Kanada Sağlık Araştırma Enstitüleri (CIHR), Doğa Bilimleri ve Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi (NSERC): Yazarlar aşağıdaki finansman kaynaklarını teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1.. LabView Programının Geliştirilmesi <ol><li> Bir kütle akış kontrol cihazı (MKS M100B Mass-Flo Controller) kesin bir gaz akış oranı sağlamak için helyum gazı hattına bağlanmıştır. Bu birim, 0 ve 5 V LabView programındaki bir kontrol döngüsü herhangi bir zamanda gerekli voltaj tespit arasında değişen bir giriş gerilimi ile kontrol edilir. Bilgisayar ve arayüz arasındaki kütle akış kontrolörü bir veri toplama cihazı (NI USB-6009) tarafından gerçekleştirilen ve 12 V güç kaynağı kütle akış kontrol için güç sağlar. </li><li> İki pozisyonlama lineer slaytlar 6-plaka, her yön için bir hareketini kontrol etmek için kullanılır. Her derleme bir adım motor ile birleştiğinde bir MA15 serisi Velmex Unislide Meclisi oluşur ve her iki meclisleri Motor Kontrol Stepping tek Velmex VXM tarafından kontrol edilir. Kontrolör, her motorun manuel koşu için izin verir veya harici seri bir komut kabul, kombinasyonu spesifik hareket p izinatterns. Çeşitli desenler sadece istenilen meşale hızı hem de yol boyutları sağlamak için kullanıcı gerektiren, LabView programa programlanabilir. </li></ol> 2. Ekipman hazırlanması <ol><li> Helyum silindiri ve regülatörü hem açın. </li><li> Motor kontrol açın. </li><li> LabView programını açın ve tüm koşullarını doğrulayın. </li><li> Platform merkezli olduğundan emin olun. , Her kontrol motor aşamada bakmak ve her vagon aşama sonunda da yakın olmadığını doğrulamak için. Program merkezi arabaları ya da elle motor kontrol önündeki koşu denetimleri kullanarak ayarlayın ya. </li><li> Bu günün ilk çalışma ise, kurulum düzgün çalıştığından emin olmak için, hücreleri olmadan bir kez programı çalıştırmak için tavsiye edilir. </li></ol> 3. Kılcal gaz püskürtüsü Nozul Yükseklik hazırlanması <ol><li> Tutucudan kılcal çıkarın ve yükseklik kadranı sıfır. </li><li> 6-delikli plaka o yerleştirinn platformu. </li><li> Değiştirin ve kapak kayma edecek kadar kuyunun dibine gaz jet kılcal daha düşük. Tutucuya kılcal elde edin. </li><li> Yükseklik kadranının kullanılması, kılcal 3 mm yükseltmek. Kılcal bazında bu yüksekliğe işaretleyin. </li><li> Güvenli bir yüksekliğe kılcal kaldırın ve daha sonra 6-çukurlu plaka çıkarın. </li></ol> 4. Hücre Permeabilization Protokol <ol><li> Cam kapak üzerinde izdiham Kültür yapışkan hücre hattı, standart kültür teknikleri kullanılarak, 6-çukurlu bir plaka içerisinde kayar. HeLa hücreleri için, tohum 6-çukurlu, oyuk başına 2 x 10 5 hücre plakaları ve tedavi öncesi 48 saat için inkübe edilir. </li><li> İstenen vektörü içeren çözeltinin uygun hacmi hazırlayın. HrGFPII-1, 1 x PBS içinde 50 ng / ul &#39;lik bir konsantrasyon HeLa hücrelerinde güçlü bir floresan sinyali transfeksiyondan sonra 24 saat için, içerir. Dekstran çalışmaları için, 10 kDa, yeşil fluoresan dekstran 80 ug / ml önerilir. Bundan sonra, bu çözelti, adlandırılacaktırs &quot;vector çözüm&quot;. </li><li> Kuyudan hücre kültürü ortamını çıkarın ve 1x PBS ile üç kez çalkalayın. </li><li> Kuyuya aşama 4.2 &#39;de hazırlanan vektör çözeltisi 1.370 ul Pipet. Bu, yaklaşık 1.3 mm&#39;lik bir derinliğe sıvı ile sonuçlanmalıdır. </li><li> Platformun merkezinde vektör çözeltisi içeren kuyu yerleştirin. Sürgünün üzerinde 3 mm&#39;lik bir meme yüksekliğinin gösteren önceden işaretli seviyeye gaz püskürtme memesi indirin. </li><li> LabView programında helyum akış hızını ayarlamak ve kullanılacak istenilen hareket desen seçin. Zaman Permeabilization protokolü başlamak için hazır &quot;Çalıştır&quot; seçeneğini seçin. Kütle akış kontrol cihazı için gerekli akış oranını temin etmek üzere hazırlanıyor sırasında bir ilk gecikme süresi olacaktır. Uygun akış hızı ulaşıldığında, LabVIEW programı istenen permeabilization desen iyi hareket için kademeli motora aktive edecektir. Platformu durduktan sonra, yaklaşık 30 saniye bekleyin ve vektör çözüm kaldırmak.Not: Optimal permeabilizasyon kılcal çapına bağlı olarak, meme çıkışında 100-200 Pa bir dinamik basınç yakınında meydana gelir. </li><li> 1x PBS ile de üç kez yıkayın. </li><li> Taze kültür ortamı ile iyi doldurun. </li><li> Deneylerin istenilen sayıda 4.6 - 4.3 adımları tekrarlayın. Not: onlar üzerinde yürütülüyor gaz jetsız vektör çözümü ile dolu olan kuyuların oluşmaktadır kontrol örnekleri yer alıyor emin olun. Adımlara 4.5 ve 4.6 için devam yaklaşık olarak 1 dakika boyunca, kontrol çukurlarındaki çözelti bırakın. </li><li> Bir hrGFP transfeksiyon deneyi çalışan ise, transfekte edilmiş hücreler tarafından malzeme transkripsiyonu izin vermek için 24 saat boyunca inkübatör 6-çukurlu plaka döndürür. Bir dekstran permeabilizasyon deney çalışan takdirde, yaklaşık 15 dakika boyunca inkübatör 6-çukurlu plaka döndürür. </li></ol> 5. Hücre Görüntüleme <ol><li> İsterseniz, hemen önce görüntüleme, hücre ölümünü değerlendirmek için uygun ölü / canlı leke ile counterstain. </li><li> Approp ile Görüntü hücrelertransfeksiyon / permeabilizasyon etkinliğini araştırmak için yaklaşımlarına yön mikroskop. </li></ol>

