Biz Paula Cobos ve laboratuar yardım için Dr Evros Vasiliu teşekkür ve sırasıyla fare makrofajlar sağlar. Ayrıca rehberlik için laboratuar yöneticisi Richard Criasia teşekkür ve malzeme ile yardımcı olur. Son olarak, yazarlar video üretimi ile yardım için Ramanpreet Kaur teşekkür ederim.

1. Doku Kültürü <ol><li> Kolera toksini belirlemeleri için Mus musculus makrofajlar (BALB / c fareleri) kullanın. Başlangıçta, her kültür M. satıcının talimatları musculus hücreleri. </li><li> % 10 cenin sığır serumu ile tamamlanmış L-glutamin ile Dulbecco Modifiye Edilmiş Eagle Ortamı içinde BALB / c farenin hücreleri yay, ve% 1 antibiyotik / antimikotik ya da RPMI 1640 baz ortam,% 10 fetal sığır serumu,% 5 L-glutamin ve 1 ile tamamlandı % antibiyotik / antimikotik reaktif. </li><li> 37 Bacalı kapakları ile 75 cm 2 Corning matara hücreleri büyütün ° C,% 95 hava ve% 5 CO 2. </li><li> Yağ asidi tespitler belirlenmesi için başına üreticinin talimatlarına olarak teslim 24 saat içinde insan bağırsak epitel hücreleri getirin. </li><li> 37,% 10 FBS ve 30 ng / ml insana ait EGF ile tamamlanmıştır HybriCare medya havalandırmalı kapak ° C ile 75 cm 2 Corning şişelerinde, insan intestinal epitel hücreleri yayma Antibiyotik kullanmayınÜreticinin talimatlarına göre / antimikotik reaktifler. </li><li> Confluency yaklaşık% 70 her gözün (1:3) ile ayrıldı. </li><li> Freeze ve standart dondurma protokollerini kullanarak çalışma boyunca tüm hücreleri getirmek. </li><li> Not: yağ asitlerinin büyük ölçekli konsantrasyonunun belirlenmesi için, başlangıçta daha hızlı büyüyen, bakımını daha kolay fare makrofaj kullanın. Ince çaplı yağ asidi konsantrasyonunun belirlenmesi için, insan epitel hücreleri kullanır. Tüm kolera toksin tedavisi (tartışma) için fare makrofajlar kullanın. </li></ol> 2. Yağ Asidi ve Kolera Toksin Tedaviler <ol><li> Gelen, oleik linoleik ve linolenik asit transferi şirketi tarafından sağlanan steril cam şişe cam ampul. </li><li> Ayrı bir steril Eppendorf tüpüne her yağ asidi transfer ile 1:6 arasında bir seyreltme% 100 etanol içinde ilk önce çözülür ve daha sonra 10 ug / ml bir son konsantrasyon için RPMI 1640 ortam içinde eksik. </li><li> Vortex her çözüm ve transfer bu dondurucuda saklama için cam şişe (-20 ° C). </li><li> 2,500 hücre / oyuk 96 yuvalı doku kültür plakaları içinde plakası hücreleri. </li><li> MTT testleri için hazırlık olarak yağ asitleri ile hücre tedavisi için 200 ul toplam hacmi getirmek için de uygun olan tam bir ortam ekleyin. </li><li> 24 saat çoğalma döneminden sonra, ortamı çıkarın ve taze ortam ile değiştirin. </li><li> (Bakınız) içeren kuyucuklara test edilecek her yağ asidi, uygun konsantrasyonlarda ekleyin. 200 ul toplam iyi hacimleri getirmek için eksiksiz bir medya ekleyin. </li><li> MTT başlamadan önce 24 saat süre ile muamele edilen inkübe edin. </li><li> Cryovials 1 mg / ml çözelti ve kısım bir konsantrasyonda PBS içinde kolera toksin çözülür ve 2-8 ° C&#39;de saklayın kriyotüplerin </li><li> Hücre tedaviler için, 1 ng / ml bir son çalışma konsantrasyonu için ya da steril PBS (pH 7.4) ya da eksik DMEM toksin 1:100 seyreltin. </li><li> Kolera toksin ile hücreleri tedavi etmek içinyukarıda tarif edildiği gibi MTT testleri, levha hücreler için hazırlama. </li><li> 24 saatlik bir süreden sonra proliferasyon, yağlı asit uygulamaları (yukarıda) &#39;de kullanılan prosedürler takip oyuklara test edilecek kolera toksini uygun konsantrasyonları (eden konsantrasyonları için bkz sonuçlar) ekleyin. </li><li> MTT başlamadan önce 24 saat süre ile muamele edilen inkübe edin. </li><li> Pozitif (pozitif kağıt boyunca c) ve yağ asidi ve kolera toksin tedaviler, tam ortam ve% 70 etanol ile inkübe hücreleri, sırasıyla hem de negatif kontrol (negatif c) &#39;de. </li><li> Tüm örnekler ve tedaviler pozitif kontroller için daha fazla tekrarlı (Bu çalışmada, n = 6), üç tekrarlamalı (n = 3), en az bir kullanın. </li></ol> 3. MTT <ol><li> 2.5 mg / ml &#39;lik bir konsantrasyona kadar bir MTT stok çözeltisi hazırlanır. </li><li> , Test edilecek olan 96 çukurlu bir levhanın her iyi çözüm çıkarın ve taze tam ortam çözeltisi 200 ul ile değiştirin. </li><li> Ilanher kuyuya MTT çözüm d 10 ul. </li><li> 37 ° C 3-4 saat için plaka inkübe edin. </li><li> Ortam çözüm atın ve her bir oyuğa, izopropanol içinde 0.04 M HCl 100 ul ekleyin. </li><li> Beş dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe plakası. </li><li> Her bir yeni bir santrifüj tüpüne çözüm aktarın. </li><li> 1 dakika için ya da bir pelet oluşana kadar, oda sıcaklığında, 20,000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Bir mikro okuyucuya her numunenin 20-40 ul arasında transfer. </li><li> Bir spektrofotometre kullanılarak 570 nm de absorbans okuyun. </li></ol>

