Biz bu projeye Mali Destek Araştırma ve Eğitim Göğüs Cerrahisi Vakfı&#39;na teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1.. Ameliyat öncesi hazırlık ve Anestezi <ol><li> Prosedür boyunca steril tekniği gözlemlemek için emin olun. Tüm aletleri yatıyordu. </li><li> Bu uygun bir sıcaklıkta (36.5 ° C) ısınmaya böylece önce anestezi indüksiyonu için sıcaklık kontrol yatak açın. Lazer Doppler perfüzyon monitörde güç indüksiyon sırasında önyükleme böylece. </li><li> Indüksiyon odasında fare yerleştirin. <ol><li> Dikkatle indüksiyon sırasında fare solunum hızını izlemek. </li><li> En kısa sürede solunum hızı görsel yavaşladı gibi, indüksiyon odasından fareyi çıkarın. </li><li> Anestezik yeterliliğini değerlendirmek için ayak tutam gerçekleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Yatar pozisyonda fare düzgün anestezi ile, yer fare. </li><li> Burun konisi içine gelecek şekilde yerleştirin ve ısıtma tabloya tüm ekstremitelerde sabitleyin. <ol><li> Ekstremiteler hiçbir deviati ile, anatomik pozisyonda güvenli olduğundan emin olmak için özel dikkatbir tarafa on. Fare yanlış konumlandırılmış ise, sternotomi sırasında internal torasik arter transekte önlemek zordur. </li></ol></li><li> Tırnak makası ya da piyasada satılan epilasyon kremi kullanarak, orta hat toraks saç kaldırmak ve alt ekstremite ventral yüzeyi bıraktı. <ol><li> Epilasyon kremi kullanarak, daha büyük 30 saniye yerinde bırakarak krem ​​önlemek ise, hem alkali yanıkları oluşabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Yeterli anestezi sağlamak için volatil anestezik buharlaştırıcı konsantrasyonu titre. <ol><li> Yüksek akış O 2 ile izofluran kullanılarak% 1-5 arasında beklenen buharlaştırıcı fraksiyonları. </li><li> Uçucu anestezi buharlaştırıcı konsantrasyonu kendiliğinden muhafaza ederken, solunumda cerrahi uyarılması sırasında anesteziyi muhafaza etmek üzere titre edilmelidir. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Rektal Probe Lazer Doppler Yerleştirme <ol><li> Farenizin rektum içine yağlanmış rektal prob takın. Oper için yerinde sabitlemekyatak ating. </li><li> 36.5 ° C&#39;lik bir hedef rektal sıcaklık için ısıtma yatak ayarlayın </li><li> Fare femoral arter üzerinde küçük bir kesi yapmak ve uzak deri altı doku cildi teşrih. </li><li> Femoral arter üzerinde lazer Doppler probu yerleştirin. </li><li> Perfüzyon monitör 800 perfüzyon birimleri daha büyük kaydeder kadar prob pozisyonlarını ayarlayın. <ol><li> Sıkıca güvenli prob. Yanlış güvence probları yanlış düşük perfüzyon ölçümleri olabilir. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Aort Arch / Köprücük Arter diseksiyonu <ol><li> Sternal çentik yukarıda 2 cm&#39;lik cilt kesi yapın ve yavaşça deri altı doku cildi teşrih. </li><li> Submandibular bez ücretsiz teşrih. <ol><li> Kanama oluşursa, hafif basınç bir pamuklu çubukla ile uygulanabilir. </li><li> Avasküler düzlemde orta hat boyunca submandibular bez bölün. </li></ol></li><li> Forseps ile yavaşça sternum ve SCISS kullanarak kaldırınors sternum orta hat boyunca 1 cm orta hat sternotomi olun. orta hattan herhangi bir sapma, kontrol etmek zor olacaktır internal meme arteri kanama neden olabilir. </li><li> Sternum kenarında her tarafta 5-0 retraksiyon sütür koyun ve yanal işletim yatağa sütür güvence sternum çekin. Pnömotoraks önlemek için çok yanal çekilme sütürler yerleştirmekten kaçının. </li><li> Trakea boyunca