<ol>
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L., Guay, M., Coulombe, D., Leask, S., L, R., Jones, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+inert+gas+jets+to+measure+the+forces+required+for+mechanical+gene+transfection.">Use of inert gas jets to measure the forces required for mechanical gene transfection.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 11, (2012).</li><li>Leduc, M., Coulombe, S., Leask, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atmospheric+Pressure+Plasma+Jet+Deposition+of+Patterned+Polymer+Films+for+Cell+Culture+Applications.">Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Deposition of Patterned Polymer Films for Cell Culture Applications.</a> Ieee T. Plasma Sci. 37, 927-933 (2009).</li><li>Lu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+shear+devices+for+quantitative+analysis+of+cell+adhesion.">Microfluidic shear devices for quantitative analysis of cell adhesion.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 76, 5257-5264 (2004).</li><li>Sankin, G. N., Yuan, F., Zhong, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsating+tandem+microbubble+for+localized+and+directional+single-cell+membrane+poration.">Pulsating tandem microbubble for localized and directional single-cell membrane poration.</a> Physical Review Letters. 105, 078101 (2010).</li></ol>

Yazarlar, hiçbir rakip mali çıkarları var beyan.

Inert gaz jet permeabilizasyon yapışık hücre transfeksiyonu için yararlı bir tekniktir. Bu, zararlı kimyasal maddeler ya da viral vektörler için olan ihtiyacı ortadan kaldırır mekanik kuvvetlerin kullanımı ile hücrelere biyomoleküllerin aktarma yeteneği sağlar. Teknik potansiyel araştırmacılara ve klinisyenlere hassas hücreleri transfect verimli ve nispeten basit bir yol verebilir. Nüfuziyet seçiciliği de araştırmacılar sadece çok uygulamalarda yararlı olabilir, tek bir koloni bazı hücrel...

Biyotıbbın evrim ve hücre mekaniği anlayışı ile, hücre içine biyomoleküllerin teslim birçok araştırma alanları ve tıbbi tedaviler için hayati hale gelmiştir. Farklı teknikler plazma zarı ve hücre sitozolüne yabancı molekülleri tanıtmak için geliştirilmiştir. Viral, kimyasal ya da mekanik teknikler: Bunlar genellikle ya olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Viral teknikleri, viral vektörleri 1 kullanarak, RNA ve DNA gibi genetik malzemeyi transfekte olabilir. Viral teknikleri ancak bunlar immün ve enflamatuar reaksiyonlar 2 için potansiyel var, bazı hücre kuşaklarında yüksek verimliliğe sahip olma eğilimindedir. Genel kimyasal transfeksiyon yöntemleri, kalsiyum fosfat 3, 4 bakteriyel ekzotoksin ve lipofeksiyon 5 ile çökelmesini içerir. Bu teknikler etkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır, ancak bazı sorunlar, hücre toksisitesi ve non-özgüllük olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu tür kalsiyum fosfata gibi tekniklere nadiren çökelme primer hücrelerde 6, en fazla% 70, ancak sadece belli hücre hatlarında transfeksiyon verimliliği sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Artan araştırma çabaları, özellikle klinik kullanımı ve DNA işleyişi çalışma için çeşitli tedaviler tasarımı durumunda, primer hücrelerin içine koymak ediliyor gibi bu notun olduğunu. Mekanik uyarıcılara yoluyla hücre zarının zamansal bozulması hücre içine yabancı moleküllerin sokulması için bir alternatiftir. Teknikler şunlardır: molekül 7 mikroenjeksiyon, membran 8,9 bozmak için bir elektrik alanı kullanılarak elektroporasyon, sonoporation ile bağlı parçacıklar sürgünler &quot;gen tabancası&quot; ile gösterildiği gibi, hücre zarını, 10-12, partikül bombardımanı bozmak için ultrason dalgaları kullanarak hücrenin 13 içine genleri, ve son zamanlarda, memeli hücreleri geçici olarak 14,15 permeabilize gösterilmiştir akışkan kesme stresi uygulaması. Her ne kadar mekanikal yöntemleri yukarıda belirtilen sorunların bazılarını önlemek için, tipik olarak