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	<li>Franceur, M. L., Golden, G. M., Potts, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oleic+Acid:+Its+effects+on+stratum+corneum+in+relation+to+(trans)+dermal+drug+delivery.">Oleic Acid: Its effects on stratum corneum in relation to (trans) dermal drug delivery.</a> Pharm Res. 7 (6), 621-627 (1990).</li><li>Tandon, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-ray+diffraction+and+spectroscopic+studies+of+oleic+acid-sodium+acetate.">X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of oleic acid-sodium acetate.</a> Chem. Phys. Lipids. 109 (1), 37-45 (1990).</li><li>Kris-Etherton, P. 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American Academy of Dermatology. 60 (3), AB30 (2009).</li><li>Yu, Y., Correll, P. H., Heuvel, P. 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Bu çalışmanın yazarları bu çalışmanın sonuçlarından herhangi bir mali ilgi var. Bu çalışma için fon Kean Üniversitesi tarafından FT sağlanmıştır, ancak FT şu anda Kingsborough Community College&#39;de bir çalışanıdır.

Yağ asitleri konsantrasyonu ve Kolera Toksin önerisi Yağ asitleri mukozal bağışıklık geliştirmek nasıl mekanizması tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, çeşitli çalışmalar, yararlı etkileri araştırmak için çalıştılar. Çalışmamız hücreler hücre sağkalım üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmadan tolere ki de kolera toksin maksimum konsantrasyon olarak tolere olabilir yağ asitlerinin maksimum konsantrasyonunu belirlemek için yöntem sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. <p cla...