künt diseksiyon ücretsiz kayış kasları kullanma. Sol kayış kas maruz geliştirmek için makas ile ayrılabilir. </li><li> Çevreleyen dokudan timus ücretsiz teşrih. Büyük damarlar görüntülenmiştir kadar künt diseksiyon devam edin. Plevral boşluğa girişini önlemek için aşırı dikkatli kullanın. </li><li> Arkus aorta ve sol subklavyen arter vasküler kelepçeler yerleştirin. </li><li> Doğrulayın uzak akışı uygun bozdu. Bu perfüzyon birimlerde bir&gt;% 90 azalma olarak görülecektir. <ol><li> Desi için tıkanıklığına devam4-8 dakika için kırmızı. </li></ol></li><li> Vasküler kelepçesini çıkarın ve göğüs kapanmasından önce hemostaz doğrulayın. </li></ol> 4. Sternotomi ve Cilt Kapatma <ol><li> Farenin sol tarafında geri çekme dikiş çıkarın. </li><li> Doğru çekilme sütür ile sternotomi kapatın. <ol><li> (Önceden yerleştirilen geri çekme dikiş kullanarak) Tek sternum sütür sternum kapatılması için yeterli değildir. Başka bir dikiş yerleştirme gereksiz ve pnömotoraks ve kanama riskini artırır. </li></ol></li><li> 5-0 dikiş çalışan yakın bir cilt. </li></ol> 5. Kurtarma ve Postoperatif Değerlendirme <ol><li> Kurtarma kafesine fare aktarın. Kafes kurtarma haznesinin çevre sıcaklığı artırmak ve çevreye ısı kaybını azaltmak için bir ısıtma pedi üzerine yerleştirilmelidir. </li><li> Yakından işaretler solunum sıkıntısı veya nöbet aktivitesi için fareyi izlemek. Kurum kurallarına göre analjezi yönetmek. Euthanize fareler hemen nöbet veya solunum sıkıntısı görülmektedir eğer. <ol><li> CO2 odası ötenazi bizim tercih edilen bir yöntemdir. CO2 mevcut değilse, servikal dislokasyon başka bir seçenektir. </li><li> Tam iyileşme kullanılan uçucu anestetik ve konsantrasyon uzunluğuna bağlı olarak, 1-2 saat beklenebilir. </li></ol></li><li> Normal kafes fare dönün. Kafesin kat yiyecek ve su yer yerleştirin. </li><li> Locomotion 8 Basso Fare Ölçeği ile 12 saat aralıklarla nörolojik durumunu değerlendirin. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Conrad, M. F., Ye, J. Y., Chung, T. K., Davison, J. K., Cambria, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+complications+after+thoracic+aortic+surgery:+long-term+survival+and+functional+status+varies+with+deficit+severity.">Spinal cord complications after thoracic aortic surgery: long-term survival and functional status varies with deficit severity.</a> J. Vasc. Surg. 48, 47-53 (2008).</li><li>Okita, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fighting+spinal+cord+complication+during+surgery+for+thoracoabdominal+aortic+disease.">Fighting spinal cord complication during surgery for thoracoabdominal aortic disease.</a> Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 59, 79-90 (2011).</li><li>Wong, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+spinal+cord+deficits+after+thoracoabdominal+aortic+aneurysm+repair.">Delayed spinal cord deficits after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.</a> Ann. Thorac. Surg. 83, 1345-1355 (2007).</li><li>Taira, Y., Marsala, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+proximal+arterial+perfusion+pressure+on+function,+spinal+cord+blood+flow,+and+histopathologic+changes+after+increasing+intervals+of+aortic+occlusion+in+the+rat.">Effect of proximal arterial perfusion pressure on function, spinal cord blood flow, and histopathologic changes after increasing intervals of aortic occlusion in the rat.</a> Stroke. 27, 1850-1858 (1996).