daha düşük verim ve son derece karmaşık ve uzman düzeneklerinin eşlik eder. Bir atmosferik basınçta ışıltılı tahliye meşale (APGD-t) yüzeyler işlevselleştirilmesiyle ve in vitro 16 yapışık hücreleri ayırmanın ilk hedefi ile McGill de geliştirilmiştir. Tesadüfen çok kullanılan canlı / ölü leke nasılsa bir geçirimli madde eklenmeden hücreleri tarafından alınan edildiğini keşfedildi. Ayrıca, bu sadece meşale yolu ile maç oldu kuyu kısıtlı alanlarda meydana gelmiş gibiydi. APGD-t permeabilization yetenekleri soruşturma devam etti ve kontrol çalışmaları, bu uyarımı olmadan plazma taşıyıcı atıl gaz püskürtüsü da permeabilize hücrelerin mümkün olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu plazma jeti tarafından oluşturulan reaktif türler geçici membran fonksiyonu bozulmuş ilk hipotezi çeliştiğini ve önerilen basit mekanik olduğunucal kuvvetler hücre geçirgenliği neden için yeterli idi. Buradan itibaren, çalışmalar denemek ve ölçmek ve Permeabilization inert gaz jetinin etkinliğin yanı sıra tranfeksiyon yetenekleri 16 bakmak karakterize bizim laboratuvarda devam etti. Bu çalışmalar sayesinde, mikro-plazma membranında gerçek biçimde yapmak olduğu bulunmuştur ve bu gözeneklerin yaklaşık 5 saniye 15 içinde yeniden mühürlemek için eğilimindedir. Bir piliç embriyo koriyoalantoik zara in vitro ve in vivo olarak tekniğin yarar göstermiştir.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitality hrGFPII-1</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies Canada</td>
			<td>240143-57</td>
			<td>Green fluorescent protein for transfection experiments on HeLa cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran, AlexaFluor 488; 10,000 MW, Anionic, Fixable</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td>D22910</td>
			<td>dextran for permeabilization experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td>L3224</td>
			<td>for counterstaining of mammalian cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td>for mounting slides when imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra High Purity Helium</td>
			<td>Praxair Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>HE 5.0UH-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyclone DMEM/ High Glucose Media - 500 ml</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30022.01</td>
			<td>for HeLa cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td>For DMEM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin, liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>For DMEM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) 1x</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Produced in lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 1. List of required reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Well Clear TC-Treated Microplates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#1 22 x 22 Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-542B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>WPI Sizing Information</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ID (mm): 1, 0.86, 0.68, 0.5 Order #: 1B200, 1B150, 1B120, 1B100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass-Flo Controller</td>
			<td>MKS</td>
			<td>M100B01314CS1BV</td>
			<td>Mass flow controller, Series M100B, requires an external 12 V power supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB-6009 DAQ Device</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>779026-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UniSlide Assembly with stepping motor and controller</td>
			<td>Velmex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Two series MA15 UniSlide Assemblies, fitted with Vexta 1.8&#176; stepping motors provided by Velmex, and controlled by a VXM Stepping Motor Controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 2. List of required equipment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

