Bu çalışma hibe sözleşmesi No 246556 (Avrupa projesi RBUCE-UP) kapsamında Avrupa Birliği Yedinci Çerçeve Programı (FP7/2007-2013) fon tarafından desteklenen, HandiMedEx Fransız Kamu Yatırım Kurulu tarafından tahsis. Marcel Bonay Chancellerie des Üniversiteler de Paris (Bacaklar Poix), Sante Respiratoire tr Fonds de Dotation Recherche ve Centre d&#39;Yardımlaşma Respiratoire bir ikametgah d&#39;Île de France (Cardif) tarafından desteklenen

Bu protokol Excellence (Paris Sud, hibe sözleşmesi No 246556 Üniversitesi) ve Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines RBUCE-UP sandalyenin Etik komitesi tarafından onaylandı. Steril Cerrahi Aletler 1. Hazırlanması <ol><li> Laboratuvar deterjan ile cerrahi aletleri temizleyin. </li><li> Ameliyat öncesi araçları otoklavlayın. </li><li> Cerrahi bir oturumda, 2 ameliyatları arasında 180 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca sıcak bir boncuk sterilizatör ipuçlarını yerleştirerek araçları sterilize edin. </li></ol> İlaçların 2. Hazırlanması <ol><li> Pre-anestetik ilaçlar kokteyl ve ameliyat sonrası ilaçlar için x 1 2 ml şırınga hazırlayın. </li><li> Carprofen (5 mg / kg), Buprenorfin (50 ug / kg), Baytril (5 mg / kg) ve deksmedetomidin (0.5 mg / kg): sıçanın ağırlığına göre, ön anestetik ilaç ile bir şırınga hazırlar. Ringer laktat ile 1 ml hacmi tamamlayın. </li><li> Içinde hazırlayınBaşka bir şırınga ön anestetik ilaç için ters: atipamezol (500 ug / kg). </li></ol> Rat 3. Anestezi <ol><li> Hayvana, aşama 2.2 &#39;de tanımlanan ön anestetik ilaç solüsyonu subkutan uygulayın. Ardından, kafesine geri hayvan koymak ve yatıştırıcı etkisi görünene kadar bekleyin. </li><li> % 100 O 2% 5 izofluran ile dolu kapalı bir bölmeye sıçan yerleştirin ve solunum ritmi (30 sn civarında) yavaşlatır kadar bekleyin. Daha sonra, odasından sıçan kaldırmak ve entübasyon masa üzerine yerleştirin. </li></ol> 4. Orotrakeal entübasyon <ol><li> Sırtında hayvan yalan, sonra masaya ön dişlerinin bağlı bir kayış koyarak başını sağlamlaştırmak. </li><li> Bir fiber optik ışık ile, göğüs boşluğu yanar. Daha sonra, hayvanın ağzına bir larengoskop (ya da bir özel yapılmış, ayrıntılar için Jou ve diğ. 20) yerleştirin. Ses telleri gözünüzde canlandırın. </li><li> Kaydırdıe ve (ses tellerinin arasında) trakea içine bir orotrakeal kılavuzunu yerleştirmek. Kılavuzundaki orotrakeal tüp (16 G kateter boyutu) kaydırın. </li><li> Kılavuzunu çıkarın ve trakea olup yemek borusu, borunun uygun pozisyon teyit nemin varlığı için orotrakeal tüpün ucuna yerleştirilmiş bir gırtlak ayna ile kontrol edin. </li><li> (683 kemirgen ventilatör, Harvard Apparatus) bir kemirgen ventilatöre tüp bağlayın ve (% 100 O 2)% 2 izofluran konsantrasyonu ayarlayın. </li><li> Cerrahi bant ile orotrakeal tüp sabitleyin. </li></ol> 5.. Spinal Cerrahi <ol><li> Cerraha 90 ° açıyla işaret burun ile, ısıtılmış bir cerrahi tabakta ventral dekübit pozisyonda hayvan yerleştirin. Ameliyat