</li><li>Naslund, T. C., Hollier, L. H., Money, S. R., Facundus, E. C., Skenderis, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protecting+the+ischemic+spinal+cord+during+aortic+clamping.+The+influence+of+anesthetics+and+hypothermia.">Protecting the ischemic spinal cord during aortic clamping. The influence of anesthetics and hypothermia.</a> Ann. Surg. , 409-515 (1992).</li><li>Qayumi, A. K., Janusz, M. T., Lyster, D. M., Gillespie, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+model+for+investigation+of+spinal+cord+injury+caused+by+aortic+cross-clamping.">Animal model for investigation of spinal cord injury caused by aortic cross-clamping.</a> J. Invest. Surg. 10, 47-52 (1997).</li><li>Lang-Lazdunski, L., Matsushita, K., Hirt, L., Waeber, C., Vonsattel, J. P., Moskowitz, M. A., Dietrich, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+Cord+Ischemia:+Development+of+a+model+in+the+mouse.">Spinal Cord Ischemia: Development of a model in the mouse.</a> Stroke. 31, 208-213 (2000).</li><li>Basso, D. M., Fisher, L. C., Anderson, A. J., Jakeman, L. B., McTigue, D. M., Popovich, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basso+Mouse+Scale+for+locomotion+detects+differences+in+recovery+after+spinal+cord+injury+in+five+common+mouse+strains.">Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 23, 635-659 (2006).</li><li>Kwon, B. K., Tetzlaff, W., Grauer, J. N., Beiner, J., Vaccaro, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+and+pharmacologic+treatment+of+acute+spinal+cord+injury.">Pathophysiology and pharmacologic treatment of acute spinal cord injury.</a> Spine. J. 4, 451-464 (2004).</li><li>Cheshire, W. P., Santos, C. C., Massey, E. W., Howard, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+infarction:+etiology+and+outcome.">Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome.</a> Neurology. 47, 321-330 (1996).</li><li>Kakinohana, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+paraplegia+after+spinal+cord+ischemic+injury+requires+caspase-3+activation+in+mice.">Delayed paraplegia after spinal cord ischemic injury requires caspase-3 activation in mice.</a> Stroke. 42 (8), 2302-2307 (2011).</li><li>Wang, Z., Yang, W., Britz, G. W., Lombard, F. W., Warner, D. S., Sheng, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+simplified+spinal+cord+ischemia+model+in+mice.">Development of a simplified spinal cord ischemia model in mice.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 189, 246-251 (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=model+of+ischemic+spinal+cord+injury+with+delayed+paralysis+caused+by+aortic+cross-clamping.">model of ischemic spinal cord injury with delayed paralysis caused by aortic cross-clamping.</a> Anesthesiology. 113, 880-891 (2010).</li><li>Kang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+systemic+hypothermia+on+a+murine+model+of+thoracic+aortic+ischemia+reperfusion.">The effects of systemic hypothermia on a murine model of thoracic aortic ischemia reperfusion.</a> J. Vasc. Surg. 52, 435-443 (2010).</li><li>Li, J., Benashski, S., McCullough, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-stroke+hypothermia+provides+neuroprotection+through+inhibition+of+AMP-activated+protein+kinase.">Post-stroke hypothermia provides neuroprotection through inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 28 (7), 1281-1288 (2011).</li></ol>

