Yazarlar son derece değerli tartışmalar ve tavsiyeler ve yararlı tartışmalar ve iş için Bachelet laboratuarında tüm üyeleri S. Douglas teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma Bar-Ilan Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Fakültesi ve Nanoteknoloji ve İleri Malzeme Enstitüsü hibe tarafından desteklenmektedir.

Staples Havuz karışımının hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Tablo 1&#39;de listelenen 96-kuyu plakalar üzerinde sipariş liyofilize DNA nanorobot zımba (Malzeme) ve 10 nmol kadar normalleştirmek. DNA nanorobot tasarımı ve mimarisi ayrıntılı bilgi için Ben-Ishay ve ark., 14 ve Douglas ve ark bakın. 15). </li><li> 100 uM bir konsantrasyonda her bir zımba de sahip DNase / RNase içermeyen ultra-saf sulandırın. Zımba, 10 nmol normalize için, ultra-saf su 100 ul ile sulandırın. </li><li> Havuz çok kanallı pipet ve steril bir 55 ml solüsyon havzası kullanarak her elyaf birlikte 20 ul. Not: nanorobot şekil, zımba havuzda zımba her birinin konsantrasyonu (Çekirdek, Kenarlar, Kolları ve Kılavuzlar dizileri Tablo 1 de dahil olmak üzere) 254 zımba şeritlerinin oluşur beri 394 nM. Zımba havuzundan zımba çıkarma, ya da farklı vol bazı ekleyerekumes ölçüde veriminin azalmasına veya başka bir şekilde katlanmamış agrega neden olabilir. </li></ol> Fabrikasyon Reaksiyon Karışımının 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Standart bir reaksiyon karışımı için (Malzeme, 100 nM stok çözeltisi) iskele DNA 4 pmol karşılık, M13mp18 viral genomun dairesel tek iplikli DNA 40 ul kullanın. Imalat karışımında skafoldun nihai konsantrasyonu 20 nM, nihai hacim 200 ul&#39;dir. <ol><li> Özel ihtiyaçlarına göre iskele DNA miktarını ayarlayın; Bununla birlikte, sabit bir 20 nM&#39;de, reaksiyon karışımı içinde çatgı DNA nihai konsantrasyon tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Sırasıyla 1 ila 10 arasında zımba oranı bir iskele ulaşmak için zımba ekleyin. 20 nM skafold, DNA konsantrasyonu için, 254 Staples&#39;in nihai konsantrasyona sahip her 200 nM&#39;dir. 200 ul son reaksiyon hacmi için zımba havuz karışımı (bölüm 1.2) 102 ul ekleyin. <ol><li> Inci ayrı ayrı belirli Gate dizileri ekleŞu anda e katlama reaksiyon karışımı. Bu oligolar ayrı sipariş ve HPLC saflaştırma gerektirir. 20 nM skafold konsantrasyonu için her oligodan yani 200 nM, Kapı oligolar 1:10 skafold Gate sekansı oranında mevcut olduğundan emin olun. 200 ul katlanır reaksiyon hacmi için 100 uM stok konsantrasyonunda dört Kapısı oligo her biri için 0.4 ul ekleyin. </li></ol></li><li> 1x TAE (40 mM Tris-asetat, 1 mM EDTA) nihai konsantrasyona ulaşmak için 10x TAE tamponu hazır ekleyin. 200 ul katlanır reaksiyon hacmi için, 10x TAE 20 ul ekleyin. </li><li> 10 mM&#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar 1 M MgCI2 ekleyin. 