeksiyon tekniği göstermek. Cerrahi prosedür kısa. Bu hayvan ve omurganın uğramamış motilite hızlı kurtarma sağlayan, tek vertebra laminektomi gerektirir. Eğimli cam kanül ile mikroenjektör düşük hız ve kullanım küçük bir vektör süspansiyon hacmi Kontrollü enjeksiyonu doku lezyonu aza indirmek. Vektör lokal bağışıklık cevabında istihdam virüs içsel özelliklerine bağlıdır; bizim deneyim, bir rekombinant adeno-ilişkili virüs kullanıldığında küçük ve kısa sürelidir. Bu tür gelişmiş yeşil floresan proteini gibi bir raportör gen vektör izlenmesi uzaysal dağılımının kolaylaştırır ve etkinliği ve hücresel specitransfeksiyon özgüllük.

Başarılı transfeksiyon getirileri karşı tarafa, ventral boynuz ve dorsal kök gangliyon dorsal boynuz koruyucu enjekte dorsal boynuz (Şekil 1) nöronlar, sağlam gen ekspresyonu. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50313/50313fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. Dorsal boynuz nöron transfeksiyonu. (A) L4 omurilik, rAAV-EGFP bir stereotaksik enjeksiyon iki hafta sonra (serotip AAV2 / 8/10 9 genom kopyalarının sol arka boynuzu flüoresan rapo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Viral vektörler hedefli gen manipülasyonu için izin verir. Bu arka boynuzu içine, bir viral vektör stereotaksik enjeksiyon, birincil somatosensoriyel afferentleri ve merkezi sinir sistemi nöronları arasındaki sinaptik bir temas önemli yer kullanılarak, koşullu gen ekspresyonu ya da fare omurilik ablasyonu için bir yöntem göstermektedir.

Fare Omurilik Koşullu Gen Manipülasyon için bir Viral Vector Stereotaksik Enjeksiyon

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

stereotaxic-injection-viral-vector-for-conditional-gene-manipulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

30.1K Görüntüleme.  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Viral vektörler hedefli gen manipülasyonu için izin verir. Bu arka boynuzu içine, bir viral vektör stereotaksik enjeksiyon, birincil somatosensoriyel afferentleri ve merkezi sinir sistemi nöronları arasındaki sinaptik bir temas önemli yer kullanılarak, koşullu gen ekspresyonu ya da fare omurilik ablasyonu için bir yöntem göstermektedir.

Video: Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

Omurilik Elektrofizyoloji II: Ekstrasellüler Emiş Elektrot İmalatı

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Nörobilim

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has significantly broadened our knowledge of physiological and pathological processes in numerous tissues in vivo 4-7. In studies of the central nervous system (CNS), there has been a broad application of in vivo imaging in the brain, which has produced a plethora of novel and often unexpected findings about the behavior of cells such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, under physiological or pathological conditions 8-17. However, mostly technical complications have limited the implementation of in vivo imaging in studies of the living mouse spinal cord. In particular, the anatomical proximity of the spinal cord to the lungs and heart generates significant movement artifact that makes imaging the living spinal cord a challenging task.
We developed a novel method that overcomes the inherent limitations of spinal cord imaging by stabilizing the spinal column, reducing respiratory-induced movements and thereby facilitating the use of two-photon microscopy to image the mouse spinal cord in vivo. This is achieved by combining a customized spinal stabilization device with a method of deep anesthesia, resulting in a significant reduction of respiratory-induced movements. This video protocol shows how to expose a small area of the living spinal cord that can be maintained under stable physiological conditions over extended periods of time by keeping tissue injury and bleeding to a minimum. Representative raw images acquired in vivo detail in high resolution the close relationship between microglia and the vasculature. A timelapse sequence shows the dynamic behavior of microglial processes in the living mouse spinal cord. Moreover, a continuous scan of the same z-frame demonstrates the outstanding stability that this method can achieve to generate stacks of images and/or timelapse movies that do not require image alignment post-acquisition. Finally, we show how this method can be used to revisit and reimage the same area of the spinal cord at later timepoints, allowing for longitudinal studies of ongoing physiological or pathological processes in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

Fare Omurilik İki foton Mikroskop kullanarak in vivo Görüntüleme

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

Tarafından Embriyonik ve Erişkin Nöral Kök Hücre Genişletme<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elektroporasyon veya Viral Stereotaksik Enjeksiyon

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Kalıcı ve yaygın Nöronal İletim için Yenidoğan Fare Beyin intraserooroventriküler Viral Enjeksiyon

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

Boyuna için bir Spinal Odası implantasyon için bir Prosedürü<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Fare Omurilik Görüntüleme

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

A new ex vivo preparation for imaging the mouse spinal cord. This protocol allows for two-photon imaging of live cellular interactions throughout the spinal cord.