Yazarlar herhangi bir mali çıkarlarını beyan.

Spinal kord iskemi reperfüzyon sekonder parapleji az anlaşılmış patolojilerin 9 arasında bir kompleks sonucudur. Bu en yaygın olarak torakoabdominal aort ameliyattan sonra görülen da, bu tür disseksiyonlarda, travma, embolik olaylar, vaskülit, sistemik hipotansiyon ve 10 gibi diğer bir sıvının çeşitli parapleji neden olabilir. Bu yaralanma daha fazla anlayışa ve bu yaralanma ortadan kaldırmak için gelecekteki hedeflerini sağlamak için, hayvan modelleri bir zorunluluk haline g...

Alt ekstremite felci, torakoabdominal müdahaleleri zorlaştırmaya devam etmektedir. Spinal kord iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarı (SCIR) olarak bilinen yaralanması, yüksek riskli hastalarda 1 ile% 20 kadar felç ile sonuçlanır. Böyle sol kalp bypass, lomber cerbrospinal sıvı kanalizasyon, hipotermik dolaşım durması ve interkostal arter reimplantation gibi cerrahi ilaveler bu komplikasyonun 2 insidansını azalttı, ancak, çok fazla hasta etkilenmeye devam. Klinik olarak, spinal kord, iskemi ve reperfüzyon yaralanması müdahale 3 Aşağıdaki felç anında ya da geç olarak görülmektedir. Ancak, bu yaralanma anlayışımız mekanik ayrıntı eksikliği boğulmuş olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, birkaç seçenek ortaya çıktıktan sonra hasarı azaltmak için kullanılabilir. Dolayısıyla omurilik iskemisi küçük bir hayvan, kemirgen, modeli Ilan ve reperfüzyon yaralanması için adresdaha iyi patogenezi karakterize. Bugüne kadar çalışmaların çoğunluğu bu yaralanma, yani sıçan 4, tavşan 5, ve domuz 6 modelleri karakterize etmek için büyük hayvan modelleri kullanılmıştır. Ancak bu, maliyet, karmaşıklık, değişken tekrarlanabilirlik, ve en önemlisi, genetik manipülasyon için uygun teknikler eksikliği ile sınırlıdır. Bu yayınlanmış hayvan modellerinin en güvenilir tavşanlarda abdominal aortun infrarenal çapraz kenetlenmesini içerir. Bununla birlikte, insan anterior spinal nöronlar çoğunlukla daha yakın şube 7 kendi damar tedarik türetmek. Bu modellerde omurilik değişken damar anatomisi klinik kullanıma sonuçları geçiş zorluk ekler. Bu el yazması klinik olarak anlamlı ve istihdam kolay torakal aort tıkanıklığı sonrası hemen veya gecikmeli parapleji için bir model sunuyor. Mini sternoto yoluyla arkus maruziyetbenim az invaziv ve minimal morbidite ve mortalite ile yüksek tekrarlanabilir sonuçlar ortaya çıkarabilir. Zorluklar ve teknik nüansları olmadan değil bu model, bu kolayca uygulanabilir arka ekstremite felci bir model üretmek için dikkatli diseksiyon ve doku kullanımı ile aşılabilir iken.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="749">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">VMS Anesthesia Machine</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">MDS Matrx</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Vet One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13985-528-60</td>
			<td>2.0% through nose cone&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Induction Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Vet Equip</td>
			<td>941444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heating Bed</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Vestavia Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser Doppler Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Moor Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VMS-LDF1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5-0 Suture, Polyester</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Surgidac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VD-551</td>
			<td>Taper Needel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Microdissecting Clips</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Biomedical Research Insturments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-1030, 14-1060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Fine Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Forceps, needle holder</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reproducable paraplegia by thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion

Arka plân Alt ekstremite felci aort müdahaleleri zorlaştırmaya devam etmektedir. Altta yatan patolojinin anlayış eksikliği oluşumda bu yaralanmayı azaltmak için gelişmeler engellemiştir. Mevcut model torakal aort tıkanıklığı sonrası tekrarlanabilir alt ekstremite felci gösterir. Yöntemler Yetişkin erkek C57BL6 farenin izofluran ile anestezi uygulandı. Bir cervicosternal kesiden aort maruz kaldı. Inen aorta ve sol subklavian arter plevral boşluğa girmeden, tespit edilmiştir. Bu damarların iskeletizasyonu 4 dakika boyunca (orta iskemi) veya 8 dak (uzun süreli iskemi) için hemen kapağın (Sham) veya oklüzyonu takip etmektedir. Sternotomi ve cilt kapatıldı ve fare kurtarma için ısınma yatağa aktarıldı. Kurtarma sonra, fonksiyonel analiz, 48 saat kadar 12 saatlik aralıklarla elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar Sham ameliyat fareler hiçbir gözlemlenebilir arka bacak açığı gösterdi. 4 dakika boyunca ılımlı iskemi maruz Fareler 48 saatte felç tamamlamak için ilerlemesi ardından 12 saat minimal fonksiyonel açığı vardı. Uzamış iskemi maruz Fareler postoperatif dönemde herhangi bir noktasında hiçbir gözlemlenebilir arka-bacak hareketi ile anında felç vardı. Hiçbir gözlenen intraoperatif veya post operatif mortalite yoktu. Sonuç Olup derhal veya gecikmeli yeniden üretilebilir alt ekstremite felç bir murin modelinde elde edilebilir. Ayrıca, medyan sternotomi ve dikkatli diseksiyonu, yüksek hayatta kalma oranları ve tekrarlanabilirlik kullanılarak elde edilebilir.