boyunca 37.5 ° C civarında vücut ısısını korumak. </li><li> Skapulalarda arasındaki makası ile saç tıraş ve gazlı bez ile saç kaldırmak. </li><li> Sonra 7 ile, betadin ile cildi temizleyin% 0 alkol. Bu adım 3x tekrarlayın. </li><li> Bir ayak tutam Uygun anestezi derinliği sağlamak için cerrahi başlamadan önce yapılır. &#160; Ardından, skapulalarda arasındaki makas ile yanal cilt kesisi rostro-Kaudale gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Kanamayı önlemek için herhangi bir tendonun izleyerek acromiotrapezius kas rostro-kaudal kesin. Sonra (omur çevreleyen) spinalisteki kasları erişmek için romboid kas ayrışır. </li><li> C3 vertebra C1 spinalisteki kas geri çekin. C2 vertebra önemli bir apofizlidir ile biridir. </li><li> Steril pamuklu kullanarak vertebra dorsal parçası etrafında kas temizleyin. </li><li> Bir rongeur dikkatlice C2 apofizle kaldırmak başlar. Dorsal spinal kord maruz kadar sonra, titizlikle devam ediyor. Bu laminektomi dorsal hemi laminektomi olduğundan emin olun. Bu alanın çevresinde omurilik ve arterleri kapsayan dura dikkat edin. </li><li> Bir # 55 forseps ile, ros teşrihtro-caudally C2 boyunca dura, sonraki her rostral ve kaudal tarafında yanal devam ediyor. </li><li> Beyin omurilik sıvısı süngerle. </li><li> Microscissors servikal dorsal kök sayısının 2 altında bir yan bölüm yapmak. Lezyonun ölçüde omurilik (yaralanma dorsal görünümü için Şekil 2A bakınız) orta hat ulaşacak kadar yakın olduğunu bir mikro neşter ile doğrulayın. Eğer değilse, o zaman başka bir kesim yaralanma tamamlamak için yapılabilir. Kanama halinde steril pamuklu kullanın. Aksi takdirde, hayvan yaralanma kurtarmak olmayacak ve solunum yetmezliği olacak, karşı tarafa gitmek için dikkatli olun. </li><li> Koruyucu bir tabaka olarak kasları dikin ve cilt geri dikin. Betadin doymuş steril gazlı bez ile yarayı temizleyin. </li><li> Izofluran buharlaştırıcı-kapatın ve ters ilaç enjekte (atipamezol [500 mg / kg, im]), vücut sıcaklığını kontrol edin. </li><li> Hayvan ventilatöre karşı nefes başladığında,ventilatörden trakeal tüp ayırın, sonra orotrakeal tüpü çıkarın. Geri kazanımı için ısıtılmış bir kafeste hayvan yerleştirin. </li></ol> 6. Post-cerrahi bakım Ameliyatın ardından, hayvanlar kurtarma için mümkün olan en iyi ortamı sağlamak için sürekli olarak izlenir. Antibiyotik (Baytril, 5 mg / kg), anti-enflamatuar (Carprofen, 5 mg / kg &#39;ı) ve buprenorfinin (50 ug / kg) ilaç enfeksiyonları önlemek ve oluşumunu azaltmak için ilk 2 gün ameliyat sonrası için her 12 saat verilmektedir post-operatif ağrı. Sıçanlar yumuşak yiyecek ve su (ya da 1 ameliyat sonrası gün için jelleştirilmiş su) erişim ad libitum sahiptir. Deri altına sıvılar ilk birkaç ameliyat sonrası günlerde kaybını önlemek için de kullanılabilir. Vücut ağırlığı ve gıda alımı, günlük olarak izlenmektedir. Onların ortamı deney ve zaman travma sonrası (kafeslerine ikili konut, boru) boyunca zenginleştirilmiştir.