permeabilization of adhered cells using an inert gas jet

Çeşitli hücre transfeksiyon teknikleri var ve bu üç geniş kategoriye ayrılabilir: viral, kimyasal ve mekanik. Bu protokol, geçici olarak hücrelerin içine normal olarak geçirgen makromoleküllerin transferini kolaylaştırmak için bir inert gaz akımı kullanılarak yapışkan hücrelere nüfuz edilebilir kılınması için mekanik bir yöntemi tarif etmektedir. Bu teknik, mikro gözenek geçici oluşumu ile sonuçlanan, yapışkan hücrelerin plazma zarı üzerinde kesme kuvvetleri aktarmanın çalışır inanıyoruz. Bu gözenekler oluşturulur sonra, hücreler daha sonra, genetik madde ve diğer biyomoleküllerin geçirgendir. Kullanılan mekanik kuvvetlerin kendi alt-tabakaya kalıcı ya da zarar ayırma hücre riski yoktur. Teknik etkili olan atıl gaz dinamiği dar bir aralık, bu nedenle bulunmaktadır. Bir atıl gaz jet HeLa, HEK293 ve insan abdominal aort endotel hücreleri dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hücre çizgileri yapışkan geçirimli de etkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu protokol, p için uygunbunun gelecekte yapılacak klinik uygulamalarda potansiyel olarak araştırma ve kullanılabilir gösteren in vivo olarak gösterdiği gibi, in vitro ve hem de yapışık hücre ermeabilization. Ayrıca, değerli bir araştırma aracı olarak kanıtlamak olabilir ki, uzaysal olarak kısıtlayıcı bir şekilde hücrelerin geçirgenleştiren avantajına sahiptir.