Fare Omurilik Hücresel Dynamics İki foton Görüntüleme

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, they may function to regulate the developmental process and/or physiological function in neonatal brains. To investigate neurobiological functions of specific genes in the brain, it is essential to inactivate genes in the brain. Here, we describe a simple stereotaxic method to inactivate gene expression in the striatum of transgenic mice at neonatal time windows. AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses were microinjected into the striatum of Ai14 reporter gene mice at postnatal day (P) 2 by stereotaxic brain surgery. The tdTomato reporter gene expression was detected in P14 striatum, suggesting a successful Cre-loxP mediated DNA recombination in AAV-transduced striatal cells. We further validated this technique by microinjecting AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses into P2Foxp2fl/fl mice. Double labeling of GFP and Foxp2 showed that GFP-positive cells lacked Foxp2 immunoreactivity in P9 striatum, suggesting the loss of Foxp2 protein in AAV-eGFP-Cre transduced striatal cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate an effective genetic deletion by stereotaxically microinjected AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses in specific neuronal populations in the neonatal brains of floxed transgenic mice. In conclusion, our stereotaxic technique provides an easy and simple platform for genetic manipulation in neonatal mouse brains. The technique can not only be used to delete genes in specific regions of neonatal brains, but it also can be used to inject pharmacological drugs, neuronal tracers, genetically modified optogenetics and chemogenetics proteins, neuronal activity indicators and other reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains.

We describe a protocol of stereotaxic surgery with a homemade head-fixed device for microinjecting reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains. This technique allows genetic manipulation in neuronal cells of specific regions of neonatal mouse brains.

Yenidoğan fare beyin Striatal hücrelerdeki genetik manipülasyon için stereotaksik cerrahi

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated digital vaporizer is utilized to achieve a stable plane of anesthesia at a low-flow rate of isoflurane. A single vertebral spine is removed, and a commercially available cover-glass is overlaid on a thin agarose bed. A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement. A stabilization platform is used to reduce motion artifact from respiration and heartbeat. This rapid and clamp-free method is well-suited for acute multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. Representative data are included for an application of this technique to two-photon microscopy of the spinal cord vasculature in transgenic mice expressing eGFP:Claudin-5 &#8212; a tight junction protein.

This protocol describes implantation of a glass window onto the spinal cord of a mouse to facilitate visualization by intravital microscopy.

Farede Laminektomi ve Omurilik Penceresi İmplantasyonu

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Direct Injection of a Lentiviral Vector Highlights Multiple Motor Pathways in the Rat Spinal Cord

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. Injection directly into spinal cord tissue bypasses these barriers, providing access to cell bodies or synapses where molecules can be incorporated. Combining viral vector technology with this method allows for introduction of target genes into nervous tissue for the purpose of gene therapy or tract tracing. Here a virus engineered for highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) is introduced at the synapses of propriospinal interneurons (PNs) to encourage specific transport to neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. Targeting PNs takes advantage of the numerous connections they receive from motor pathways such as the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts, as well as their interconnection with each other throughout spinal cord segments. Representative tracing using the HiRet vector with constitutively active green fluorescent protein (GFP) shows high fidelity details of cell bodies, axons and dendritic arbors in thoracic PNs and in reticulospinal neurons in the pontine reticular formation. HiRet incorporates well into brainstem pathways and PNs but shows age dependent integration into corticospinal tract neurons. In summary, spinal cord injection using viral vectors is a suitable method for introduction of proteins of interest into neurons of targeted tracts.

This protocol demonstrates injection of a retrogradely transportable viral vector into rat spinal cord tissue. The vector is taken up at the synapse and transported to the cell body of target neurons. This model is suitable for retrograde tracing of important spinal pathways or targeting cells for gene therapy applications.

Birden fazla Motor yolları sıçan Spinal Kord Lentiviral bir vektör direkt enjeksiyon vurgulamaktadır

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Nöral Kök Hücrelerin Sıçan ve Fare Beynine İntra-Arteriyel Teslimatı: Serebral İskemiye Uygulama

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...