<ol>
	<li>Frankel, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+in+spinal+cord+injury:+a+fifty+year+investigation.">Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: a fifty year investigation.</a> Spinal Cord. 36, 266-274 (1998).</li><li>Ramer, M. S., Harper, G. P., Bradbury, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+spinal+cord+research+-+a+refined+strategy+for+the+International+Spinal+Research+Trust.">Progress in spinal cord research - a refined strategy for the International Spinal Research Trust.</a> Spinal Cord. 38, 449-472 (2000).</li><li>Zimmer, M. B., Nantwi, K., Goshgarian, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+spinal+cord+injury+on+the+respiratory+system:+basic+research+and+current+clinical+treatment+options.">Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: basic research and current clinical treatment options.</a> J Spinal Cord Med. 30, 319-330 (2007).</li><li>Mantilla, C. B., Sieck, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+adaptations+to+respiratory+muscle+inactivity.">Neuromuscular adaptations to respiratory muscle inactivity.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 133-140 (2009).</li><li>Goshgarian, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+crossed+phrenic+phenomenon+and+recovery+of+function+following+spinal+cord+injury.">The crossed phrenic phenomenon and recovery of function following spinal cord injury.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 85-93 (2009).</li><li>Nantwi, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+of+respiratory+activity+after+C2+hemisection+(C2HS):+involvement+of+adenosinergic+mechanisms.">Recovery of respiratory activity after C2 hemisection (C2HS): involvement of adenosinergic mechanisms.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 102-114 (2009).</li><li>Sandhu, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+recovery+following+high+cervical+hemisection.">Respiratory recovery following high cervical hemisection.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 94-101 (2009).</li><li>Lane, M. A., Lee, K. Z., Fuller, D. D., Reier, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+circuitry+and+respiratory+recovery+following+spinal+cord+injury.">Spinal circuitry and respiratory recovery following spinal cord injury.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 123-132 (2009).</li><li>Seeds, N. W., Akison, L., Minor, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+plasminogen+activator+in+spinal+cord+remodeling+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Role of plasminogen activator in spinal cord remodeling after spinal cord injury.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 141-149 (2009).</li><li>Alilain, W. J., Horn, K. P., Hu, H., Dick, T. E., Silver, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+regeneration+of+respiratory+pathways+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Functional regeneration of respiratory pathways after spinal cord injury.</a> Nature. 475, 196-200 (2011).</li><li>Vinit, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cervical+spinal+cord+injuries+and+respiratory+insufficiency:+a+revolutionary+treatment.">Cervical spinal cord injuries and respiratory insufficiency: a revolutionary treatment.</a> Med Sci (Paris. 28, 33-36 (2012).</li><li>Kastner, A., Gauthier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+rodents+an+appropriate+pre-clinical+model+for+treating+spinal+cord+injury?+Examples+from+the+respiratory+system).">Are rodents an appropriate pre-clinical model for treating spinal cord injury? Examples from the respiratory system).</a> Exp Neurol. 213, 249-256 (2008).</li><li>Vinit, S., Lovett-Barr, M. R., Mitchell, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intermittent+hypoxia+induces+functional+recovery+following+cervical+spinal+injury.">Intermittent hypoxia induces functional recovery following cervical spinal injury.</a> Physiol Neurobiol. 169, 210-217 (2009).</li><li>Porter, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Path+of+the+Respiratory+Impulse+from+the+Bulb+to+the+Phrenic+Nuclei.">The Path of the Respiratory Impulse from the Bulb to the Phrenic Nuclei.</a> J Physiol. 17, 455-485 .</li><li>Nicaise, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phrenic+motor+neuron+degeneration+compromises+phrenic+axonal+circuitry+and+diaphragm+activity+in+a+unilateral+cervical+contusion+model+of+spinal+cord+injury.">Phrenic motor neuron degeneration compromises phrenic axonal circuitry and diaphragm activity in a unilateral cervical contusion model of spinal cord injury.</a> Exp Neurol. 235, 539-552 (2012).</li><li>Goshgarian, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+crossed+phrenic+phenomenon:+a+model+for+plasticity+in+the+respiratory+pathways+following+spinal+cord+injury.">The crossed phrenic phenomenon: a model for plasticity in the respiratory pathways following spinal cord injury.</a> J Appl Physiol. 94, 795-810 (2003).</li><li>Vinit, S., Gauthier, P., Stamegna, J. C., Kastner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+cervical+lateral+spinal+cord+injury+results+in+long-term+ipsilateral+hemidiaphragm+paralysis.">High cervical lateral spinal cord injury results in long-term ipsilateral hemidiaphragm paralysis.</a> J Neurotrauma. 23, 1137-1146 (2006).</li><li>Fuller, D. D., Johnson, S. M., Johnson, R. A., Mitchell, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+cervical+spinal+sensory+denervation+reveals+ineffective+spinal+pathways+to+phrenic+motoneurons+in+the+rat.">Chronic cervical spinal sensory denervation reveals ineffective spinal pathways to phrenic motoneurons in the rat.