Bir 0.86 mm iç çap kapiller ile bir helyum gaz püskürtüsünün kullanılarak 10 kDa yeşil floresan dekstran ile HeLa hücre Permeabilization Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Hücreler hemen hücre ölümünü görselleştirmek için 2 ul / ml EthD-1 çözeltisi (LIVE / DEAD Canlılık / Sitotoksite Kit) ile geçirgenleştirmeden sonra zıt. Hemen counterstaining ardından, kapak fişleri monte edilmiş ve görüntülenmiştir. Bu şekil, bir kontrol numunesi ile karşılaştırıldığında, ü?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Permeabilization of Adhered Cells Using an Inert Gas Jet at JoVE.com

Permeabilization of Adhered Cells Using an Inert Gas Jet

Bu protokol, bir atıl gaz akımı kullanılarak yapışkan hücrelerin geçici nüfuziyet için bir yöntem tarif etmektedir. Bu teknik, plazma zarını bozan mekanik kuvvetlerin kullanılması ile yapışık memeli hücrelerine genetik malzeme ve biyomoleküllerin transferini kolaylaştırır.

Bir atıl gaz püskürtüsünün kullanılması Uygulanan Hücrelerinin Permeabilization

Various cell transfection techniques exist and these can be broken down to three broad categories: viral, chemical and mechanical. This protocol describes ...

permeabilization-of-adhered-cells-using-an-inert-gas-jet

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.6K Görüntüleme.  McGill University.  Bu protokol, bir atıl gaz akımı kullanılarak yapışkan hücrelerin geçici nüfuziyet için bir yöntem tarif etmektedir. Bu teknik, plazma zarını bozan mekanik kuvvetlerin kullanılması ile yapışık memeli hücrelerine genetik malzeme ve biyomoleküllerin transferini kolaylaştırır. 

Video: Permeabilization of Adhered Cells Using an Inert Gas Jet

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells similar to pericyte-derived mesoangioblasts (iPSC-derived mesoangioblast-like stem/progenitor cells: IDEMs) can be established from iPSCs generated from patients affected by different forms of muscular dystrophy. Patient-specific IDEMs can be genetically corrected with different strategies (e.g. lentiviral vectors, human artificial chromosomes) and enhanced in their myogenic differentiation potential upon overexpression of the myogenesis regulator MyoD. This myogenic potential is then assessed in vitro with specific differentiation assays and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The regenerative potential of IDEMs is further evaluated in vivo, upon intramuscular and intra-arterial transplantation in two representative mouse models displaying acute and chronic muscle regeneration. The contribution of IDEMs to the host skeletal muscle is then confirmed by different functional tests in transplanted mice. In particular, the amelioration of the motor capacity of the animals is studied with treadmill tests. Cell engraftment and differentiation are then assessed by a number of histological and immunofluorescence assays on transplanted muscles. Overall, this paper describes the assays and tools currently utilized to evaluate the differentiation capacity of IDEMs, focusing on the transplantation methods and subsequent outcome measures to analyze the efficacy of cell transplantation.

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived myogenic progenitors are promising candidates for cell therapy strategies to treat muscular dystrophies. This protocol describes transplantation and functional measurements required to evaluate the engraftment and differentiation of iPSC-derived mesoangioblasts (a type of muscle progenitors) in mouse models of acute and chronic muscle regeneration.

Kas Yenilenmesinin Fare Modellerinde İndüklenmiş Pluripotent Kök Hücre türevi Mezoangioblast benzeri Miyojenik Progenitörlerin Nakli

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

Biyomühendislik

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in medical diagnostics, and for life detection by robotic missions to other planets and moons of the solar system. Currently, sparse bacterial samples are counted by culture plating or epifluorescence microscopy. Culture plates require long incubation times (days to weeks), and epifluorescence microscopy requires extensive staining and concentration of the sample. Here, we demonstrate how to use off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to enumerate bacteria in very dilute cultures (100-104 cells/mL). First, the construction of the custom DHM is discussed, along with detailed instructions on building a low-cost instrument. The principles of holography are discussed, and a statistical model is used to estimate how long videos should be to detect cells, based on the optical performance characteristics of the instrument and the concentration of the bacterial solution (Table 2). Video detection of cells at 105, 104, 103, and 100 cells/mL is demonstrated in real time using un-reconstructed holograms. Reconstruction of amplitude and phase images is demonstrated using an open-source software package.