Oleik, linoleik ve linolenik asitler gibi yağ asitleri, sağlık yararları olmuştur ve belgelendirilmesi devam ediyor. Örneğin, oleik asit, vücut 1,2 lipofilik ilaçların penetrasyonu kolaylaştırır yardımcı doymuş yağ asitleri 3 yerine% 24 oranında azaltır, koroner kalp hastalığı, ve X,-bağlı böyle adrenolökodistrofi 4 gibi metabolizma hastalıkları tedavi etmek için kullanılır yağ asidi metabolizmasının genetik bozukluk. . Memelilerde araşidonik asit, linoleik asit (oleik asit aksine) için gerekli bir öncü vücut tarafından sentezlenir değildir ve bu keten tohumu tüketimi gibi dış kaynaklardan elde edilmelidir ise 5 Çalışmaları gibi linoleik asit birçok yararlı sağlık etkileri gösterir: cilt için anti-aging özellikleri, 6 anti-inflamatuar özellikleri, kolorektal ve prostat kanseri hücreleri 7 azaltılmış çoğalması, 8 ve obezite mücadele yeteneği ve promosyon of kalp-damar sağlığı. 9 linolenik asit, periodontal iltihabı, 10 ve modüle tromboksan ve prostasiklin biyosentezi azaltılmasında rol oynamaktadır. 11 Arpita 12 V. üzerinde safra yağ asitlerinin etkisi ve kolesterol okudu virülans faktörleri ve motilite cholerae &#39;nin ifadesi. Yamasaki 13 kırmızı acı biber, ve diğer doğal çıkarılan bileşikler, metanol özü potansiyel kolera toksin üretimini azaltır belirtti. Bu mukozal bağışıklık sağlayarak kolera gibi bulaşıcı hastalıkların önlenmesi ve azaltılması, yukarıda yağ asitleri (örneğin, keten tohumu gibi) bakımından zengin olan gıda ürünlerinin kullanımını dikkate almak düşünülebilir. Bu hücre çoğalma deneyleri, insan bağırsak epitel hücreleri Ce üzerinde zararlı etkiler olmadan tolere yağ asitlerinin en fazla konsantrasyonu kullanılarak, yağ asitleri çözünür hale getirmek için ve belirlemek için yapılan araştırmalarll canlılığı. Biz, oleik, linoleik ve linolenik asit daha düşük konsantrasyonlarda hücre canlılığı üzerinde yararlı bir etki sağlamak varsayıldı fakat daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bu hücreleri için toksik olacaktır. Ayrıca, kolera toksini ile çözülür ve BALB / C fare makrofaj hücre canlılığını önemli bir azalma olmadan tolere kolera toksin maksimum konsantrasyonu belirlenmiştir. Hatta çok düşük seviyede hücre canlılığı üzerine kolera toksin bir toksik etkisi hipotez. Bir kolera toksin çözündürülmesi ve hücrelerin hayatta kalma önemli bir azalma olmadan tolere edilebileceği toksin miktarının saptanması için kullanılma yöntemi, ileri çalışmalar için bir avantaj sağlar. Örneğin, yukarıdaki yöntemlerin bir arada yağ asitleri kolera enfeksiyonlara karşı mukozal bağışıklık ile ilgili hücre sağlamak olup olmadığını belirlemek için kullanılabilir. Bildiğimiz kadarıyla en iyi için, bu rasyonel ve metodoloji araştırılmış değildir. Biz diBizim ön verilere oleik, linoleik ve linolenik asit kolera enfeksiyona karşı mukozal bağışıklık hücreleri sağlamak olmadığını belirlemek için daha sonra araştırmalarda kullanılabilir nasıl scuss.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cells/Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mus musculus macrophages</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC RAW 264.7</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2002</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2115</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum </td>
			<td>Bio-west</td>
			<td>S0250</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Antibiotic/antimycotic </td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SV3007901</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Human intestinal epithelial cells </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATTC CCL-241</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>HybriCare media </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>46-X</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Oleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1008</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linoleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-1376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linolenic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BD Falcon 96-Well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences </td>
			<td>351172</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer with Dynex Revelations 4.22 software</td>
			<td>Dynex</td>
			<td>91000101</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

determination of tolerable fatty acids and cholera toxin concentrations using human intestinal epithelial cells and balb/c mouse macrophages