</a> Neurosci Lett. 323, 25-28 (2002).</li><li>Dougherty, B. J., Lee, K. Z., Lane, M. A., Reier, P. J., Fuller, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+the+spontaneous+crossed-phrenic+phenomenon+to+inspiratory+tidal+volume+in+spontaneously+breathing+rats.">Contribution of the spontaneous crossed-phrenic phenomenon to inspiratory tidal volume in spontaneously breathing rats.</a> J Appl Physiol. 112, 96-105 (2012).</li><li>Jou, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+rat+intubation+using+a+new+oropharyngeal+intubation+wedge.">Simplified rat intubation using a new oropharyngeal intubation wedge.</a> J Appl Physiol. 89, 1766-1770 (2000).</li><li>Fuller, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graded+unilateral+cervical+spinal+cord+injury+and+respiratory+motor+recovery.">Graded unilateral cervical spinal cord injury and respiratory motor recovery.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 165, 245-253 (2009).</li><li>Vinit, S., Windelborn, J. A., Mitchell, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide+attenuates+phrenic+long-term+facilitation+following+acute+intermittent+hypoxia.">Lipopolysaccharide attenuates phrenic long-term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 176, 130-135 (2011).</li><li>Ahmad, F., Wang, M. Y., Levi, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothermia+for+Acute+Spinal+Cord+Injury-A+Review.">Hypothermia for Acute Spinal Cord Injury-A Review.</a> World Neurosurg. , (2013).</li><li>Lovett-Barr, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repetitive+intermittent+hypoxia+induces+respiratory+and+somatic+motor+recovery+after+chronic+cervical+spinal+injury.">Repetitive intermittent hypoxia induces respiratory and somatic motor recovery after chronic cervical spinal injury.</a> J Neurosci. 32, 3591-3600 (2012).</li><li>Minor, K. H., Akison, L. K., Goshgarian, H. G., Seeds, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury-induced+plasticity+in+the+mouse--the+crossed+phrenic+phenomenon.">Spinal cord injury-induced plasticity in the mouse--the crossed phrenic phenomenon.</a> Exp Neurol. 200, 486-495 (2006).</li><li>Baussart, B., Stamegna, J. C., Polentes, J., Tadie, M., Gauthier, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+of+upper+cervical+spinal+contusion+inducing+a+persistent+unilateral+diaphragmatic+deficit+in+the+adult+rat.">A new model of upper cervical spinal contusion inducing a persistent unilateral diaphragmatic deficit in the adult rat.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 22, 562-574 (2006).</li><li>Golder, F. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breathing+patterns+after+mid-cervical+spinal+contusion+in+rats.">Breathing patterns after mid-cervical spinal contusion in rats.</a> Exp Neurol. 231, 97-103 (2011).</li><li>Lane, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+function+following+bilateral+mid-cervical+contusion+injury+in+the+adult+rat.">Respiratory function following bilateral mid-cervical contusion injury in the adult rat.</a> Exp Neurol. 235, 197-210 (2012).</li><li>Vinit, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axotomized+bulbospinal+neurons+express+c-Jun+after+cervical+spinal+cord+injury.">Axotomized bulbospinal neurons express c-Jun after cervical spinal cord injury.</a> Neuroreport. 16, 1535-1539 (2005).</li><li>Guenther, C. H., Windelborn, J. A., Tubon, T. C., Yin, J. C., Mitchell, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+atypical+PKC+expression+and+activity+in+the+phrenic+motor+nucleus+following+cervical+spinal+injury.">Increased atypical PKC expression and activity in the phrenic motor nucleus following cervical spinal injury.</a> Exp Neurol. 234, 513-520 (2012).</li><li>Mantilla, C. B., Gransee, H. M., Zhan, W. Z., Sieck, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motoneuron+BDNF/TrkB+signaling+enhances+functional+recovery+after+cervical+spinal+cord+injury.">Motoneuron BDNF/TrkB signaling enhances functional recovery after cervical spinal cord injury.</a> Exp Neurol. 247, 101-109 (2013).</li><li>Vinit, S., Darlot, F., Aoulaiche, H., Boulenguez, P., Kastner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+expression+of+c-Jun+and+HSP27+in+axotomized+and+spared+bulbospinal+neurons+after+cervical+spinal+cord+injury.">Distinct expression of c-Jun and HSP27 in axotomized and spared bulbospinal neurons after cervical spinal cord injury.</a> J Mol Neurosci. 45, 119-133 (2011).</li><li>Windelborn, J. A., Mitchell, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+activation+in+the+spinal+ventral+horn+caudal+to+cervical+injury.">Glial activation in the spinal ventral horn caudal to cervical injury.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 180, 61-68 (2012).</li><li>Vinit, S., Stamegna, J. C., Boulenguez, P., Gauthier, P., Kastner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restorative+respiratory+pathways+after+partial+cervical+spinal+cord+injury:+role+of+ipsilateral+phrenic+afferents.">Restorative respiratory pathways after partial cervical spinal cord injury: role of ipsilateral phrenic afferents.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 25, 3551-3560 (2007).</li><li>Dougherty, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+of+inspiratory+intercostal+muscle+activity+following+high+cervical+hemisection.">Recovery of inspiratory intercostal muscle activity following high cervical hemisection.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 183, 186-192 (2012).</li></ol>