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy DHM

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a volumetric technique that allows imaging samples 50-100X thicker than brightfield microscopy at comparable resolution, with focusing performed post-processing. Here DHM is used for identifying, counting, and tracking microorganisms at very low densities and compared with optical density measurements, plate count, and direct count.

Mikroorganizmaların düşük konsantrasyonlarda dijital holografik mikroskobu (DHM) kullanarak miktarının

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in ...

High-resolution Patterning Using Two Modes of Electrohydrodynamic Jet: Drop on Demand and Near-field Electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning tool. EHD printing uses a fluidic supplier to maintain the extruded meniscus by pushing the ink out of the nozzle tip. The electric field is then used to pull the meniscus down to the substrate to produce high-resolution patterns. Two modes of EHD printing have been used for fine patterning: continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing. According to the printing modes, the requirements for the printing equipment and ink viscosity will differ. Even though two different modes can be implemented with a single EHD printer, the realization methods significantly differ in terms of ink, fluidic system, and driving voltage. Consequently, without a proper understanding of the jetting requirements and limitations, it is difficult to obtain the desired results. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline so that inexperienced researchers can reduce the trial and error efforts to use the EHD jet for their specific research and development purposes. To demonstrate the fine-patterning implementation, we use Ag nanoparticle ink for the conductive patterning in the protocol. In addition, we also present the generalized printing guidelines that can be used for other types of ink for various fine-patterning applications.

Here, we present a protocol to produce high-resolution conductive patterns using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. The protocol includes two modes of EHD jet printing: the continuous near-field electrospinning (NFES) and the dot-based drop-on-demand (DOD) EHD printing.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Electrohydrodynamic Jet iki modu kullandıktan biçimlenme: damla talep ve yakın alan Electrospinning

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing has drawn attention in various fields because it can be used as a high-resolution and low-cost direct patterning ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.

Sıçan Vivo içinde kısmi karaciğer Dairesi'nde için bir temel olarak yeni bir cerrahi teknik

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

Purification and Analytics of a Monoclonal Antibody from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Using an Automated Microbioreactor System

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, culture and process conditions must be optimized to maximize antibody titers and achieve target quality profiles. Typically, this optimization uses automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) to screen multiple process conditions in parallel. Optimization criteria include culture performance and the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) product, which may impact its efficacy and safety. Culture performance metrics include cell growth and nutrient consumption, while the CQAs include the mAb's N-glycosylation and aggregation profiles, charge variants, and molecular weight. This detailed protocol describes how to purify and subsequently analyze HCCF samples produced by an automated microbioreactor system to gain valuable performance metrics and outputs. First, an automated protein A fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) method is used to purify the mAb from harvested cell culture samples. Once concentrated, the glycan profiles are analyzed by mass spectrometry using a specific platform (refer to the Table of Materials). Antibody molecular weights and aggregation profiles are determined using size exclusion chromatography-multiple angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), while charge variants are analyzed using microchip capillary zone electrophoresis (mCZE). In addition to the culture performance metrics captured during the bioreactor process (i.e., culture viability, cell counts, and common metabolites including glutamine, glucose, lactate, and ammonia), spent media is analyzed to identify limiting nutrients to improve the feeding strategies and overall process design. Therefore, a detailed protocol for the absolute quantification of amino acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of spent media is also described. The methods used in this protocol take advantage of high-throughput platforms that are compatible for large numbers of small-volume samples.