Fareler sham ameliyat (n = 3) veya 4 (n = 3), 8 dakika boyunca aort tıkanıklığı (n = 3). Ameliyat sonrasında fareler Basso Fare Puanına (Şekil 1) ile derecelendirildi. Sham ameliyat Fareler postoperatif herhangi bir noktasında hiçbir gözlemlenebilir fonksiyonel eksiklikleri vardı. Ilımlı iskemi (4 dk) tabi Fareler 48 saat ile felç tamamlamak için ilerici fonksiyonel gerileme ile 12 saat normal arka ekstremite fonksiyonu yakın vardı. Uzamış iskemi grubunda (8 dk) fareler herhangi kaza...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion at JoVE.com

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Spinal kord iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarı mekanistik anlayış eksikliği, yüksek riskli aort operasyonları aşağıdaki paraplejiyi önlemek için ek maddeler engellemiştir. Bu nedenle, hayvan modellerinin geliştirilmesi zorunludur. Bu el yazması bir fare modelinde torakal aort tıkanıklığı sonrası tekrarlanabilir alt ekstremite felci gösterir.

Spinal Kord İskemi-reperfüzyon bir Mürin Modelinde Torasik Aort Tıkanıklığı tarafından tekrarlanabilir Parapleji

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

reproducable-paraplegia-thoracic-aortic-occlusion-murine-model-spinal

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Colorado.  Spinal kord iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarı mekanistik anlayış eksikliği, yüksek riskli aort operasyonları aşağıdaki paraplejiyi önlemek için ek maddeler engellemiştir. Bu nedenle, hayvan modellerinin geliştirilmesi zorunludur. Bu el yazması bir fare modelinde torakal aort tıkanıklığı sonrası tekrarlanabilir alt ekstremite felci gösterir. 

Video: Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

Sıçanlarda Spinal Kord Yaralanma sonrası Akut ve Kronik Dokunsal Duyu Testi

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

Tıp

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is described to obtain a consistent model of severe SCI. Use of a stereotactic frame and computer controlled impactor allows for creation of reproducible injury. Hypothermia and urinary tract infection pose significant challenges in the post-operative period. Careful monitoring of animals with daily weight recording and bladder expression allows for early detection of post-operative complications. The functional results of this contusion model are equivalent to transection models. The contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches.

A contusion model of severe spinal cord injury is described. Detailed pre-operative, operative and post-operative steps are described to obtain a consistent model.

Sıçanlarda Şiddetli Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir bere modeli

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

Post-lezyonlu Solunum nöroplastisite Eğitim için Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir fare modeli

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

Sol ön inen arter ligasyonu ile Miyokard İskemi-reperfüzyon Hasarı bir fare modeli

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

A Radyo-telemetrik Sistemi Omurilik transeksiyonu ve Embriyonik Nöral Hücre Greftler Kök Sıçanlarda Kardiyovasküler Fonksiyonu Monitör

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Bağırsak İskemi-reperfüzyon Hasarı Murin Modeli

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

Spinal Kord İskemisinin Sıçan Modelinde Aortik Oklüzyon Sonrası Tekrarlanabilir Motor Bozukluğu

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Two-vessel Occlusion Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion

In this study, a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion mouse model is employed to study cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. A reproducible and reliable mouse model is useful for investigating the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and determining potential therapeutic strategies for patients with stroke. Variations in the anatomy of the circle of Willis of C57BL/6 mice affects their infarct volume after cerebral-ischemia-induced injury. Studies have indicated that distal MCA occlusion (MCAO) can overcome this problem and result in a stable infarct size. In this study, we establish a two-vessel occlusion mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through the interruption of the blood flow to the right MCA. We distally ligate the right MCA and right common carotid artery (CCA) and restore blood flow after a certain period of ischemia. This ischemia-reperfusion injury induces an infarct of stable size and a behavioral deficit. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the ischemic brain within the 24 h infiltration period. Additionally, the neuronal loss in the cortical area is less for a longer reperfusion duration. Therefore, this two-vessel occlusion model is suitable for investigating the immune response and neuronal recovery during the reperfusion period after cerebral ischemia.

A mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is established to investigate the pathophysiology of stroke. We distally ligate the right middle cerebral artery and right common carotid artery and restore blood flow after 10 or 40 min of ischemia.

Serebral iskemi-reperfüzyon iki damar tıkanıklığı fare modeli

In this study, a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion mouse model is employed to study cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. A reproducible and reliable mouse ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via recanalization of the coronary artery is the most effective strategy for reducing the size of ischemic myocardium. The coronary microvasculature cannot be visualized and imaged&#160;in vivo, but there are several invasive and noninvasive techniques that can be used to assess parameters which depend directly on coronary microvascular function. The endothelial function after ischemia reperfusion can be assessed also at the level of the coronary circulation via the coronary flow reserve (CFR).&#160;In this study, peak velocity of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured in rats in vivo via Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography during resting and stress challenge (induced by Dobutamine). A normal heart can increase its coronary blood flow up to four times above the resting values during stress induction. Following ischemia reperfusion, we found a significantly diminished CFR, which can be used as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction. CFR has opened a window on the importance of microvascular dysfunction and has been shown to predict cardiovascular risk independent of whether the severe obstructive disease is present.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR), is defined as the ratio of maximal coronary blood flow to the resting coronary blood flow. We present a protocol for evaluating CFR in rats via ultrasound, which offers the opportunity to predict cardiovascular risk factors in the absence of obstructive coronary disease.

Farelerde miyokardiyal Iskemi reperfüzyon sonrası koroner akış rezervi değerlendirilmesi

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

Murine Surgical Model of Topical Elastase Induced Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

According to the Center for Disease Control, aortic aneurysms (AAs) were considered a leading cause of death in all races and both sexes from 1999-2016. An aneurysm forms as a result of progressive weakening and eventual dilation of the aorta, which can rupture or tear once it reaches a critical diameter. Aneurysms of the descending aorta in the chest, called descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (dTAA), make up a large proportion of aneurysm cases in the United States. Uncontained dTAA rupture is almost universally lethal, and elective repair has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of our model is to study dTAA specifically, to elucidate the pathophysiology of dTAA and to search for molecular targets to halt the growth or reduce the size of dTAA. By having a murine model to study thoracic pathology precisely, targeted therapies can be developed to specifically test dTAA. The method is based on the placement of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) directly on the outer murine aortic wall after surgical exposure. This creates a destructive and inflammatory reaction, which weakens the aortic wall and allows for aneurysm formation over weeks to months. Though murine models possess limitations, our dTAA model produces robust aneurysms of predictable size. Furthermore, this model can be used to test genetic and pharmaceutical targets which may arrest dTAA growth or prevent rupture. In human patients, interventions such as these could help avoid aneurysm rupture, and difficult surgical intervention.

We describe a surgical protocol to consistently induce robust descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in mice. The procedure involves left thoracotomy, thoracic aorta exposure, and placement of a sponge soaked in porcine pancreatic elastase on the aortic wall.

Topikal Elastaz Indüklenen İndüklenen Torasik Aort Anevrizması Murine Cerrahi Modeli

According to the Center for Disease Control, aortic aneurysms (AAs) were considered a leading cause of death in all races and both sexes from 1999-2016. ...