Önlenmesi ve insan olmayan ve insan hastalıklarının hafifletilmesi yağ asitlerinin olumlu rol oynamaktadır ve yaygın belgelenmelidir devam etmektedir. Bu roller iltihabı önlenmesi hem de bulaşıcı hastalıklara mukozal bağışıklık dahil olmak üzere bulaşıcı ve bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar etkiler içerir. Kolera bakterisi Vibrio cholerae neden olduğu akut bağırsak hastalıktır. Bu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ortaya çıkar ve eğer tedavi edilmezse, ölümle sonuçlanabilir. Kolera için aşı mevcut olmakla birlikte, her zaman etkili değildir ve diğer önleyici yöntemlere ihtiyaç vardır. Biz sırasıyla fare BALB / C makrofajlar ve insan bağırsak epitel hücreleri kullanarak tolere üç yağ asitleri konsantrasyonları (oleik, linoleik ve linolenik asit) ve kolera toksin belirlemek için yola çıktı. Bu konsantrasyon aralıkları ve hiçbir olan yağ asitlerinin belirli bir konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek için, yukarıda bulunan yağ asitleri ve kullanılan hücre çoğalma deneyleri çözündürülmüşİnsan bağırsak epitel hücre canlılığı için zararlı t. Biz, kolera toksini ile çözülür ve konsantrasyon aralıkları ve istatistiksel BALB / C makrofaj hücre canlılığı azalma yok kolera toksin belirli konsantrasyonlarda tespit etmek için bir ölçüm içinde kullanılabilir. Bu optimum yağ asidi konsantrasyonları arasında 1-5 ng / ml, ve bu tedavi için &lt;30 ng olması kolera toksininin. Olduğu bulundu Bu veri önlenmesi veya kolera enfeksiyonların azaltılması yağ asitleri için koruyucu mukozal rol bulmak amacı ileride yapılacak çalışmalar yardımcı olabilir.

Yağ Asitleri Optimum Konsantrasyon belirlenmesi Yağ asitleri için optimum konsantrasyon hücre büyümesi ile karşılaştırılabilir ya da sonuç olarak nispeten düşük bir değişkenlik, kontrol hücreleri bu aştığı maksimum konsantrasyon olarak tanımlanır. Oleik optimum yoğunluğunu belirlemek için, linoleik ve linolenik asit hücreler başlangıçta büyük artışlarla her yağ asidi konsantrasyonlarının değiştirilmesi ve daha sonra daha küçük artımlarla ile muamele e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages at JoVE.com

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Biz önemli ölçüde ve olumsuz yağ asitleri ve toksin çözücü ve hücre yaşam deneyleri bunları kullanarak hücre yaşamını etkilemedi üç yağ asitleri (oleik linoleik ve linolenik asit) ve kolera toksin tolere konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek için yola çıktı.

İnsan Bağırsak Epitel Hücreleri ve BALB / c Fare makrofajlar kullanarak Tolere edilebilir yağ asitleri ve Kolera Toksin Konsantrasyonları belirlenmesi

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

determination-tolerable-fatty-acids-cholera-toxin-concentrations

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.9K Görüntüleme.  Kingsborough Community College. Biz önemli ölçüde ve olumsuz yağ asitleri ve toksin çözücü ve hücre yaşam deneyleri bunları kullanarak hücre yaşamını etkilemedi üç yağ asitleri (oleik linoleik ve linolenik asit) ve kolera toksin tolere konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek için yola çıktı.