200 ul katlanır reaksiyon hacmi için 1 M MgCl2 2 ul ekleyin. </li><li> 200 ul bir son hacme ulaşmak bir DNaz / RNazsız ultra saf su 36 ul ekle. </li><li> PCR şişelere vorteksleyin ve kısım 100 ul örnekler. Not: Kullanılacak maksimum reaksiyon hacimleri ile ilgili termal döngü şartname danışın.Bu sınırları karşılamak için hacim azaltılması elde verimleri azaltmak olmaz. Verimleri tehlikeye atacaktır belirtilen maksimum yukarıdaki Reaksiyon hacimleri. </li></ol> Fabrikasyon Reaksiyon 3. Sıcaklık Tavlama Rampa <ol><li> Program termal cycler takip gibidir: <ol><li> 5 dakika / ° C arasında bir oranda 60 ° C&#39;ye kadar 85 ° C Rampa. </li><li> Rampa 60 ° C 75 dak / ° C arasında bir oranda 4 ° C arasındadır. </li><li> Belirsiz bir süre 4 ° C&#39;de tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Sonra fabrikasyon -20 ° C&#39;de mağaza örnekleri sona erdi. </li></ol> Aşırı Staples 4. Kaldırma <ol><li> 100 kDa MWCO bir ile 0,5 ml santrifüj filtre katlama reaksiyon karışımına 100 ul ekle. Daha sonra analiz için nanorobots ön arıtma bir 10 ul örnek kaydedin. </li><li> 9600 x g&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca santrifüj. </li><li> Katlama tamponu içinde 400 ul (1 x TAE, 10 mM MgCI2) ekleyin. </li><li> Tekrarlayın iki kez daha 4.2 ve 4.3 adımları tekrarlayın. </li><li>9600 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca santrifüje. </li><li> 9600 x g&#39;de 1 dakika boyunca temiz bir mikrosantrifüj tüp ve spin ters filtreyi koyarak konsantre kurtarın. Nihai hacmi filtre konulmuştur üretim tepkime karışımının başlangıç ​​hacmine bağlı olarak değişebilir. Tipik haliyle, konsantre nanorobot numunenin bir 25-60 ul nihai hacim elde edilir. </li><li> 260 nm&#39;de spektrofotometre aracılığıyla örneklerde DNA konsantrasyonu ölçülür. Nanorobot örneklerinin mol konsantrasyonları hesaplanırken 5,3 ug / pmol moleküler ağırlığa kullanın. Not: dsDNA molar sönüm katsayısı, 50 ug / OD 260, bir çok uygulama için yeterli olmaktadır. 48 ug / OD 260 Kenarları zımba de dikkate ssDNA uzanan poli timin alır. </li></ol> Katlanmış Nanorobots 5. Jel Elektroforez Analizi Agaroz <ol><li> 0.5x TBE (45 mM Tris-Borate, 1mM EDTA),% 2 agaroz jel Preparasyon 10 mM MgCl2 ile desteklenmiş </sub&gt; (Ernesto Castro ve ark uyarlanmış 21.): <ol><li> GKD 2 O. 118.75 ml 10x TBE hisse tamponu 6.25 ml seyreltilmesi ile 0.5x TBE tamponu hazırlayın </li><li> 0.5x TBE tamponu 125 ml agaroz 2.5 g çözündürülür. </li><li> Agaroz tamamen eriyene kadar mikrodalga kaynatın. </li><li> 10 mM&#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar 1 M MgCI2, 1.25 ml ilave edilir. </li><li> 10 mg 7 ul ekle / ml etidyum bromür. </li><li> Biraz serin çözümü için bekleyin ve agaroz jel katılaşır önce jel tepsisi doldurun. Hemen istenen tarak takın. </li><li> GKD 2 O 940 ml 0.5x TBE MgCl2 10x TBE tamponu hazır 50 ml, 1 M, 10 ml ilave etmek suretiyle tampon çalışan 1 L hazırlayın </li><li> Jel buz banyosu içinde elektroforez cihazına tampon ve koyun cihazı çalıştıran katı eklenti sonra. </li></ol></li><li> Bir iskele yanında nanorobots öncesi arınma Yük 1 ug toplam DNA (adım 3.2) ve sonrası saflaştırma (adım 4.7),DNA numunesi ve jel üzerine, bir 1 kb DNA marker ile etiketlenebilir. Bir örnek, Şekil 2&#39;de verilmiştir. Numunelerin fiili hacim saflaştırmadan sonra elde edilen konsantrasyonları bağlıdır. 