Yazarlar, hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını olmadığını beyan ederim.

C2 Yaralanma Modeli Yapımı Teknik Sorunlar C2 yaralanma fare modeli solunum lezyon sonrası nöroplastisiteyi incelemek için ilginç bir araçtır. Ancak, tekrar üretilebilir ve güvenilir bir modeli üretmek için gerekli adımlar çok sayıda ve her biri çalışmanın sonuçları etkileyebilecek. Örneğin, entübasyon işlemi sırasında, aşırı bakım orotrakeal tüp gibi yaralanma nedeniyle kendisine başlangıç ​​solunum yetersizliği yanında obstrüktif s...

Spinal kord travması gibi kalıcı felç gibi dramatik olaylar ile insan nüfusunun gözlenen yaygın bir yaralanma olduğunu. Bununla birlikte, yaralanma şiddetine başlangıç ​​travma seviyesi ile boyutuna bağlıdır. Solunum yetmezliği üst servikal spinal kord yaralanması (SKY) 1 Aşağıdaki mortalitenin önde gelen nedenidir. Şu anda, tek terapötik tedavi ventilasyon yardımı altında hasta yerleştirmektir. Birkaç hastada lezyon sonrası gecikme oluşur spontan iyileşme, solunum yardımı 2 kapalı sütten olabilir bu yana, yenilikçi non-invaziv ilaçlar geliştirebilmek için ihtiyaç acil 3&#39;tür. Farazi tedavi stratejilerinin uygulanmasını incelemek için, bu nedenle solunum yetmezliği üzerinde servikal SCI etkisini araştırmak ve iyi bir standart klinik öncesi modeli olması esastır. Bu teknik makalede, biz belirli bir klinik öncesi fare modeli o tariff solunum bozukluğu C2 seviyesinde kısmi servikal SCI tarafından uyarılan. Bu model şu anda (: 4-13 değerlendirmeleri için) dünyanın çeşitli laboratuvarlar tarafından kullanılır. Ancak, cerrahi prosedür hafif farklılıklar bu özel servikal yaralanma fare modeli oluşturmak için farklı araştırmacılar arasında görülebilir. Solunum çıkışında C2 SCI etkisi ilk Porter 14 tarafından 1895 yılında tarif edilmiştir. Servikal hemiseksiyona sessiz frenik sinir aktivitesi ve sonraki diyafram felç yol açan, yaralanma aynı taraftaki (beyin sapı, Şekil 1A rVRG bulunan), merkez sürücüden frenik motor nöronlar bir deaferentasyon neden olur. Karşı taraf bozulmadan kalır ve hayvan hayatta kalmak için izin verir. Bir düşük değerli spinal kesimi (C4 düzeyinde 15, örneğin bir çürük hasarı) bulunan farklı SCI farklı olarak, her iki tarafta frenik motonöron çekirdeğin bütünlüğü korunur. Bir červ sonraical C2 yaralanması, bazı spontan aktivite nedeniyle segmental seviyesi C3-C6 (Çapraz Frenik yolları, CPP, Şekil 1B) spinal orta hat geçti taraf sessiz sinaptik yolların bir aktivasyonuna (frenik ve diyafram), ipsilateral tarafta görülebilir . Olan CPP, aktivasyonu, tanımı gereği, bir taraf kısmi frenik sinir kurtarma neden bir kontralateral phrenicotomy ile birlikte bir C2 hemiseksiyona, saat hafta sonrası yaralanma 16-18 oluşabilir. Solunum kurtarma bu CPP yolun gerçek yararlı etkisi 19 sınırlıdır ve daha fazla araştırma ve tedavi spontan restorasyonu 3 büyüklüğünü artırmak için geliştirilmelidir. Bu protokol (öncesi ve frenik motor nöronlar, internöronlar, moleküler ve cellula solunum fizyolojisi çeşitli düzeylerde solunum lezyon sonrası plastisiteyi incelemek için klinik öncesi fare modelinde güçlü bir türü sağlarr, örneğin, ön bacak) lokomosyon yanı sıra C2 kısmi servikal omurilik yaralanmasının ardından solunum ve lokomotor kurtarma geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır invaziv ve non-invaziv tedavi stratejileri test etmek için bir model.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:572px;">Animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Male Sprague Dawley Rat</td>
			<td>Janvier</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>225-250g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mayo-Stille Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>14013-15</td>
			<td>Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>91500-09</td>
			<td>Straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spring Scissors - 8 mm Blades</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>15025-10</td>
			<td>Straight Blunt/Blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Friedman Pearson Rongeur</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>16121-14</td>
			<td>Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Knife - Fine Tip</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>10055-12</td>
			<td>Straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olsen-Hegar Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>12002-14</td>
			<td>Serrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weitlaner-Locktite Retractor</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>17012-11</td>
			<td>2x3 Blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbable surgical sutures</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>BYO001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hot Bead Steriliser</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Catheter&#160;</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>CAT188</td>
			<td>16 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laryngoscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guide wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laryngeal mirror</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>MIR011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lactated Ringers</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>RIN020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Needle</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">O2</td>
			<td>Air Liquid</td>
			<td>I1001M20R2A001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">683 RodentT Ventilator 115/230V</td>
			<td>Havard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stand-Alone Vaporizer</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>EZ-155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thin line heated bed</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>EZ-211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Air canister</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>EZ-258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Drugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rimadyl</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>RIM011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>BUP001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Baytril</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>BAY001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dexmedetomidine</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>DEX010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Atipamezole</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>ANT201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine Solution</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>VET002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Centravet</td>
			<td>VET066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a murine model of cervical spinal cord injury to study post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity

Servikal spinal kord yaralanması kalıcı felç neden olur, ve genellikle solunum sıkıntısı yol açar. Bugüne kadar, hiçbir verimli terapötiklerin yüksek servikal spinal kord yaralanması (SKY) sonrası solunum yetmezliği iyileştirmek / geliştirmek için geliştirilmiştir. Burada çeşitli lezyon sonrası solunum nöroplastisiteyi çalışma servikal 2 (C2) metamerik düzeyde yüksek SCI bir kemirgen pre-klinik modeli öneriyoruz. Bu teknik nedeniyle beyin bulunan solunum merkezlerinden frenik motor nöronlar bir deaferentasyon üzere diyaframa bir hemipleji neden olacak C2 düzeyinde bir cerrahi kısmi yaralanma oluşur. Yaralanma karşı taraf bozulmadan kalır ve hayvan iyileşme sağlar. (Torakal ve lomber düzeyde) lokomotor fonksiyonunu etkileyen diğer omurilik aksine, solunum fonksiyon hayvan motivasyon gerektirmez ve açığı / kurtarma miktar kolayca (diyafram ve frenik sinir kayıt yapılabilirs, tüm vücut havalandırma). Bu klinik öncesi C2 SCI modeli farklı seviyelerde (fizyoloji, moleküler) çeşitli solunum ve non-solunum nöroplastisite olayları incelemek ve solunum geliştirmek olabilir çeşitli farazi tedavi stratejileri test etmek için güçlü, kullanışlı ve güvenilir klinik öncesi modeli SCI hastalar.