A detailed protocol for the purification and subsequent analysis of a monoclonal antibody from harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) of automated microbioreactors has been described. Use of analytics to determine critical quality attributes (CQAs) and maximizing limited sample volume to extract vital information is also presented.

Otomatik bir Mikrobioreactor sistemi kullanılarak Çin hamster yumurtlama hücrelerinden bir monoklonal antikor arıtma ve analitik

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using ...

Screening and Identification of Small Peptides Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor2 using a Phage Display Peptide Library

The human Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family comprises four members, namely, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, that are involved in various biological activities including cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. Several aberrations in the FGFR signaling pathway, owing to mutations or gene amplification events, have been identified in various types of cancers. Hence, recent research has focused on developing strategies involving therapeutic targeting of FGFRs. Current FGFR inhibitors at various stages of pre-clinical and clinical development include either small molecule inhibitors of tyrosine kinases or monoclonal antibodies, with only a few peptide- based inhibitors in the pipeline. Here, we provide a protocol using phage display technology to screen small peptides as antagonists of FGFR2. Briefly, a library of phage-displayed peptides was incubated in a plate coated with FGFR2. Subsequently, unbound phage was washed off by TBST (TBS + 0.1% [v/v] Tween-20), and bound phage was eluted with 0.2 M glycine-HCl buffer (pH 2.2). The eluted phage was further amplified and used as input for the next round of biopanning. Following three rounds of biopanning, the peptide sequences of individual phage clones were identified by DNA sequencing. Finally, the screened peptides were synthesized and analyzed for affinity and biological activity.

Herein, we present a detailed protocol for screening small peptides that bind to FGFR2 using a phage display peptide library. We further analyze the affinity of the selected peptides toward FGFR2 in vitro and its ability to suppress cell proliferation.

Faj Görüntüleme Peptid Kütüphanesi Kullanılarak Fibroblast Büyüme Faktörü Reseptörü 2'yi Hedefleyen Küçük Peptidlerin Taranması ve Tanımlanması

The human Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family comprises four members, namely, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, that are involved in various ...

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection

Current therapeutic innovations, such as CAR-T cell therapy, are heavily reliant on viral-mediated gene delivery. Although efficient, this technique is accompanied by high manufacturing costs, which has brought about an interest in using alternative methods for gene delivery. Electroporation is an electro-physical, non-viral approach for the intracellular delivery of genes and other exogenous materials. Upon the application of an electric field, the cell membrane temporarily allows molecular delivery into the cell. Typically, electroporation is performed on the macroscale to process large numbers of cells. However, this approach requires extensive empirical protocol development, which is costly when working with primary and difficult-to-transfect cell types. Lengthy protocol development, coupled with the requirement of large voltages to achieve sufficient electric-field strengths to permeabilize the cells, has led to the development of micro-scale electroporation devices. These micro-electroporation devices are manufactured using common microfabrication techniques and allow for greater experimental control with the potential to maintain high throughput capabilities. This work builds off a microfluidic-electroporation technology capable of detecting the level of cell membrane permeabilization at a single-cell level under continuous flow. However, this technology was limited to 4 cells processed per second, and thus a new approach for increasing the system throughput is proposed and presented here. This new technique, denoted as cell-population-based feedback control, considers the cell permeabilization response to a variety of electroporation pulsing conditions and determines the best-suited electroporation pulse conditions for the cell type under test. A higher-throughput mode is then used, where this 'optimal' pulse is applied to the cell suspension in transit. The steps for fabricating the device, setting up and running the microfluidic experiments, and analyzing the results are presented in detail. Finally, this micro-electroporation technology is demonstrated by delivering a DNA plasmid encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) into HEK293 cells.

This protocol describes the microfabrication techniques required to build a lab-on-a-chip, microfluidic electroporation device. The experimental setup performs controlled, single-cell-level transfections in a continuous flow and can be extended to higher throughputs with population-based control. An analysis is provided showcasing the ability to electrically monitor the degree of cell membrane permeabilization in real-time.