Video: Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Fare Uygulama M hücreleri tarafından Bakteriyel Alımı değerlendirin Peyer Patch Bağırsak Loop Testi bağlandı

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

Fare Barsak ayrı dendritik hücreler ve makrofajlar İzolasyonu ve Karakterizasyonu

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell culture assays are performed under aerobic conditions, these in vitro models may not accurately represent the in vivo environment in which the host-pathogen interactions take place. We have developed an in vitro model of infection that permits the coculture of bacteria and host cells under different medium and gas conditions. The Vertical Diffusion Chamber (VDC) model mimics the conditions in the human intestine where bacteria will be under conditions of very low oxygen whilst tissue will be supplied with oxygen from the blood stream. Placing polarized intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers grown in Snapwell inserts into a VDC creates separate apical and basolateral compartments. The basolateral compartment is filled with cell culture medium, sealed and perfused with oxygen whilst the apical compartment is filled with broth, kept open and incubated under microaerobic conditions. Both Caco-2 and T84 IECs can be maintained in the VDC under these conditions without any apparent detrimental effects on cell survival or monolayer integrity. Coculturing experiments performed with different C. jejuni wild-type strains and different IEC lines in the VDC model with microaerobic conditions in the apical compartment reproducibly result in an increase in the number of interacting (almost 10-fold) and intracellular (almost 100-fold) bacteria compared to aerobic culture conditions1. The environment created in the VDC model more closely mimics the environment encountered by C. jejuni in the human intestine and highlights the importance of performing in vitro infection assays under conditions that more closely mimic the in vivo reality. We propose that use of the VDC model will allow new interpretations of the interactions between bacterial pathogens and host cells.

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

Performing cell culture assays for investigating bacterial adhesion and invasion under aerobic conditions is usually unrepresentative of the in vivo environment. A Vertical Diffusion Chamber model allows study of interactions of the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni with intestinal epithelial cells under more in vivo-like conditions, resulting in enhanced bacterial invasion.

Bağırsak Epitel Hücreleri Of Enterik Bakteriyel Invasion<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Dramatik bir Dikey Difüzyon Odası Modeli Geliştirilmiş mı

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

İnsan Thymus ile myeloid dendritik hücreleri ve epitel hücreleri İzolasyonu

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

Fare Makrofagların yılında Doğuştan Bağışıklık Tepkisi Soruşturma RNA girişimi kullanma

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Stress Granule Formation After Bacterial Challenge of Mammalian Cells

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of infected cells, including organelle ultrastructure, cytoskeletal network organization, as well as cellular processes such as Stress Granule (SG) formation. The characterization of how pathogens subvert host processes is an important and integral part of the field of pathogenesis. While variable phenotypes may be readily visible, the precise analysis of the qualitative and quantitative differences in the cellular structures induced by pathogen challenge is essential for defining statistically significant differences between experimental and control samples. SG formation is an evolutionarily conserved stress response that leads to antiviral responses and has long been investigated using viral infections1. SG formation also affects signaling cascades and may have other still unknown consequences2. The characterization of this stress response to pathogens other than viruses, such as bacterial pathogens, is currently an emerging area of research3. For now, quantitative and qualitative analysis of SG formation is not yet routinely used, even in the viral systems. Here we describe a simple method for inducing and characterizing SG formation in uninfected cells and in cells infected with a cytosolic bacterial pathogen, which affects the formation of SGs in response to various exogenous stresses. Analysis of SG formation and composition is achieved by using a number of different SG markers and the spot detector plug-in of ICY, an open source image analysis tool.

We describe a method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of stress granule formation in mammalian cells after the cells are challenged with bacteria and a number of different stresses. This protocol can be applied to investigate the cellular stress granule response in a wide range of host-bacterial interactions.

Memeli Hücrelerinin Bakteri Mücadelesinden Sonra Stres Granül Oluşumunun İmmünofloresan Analizi

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of ...

Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which might play a critical role in regulating their immune functions. Numerous studies have shown that various fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, may possess different impacts on cell growth and function. However, the approaches used for fatty acid preparation vary, which may lead to non-physiological results. Serum albumin, a natural carrier for fatty acids in mammalian peripheral blood, is recommended for forming a conjugate complex with the sodium salt of fatty acids to study fatty acid function in mammalian cells, thus minimizing the toxicity of fatty acid soap. Thus, a simple, relatively quick heating and sonicating method is developed and presented here for BSA-fatty acid conjugate formation. We describe a protocol using saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acids to induce severe cell death in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages. We further demonstrate that saturated fatty acid-induced cell death is positively associated with accumulated cellular ceramide levels. This method can be extended for studies of the impact of fatty acid on other mammalian cells.

We illustrate a straight-forward method to derive murine primary macrophages from bone marrow cells and a simple method to prepare BSA-fatty acid conjugates. Then we demonstrate that saturated fatty acids can induce macrophage cell death, and such cell death is positively associated with cellular accumulation of ceramide levels.

Doymuş yağ asitleri Ceramide ilişkili makrofaj hücre ölümüne neden

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated ...

Mouse- and Human-derived Primary Gastric Epithelial Monolayer Culture for the Study of Regeneration

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and migration. One critical limitation of such assays, however, is their homogenous assortment of cellular types. Repair is a complex process which demands the interaction of several cell types. Therefore, to study a culture devoid of cellular subtypes, is a concern that must be overcome if we are to understand the repair process. The gastric organoid model may alleviate this issue whereby the heterogeneous collection of cell types closely reflects that of the gastric epithelium or other native tissues in vivo. Demonstrated here is a novel, in vitro scratch-wound assay derived from human or mouse 3-dimensional organoids which can then be transferred to a gastric epithelial monolayer as either intact organoids or as a single cell suspension of dissociated organoids. The goal of the protocol is to establish organoid-derived gastric epithelial monolayers that can be used in a novel scratch-wound assay system to study gastric regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for establishing and culturing human- and mouse-derived 3-dimensional (3D) gastric organoids, and the method for the transfer of 3D organoids to a 2-dimensional monolayer. The use of the gastric epithelial monolayer as a novel scratch-wound assay for regeneration studies is also described.

Fare ve insan elde edilen birincil Gastrik epitel Monolayer kültür yenilenme çalışmaları için

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

Patojenik Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi için BALB/c Farelerde İlaca Bağlı, Otoimmün Hepatitin İndüklenmesi

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and maintained in culture, provides an exciting opportunity to facilitate the modeling of the epithelial response to enteric infections. In vivo, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and may directly inhibit pathogens, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully elucidated. The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to play a role in the maintenance and defense of the gut epithelial barrier, including inducing a release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in response to infection.
We describe the differentiation of healthy control hiPSCs into iHOs via the addition of specific cytokine combinations to their culture medium before embedding them into a basement membrane matrix-based prointestinal culture system. Once embedded, the iHOs are grown in media supplemented with Noggin, R-spondin-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), CHIR99021, prostaglandin E2, and Y-27632 dihydrochloride monohydrate. Weekly passages by manual disruption of the iHO ultrastructure lead to the formation of budded iHOs, with some exhibiting a crypt/villus structure. All iHOs demonstrate a differentiated epithelium consisting of goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and polarized enterocytes, which can be confirmed via immunostaining for specific markers of each cell subset, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). To model infection, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 are microinjected into the lumen of the iHOs and incubated for 90 min at 37 &#176;C, and a modified gentamicin protection assay is performed to identify the levels of intracellular bacterial invasion. Some iHOs are also pretreated with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) prior to infection to establish whether this cytokine is protective against Salmonella infection.

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids offer exciting opportunities to model enteric diseases in vitro. We demonstrate the differentiation of hiPSCs into intestinal organoids (iHOs), the stimulation of these iHOs with cytokines, and the microinjection of Salmonella Typhimurium into the iHO lumen, enabling the study of an epithelial invasion by this pathogen.

Insan kaynaklı pluripotent kök hücresini kullanma- Salmonella ve diğer patojenlere karşı epitelyal hücre korumasını Incelemek ve değiştirmek Için bağırsak organoidleri türetilmiştir

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...