Yaralanma Kapsamı Başarı ve bu özel deneysel modelin uyarlık her manipülatör / cerrahın deneyimine bağlıdır. Kalan ventrolateral beyaz madde 21 bağışladı ile bir C2 yaralanma takiben solunum kurtarma (frenik sinir aktivitesi ve diyafram aktivite) sonraki miktarı ilişkilidir. Yaralanma &quot;el yapımı&quot; olduğu ve cerrah bazı pratik gerektirir yana, her yaralanma ölçüde tam boyutunu belirlemek için histolojik teknikler (paraformaldehitle...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity at JoVE.com

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

Solunum yetmezliği servikal omurilik yaralanması sonucu ölüm önde gelen nedenidir. Kısmi servikal yaralanma tarafından uyarılan solunum yetmezliği, tekrarlanabilir ölçülebilir ve güvenilir klinik öncesi hayvan modeli olan müteakip solunum ve non-solunum nöroplastisiteyi anlamak için yardımcı ve varsayılan onarım stratejilerini test sağlayacaktır.

Post-lezyonlu Solunum nöroplastisite Eğitim için Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir fare modeli

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

a-murine-model-cervical-spinal-cord-injury-to-study-post-lesional

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.4K Görüntüleme.  Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.  Solunum yetmezliği servikal omurilik yaralanması sonucu ölüm önde gelen nedenidir. Kısmi servikal yaralanma tarafından uyarılan solunum yetmezliği, tekrarlanabilir ölçülebilir ve güvenilir klinik öncesi hayvan modeli olan müteakip solunum ve non-solunum nöroplastisiteyi anlamak için yardımcı ve varsayılan onarım stratejilerini test sağlayacaktır. 

Video: A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) cases 1 and is the ultimate cause of death in patients with the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) 2.
ALS is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by relatively rapid degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Patients ultimately succumb to the disease on average 2-5 years following diagnosis because of respiratory paralysis due to loss of phrenic motor neuron innnervation of the diaphragm 3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, while 10% are of the familial form. Approximately twenty percent of familial cases are linked to various point mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene on chromosome 21 4. Transgenic mice 4,5 and rats 6 carrying mutant human SOD1 genes (G93A, G37R, G86R, G85R) have been generated, and, despite the existence of other animal models of motor neuron loss, are currently the most highly used models of the disease.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a heterogeneous set of conditions resulting from physical trauma to the spinal cord, with functional outcome varying according to the type, location and severity of the injury 7. Nevertheless, approximately half of human SCI cases affect cervical regions, resulting in debilitating respiratory dysfunction due to phrenic motor neuron loss and injury to descending bulbospinal respiratory axons 1. A number of animal models of SCI have been developed, with the most commonly used and clinically-relevant being the contusion 8.
Transplantation of various classes of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries and neurodegeneration, including ALS and SCI, because of the ability to replace lost or dysfunctional CNS cell types, provide neuroprotection, and deliver gene factors of interest 9.
Animal models of both ALS and SCI can model many clinically-relevant aspects of these diseases, including phrenic motor neuron loss and consequent respiratory compromise 10,11. In order to evaluate the efficacy of NPC-based strategies on respiratory function in these animal models of ALS and SCI, cellular interventions must be specifically directed to regions containing therapeutically relevant targets such as phrenic motor neurons. We provide a detailed protocol for multi-segmental, intraspinal transplantation of NPCs into the cervical spinal cord ventral gray matter of neurodegenerative models such as SOD1G93A mice and rats, as well as spinal cord injured rats and mice 11.

Neural precursor transplantation is a promising strategy for protecting and/or replacing lost/dysfunctional cervical phrenic motor neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS). We provide a protocol for cell delivery to cervical spinal cord ventral horn in rodent models of ALS and SCI.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ve Travmatik Spinal Kord Yaralanması Servikal Ventral Horn Hedefleme intraspinal Hücre Transplantasyonu

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) ...

Tıp

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

Sıçanlarda Spinal Kord Yaralanma sonrası Akut ve Kronik Dokunsal Duyu Testi

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

Sonsuz Horizon Darbeli kullanarak tek taraflı Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir Contusive Modeli

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

Farelerde Kontrollü Servikal yırtığı Sakatlık

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.

A contusion model of severe spinal cord injury is described. Detailed pre-operative, operative and post-operative steps are described to obtain a consistent model.