Sürekli akışlı, permeabilizasyon algılamalı mikro-elektroporasyon sisteminin imalatı ve işletilmesi

Current therapeutic innovations, such as CAR-T cell therapy, are heavily reliant on viral-mediated gene delivery. Although efficient, this technique is ...

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System

Exosomes between 40 and 200 nm in size constitute the smallest subgroup of extracellular vesicles. These bioactive vesicles secreted by cells play an active role in intercellular cargo and communication. Exosomes are mostly found in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, colostrum, breast milk, joint fluid, semen, and pleural acid. Considering the size of exosomes, it is thought that they may play an important role in central nervous system diseases because they can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, this study aimed to develop an exosome-based nanocarrier system by encapsulating dopamine into exosomes isolated from Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). Exosomes that passed the characterization process were incubated with dopamine. The dopamine-loaded exosomes were recharacterized at the end of incubation. Dopamine-loaded exosomes were investigated in drug release and cytotoxicity assays. The results showed that dopamine could be successfully encapsulated within the exosomes and that the dopamine-loaded exosomes did not affect fibroblast viability.

Here, we aimed to obtain a formulation by dopamine loading of the isolated exosomes of stem cells from Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Exosome isolation and characterization, drug loading into the resulting exosomes, and the cytotoxic activity of the developed formulation are described in this protocol.

Eksozom Tabanlı Dopamin Taşıyıcı Sistemin Formüle Edilmesi ve Karakterize Edilmesi

Exosomes between 40 and 200 nm in size constitute the smallest subgroup of extracellular vesicles. These bioactive vesicles secreted by cells play an ...

Lipid Nanopartiküllerin CIJ ve μMIVM Karıştırıcı Teknolojileri Kullanılarak Sentezlenmesi

Synthesizing Lipid Nanoparticles by Turbulent Flow in Confined Impinging Jet Mixers

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated their enormous potential as therapeutic delivery vehicles, as evidenced by the approval and global usage of two COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. On a small scale, LNPs are often made using microfluidics; however, the limitations of these devices preclude their use on a large scale. The COVID-19 vaccines are manufactured in large quantities using confined impinging jet (CIJ) turbulent mixers. CIJ technology enables production at a laboratory scale with the confidence that it can be scaled to production volumes. The key concepts in CIJ mixing are that the mixing length and time scale are determined by the turbulence intensity in the mixing cavity and that the nanoparticle formation occurs away from walls, eliminating the problem of deposition on surfaces and fouling. This work demonstrates the process of making LNPs using confined impinging jet mixer technology with two geometries: the two-jet CIJ and the four-jet multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM). The advantages and disadvantages of each mixing geometry are discussed. In these geometries, LNPs are formed by rapid mixing of an organic solvent stream (usually ethanol containing the ionizable lipids, co-lipids, and stabilizing PEG-lipids) with an aqueous anti-solvent stream (aqueous buffer containing RNA or DNA). The operating parameters for the CIJ and MIVM mixers are presented to prepare reproducible LNPs with controlled size, zeta potential, stability, and transfection effectiveness. The differences between LNPs made with poor mixing (pipetting solutions) compared to CIJ mixing are also presented.

Yazar Spot Işığı: Kapalı Geometrilerde Türbülanslı Karıştırma Yoluyla Lipid Nanopartikül Oluşumunun Arttırılması

A detailed protocol for synthesizing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) using confined impinging jet (CIJ) mixer technologies, including a two-jet CIJ and a four-jet multi-inlet vortex mixer (&#181;MIVM), is demonstrated. The CIJ mixers generate reproducible, turbulent micro-mixing environments, resulting in the production of monodisperse LNPs.

Lipid Nanopartiküllerinin Kapalı Çarpmalı Jet Karıştırıcılarda Türbülanslı Akışla Sentezlenmesi

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated their enormous potential as therapeutic delivery vehicles, as evidenced by the approval and global usage of ...