Sıçanlarda Şiddetli Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir bere modeli

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination is disrupted by spinal cord injury (SCI), control of respiratory muscles innervated below the injury level is compromised1,2 leading to respiratory muscle dysfunction and pulmonary complications. These conditions are among the leading causes of death in patients with SCI3. Standard pulmonary function tests that assess respiratory motor function include spirometrical and maximum airway pressure outcomes: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (PImax) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (PEmax)4,5. These values provide indirect measurements of respiratory muscle performance6. In clinical practice and research, a surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from respiratory muscles can be used to assess respiratory motor function and help to diagnose neuromuscular pathology. However, variability in the sEMG amplitude inhibits efforts to develop objective and direct measures of respiratory motor function6. Based on a multi-muscle sEMG approach to characterize motor control of limb muscles7, known as the voluntary response index (VRI)8, we developed an analytical tool to characterize respiratory motor control directly from sEMG data recorded from multiple respiratory muscles during the voluntary respiratory tasks. We have termed this the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA)9. This vector analysis method quantifies the amount and distribution of activity across muscles and presents it in the form of an index that relates the degree to which sEMG output within a test-subject resembles that from a group of healthy (non-injured) controls. The resulting index value has been shown to have high face validity, sensitivity and specificity9-11. We showed previously9 that the RMCA outcomes significantly correlate with levels of SCI and pulmonary function measures. We are presenting here the method to quantitatively compare post-spinal cord injury respiratory multi-muscle activation patterns to those of healthy individuals.

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this publication is to present our original work on a multi-muscle surface electromyographic approach to quantitatively characterize respiratory muscle activation patterns in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury using vector-based analysis.

Kronik Spinal Kord Yaralanması Bireylerde Solunum Motor Kontrol Değerlendirmesi (RMCA) kullanarak Solunum Kas Aktivasyon Değerlendirilmesi

During breathing, activation of respiratory muscles is coordinated by integrated input from the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. When this coordination ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Travmatik Beyin Hasarı için Kontrollü Kortikal Etki Modeli

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

A Radyo-telemetrik Sistemi Omurilik transeksiyonu ve Embriyonik Nöral Hücre Greftler Kök Sıçanlarda Kardiyovasküler Fonksiyonu Monitör

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Synergetic Use of Neural Precursor Cells and Self-assembling Peptides in Experimental Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) cause serious neurological impairment and psychological, economic, and social consequences for patients and their families. Clinically, more than 50% of SCI affect the cervical spine1. As a consequence of the primary injury, a cascade of secondary mechanisms including inflammation, apoptosis, and demyelination occur finally leading to tissue scarring and development of intramedullary cavities2,3. Both represent physical and chemical barriers to cell transplantation, integration, and regeneration. Therefore, shaping the inhibitory environment and bridging cavities to create a supportive milieu for cell transplantation and regeneration is a promising therapeutic target4. Here, a contusion/compression model of cervical SCI using an aneurysm clip is described. This model is more clinically relevant than other experimental models, since complete transection or ruptures of the cord are rare. Also in comparison to the weight drop model, which in particular damage the dorsum columns, circumferential compression of the spinal cord appears advantageous. Clip closing force and duration can be adjusted to achieve different injury severity. A ring spring facilitates precise calibration and constancy of clip force. Under physiological conditions, synthetic self-assembling peptides (SAP) self-assemble into nanofibers and thus, are appealing for application in SCI5. They can be injected directly into the lesion minimizing damage to the cord. SAPs are biocompatible structures erecting scaffolds to bridge intramedullary cavities and thus, equip the damaged cord for regenerative treatments. K2(QL)6K2 (QL6) is a novel SAP introduced by Dong et al.6 In comparison to other peptides, QL6 self-assembles into &#946;-sheets at neutral pH6.14 days after SCI, after the acute stage, SAPs are injected into the center of the lesion and neural precursor cells (NPC) are injected into adjacent dorsal columns. In order to support cell survival, transplantation is combined with continuous subdural administration of growth factors by osmotic micro pumps for 7 days.

Treating cervical spinal cord injury with both self-assembling peptides (SAP) and neural precursor cells (NPC), together with growth factors, is a promising approach to promote regeneration and recovery. A contusion/compression aneurysm clip rat model of cervical SCI and combined treatment involving SAP injection and NPC transplantation is established.

Deneysel Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanmalarında Sinir Öncü Hücreler ve Öz-montaj Peptitler sinerjik Kullanımı

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) cause serious neurological impairment and psychological, economic, and social consequences for patients and their families. ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

Omurilik Sıkıştırma Yaralanma Kalibre Forseps Modeli

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...