6 nihai hacim oranı: Her numune, bir 1, yükleme tamponu ile yüklenir. </li><li> 80 V güç kaynağı olarak ayarlayın ve 3 saat jel çalıştırın. Buz ve su ile doldurulmuş bir küvet jel çalıştırın. Nanorobots açılmak ve agaroz jel elektroforez sırasında ısınır eğer smear olarak görünecektir. Elektroforez sırasında ısıtma cihazı tutmak için ek buz ekleyin. </li><li> UV masaya gör jel (Şekil 2). </li></ol> Uranil-format ile Nanorobot 6. Negatif Leke <ol><li> % 2&#39;lik üranil-format stok solüsyonunun hazırlanması (Castro et al uyarlanmış 23).: <ol><li> 15 ml&#39;lik bir tüp içine uranil-format tozun 100 mg tartılır. </li><li> 3 dakika kaynatın DNaz / RNaz ücretsiz ultra saf su de-oksijenatı için. </li><li> Deoksijene sıcak su 5 ml (~ 60 ° C)(önceki aşamadan) uranil-format ihtiva eden bir toz 15 ml tüp içine. Sıkıca kapağı kapatın, (bir girdaba tutturmak tüp) titizlikle 10 dakika süreyle alüminyum folyo ve vorteks olarak sarın. Çözüm sarı renk ile bulanık görünmelidir. </li><li> 0.2 mikron şırınga fi ltre ile Filtre çözümü. Çözüm açık hale gelmelidir. </li><li> Kısım mikrosantrifüj tüpleri içine çözeltisi 200 ul. </li><li> Tüpün dibinde havuz örnekleri masa üstü santrifüj 5 dakika boyunca maksimum hızda santrifüj. </li></ol></li><li> Izgara ve negatif boyama numunenin yükleme: <ol><li> % 2&#39;lik üranil-format çözeltisi (6.1 bölümünde tarif edilmiş) bir 200 ul tablet çözülmesini sağlayın. 3 dakika boyunca dikkatli bir 0.5 M NaOH çözeltisi ve girdap 10 ul ekle. Bir masa üstü santrifüj kullanılarak 5 dakika süreyle maksimum hızda santrifüj. </li><li> Bu arada, kızdırma deşarj ızgara 0,2 mbar oda havasını kullanarak ve 25 mA 30 sn. </li><li> Saflaştırmadan sonra 2 nM nanorobot örnek 15 ul ekle (sectiızgara üst tarafında üzerine 4.7) üzerine (forseps ile düzenlenen) ve 1 dakika boyunca absorbe edelim. Filtre kağıdının üstüne ızgara koyarak fazla sıvıyı boşaltmak için fi ltresi kağıdı kullanın. Izgara yüzeyine dokunmayın. </li><li> Izgara üst tarafında üzerine (adım 6.2.1 itibaren)% 2 uranil-format 10 ul ekleyin (forseps ile yapılan). </li><li> Hızla filtre kağıdının üstüne ızgara koyarak fazla sıvıyı boşaltmak için fi ltresi kağıdı kullanın. Izgara yüzeyine dokunmayın. </li><li> Tekrarlayın 6.2.4 ve 6.2.5 numaralı adımları. </li><li> Izgara üst tarafında üzerine (adım 6.2.1 itibaren)% 2 uranil-format 10 ul ekleyin (forseps ile yapılan). Boyama çözeltisi 30 saniye boyunca absorbe olsun. </li><li> Filtre kağıdının üstüne ızgara koyarak fazla sıvıyı boşaltmak için fi ltresi kağıdı kullanın. Izgara yüzeyine dokunmayın. </li><li> Izgara, en az 30 dakika süreyle tamamen kurumaya TEM içine enjekte önce, bir filtre kağıdı üzerinde edelim. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Biz DNA nanorobot imalatı, arıtma, ve görselleştirme nitelendirdi. Cihazın altıgen şasi imalatı takiben, nanorobot fonksiyonu kolayca nedeniyle mevcut tek iplikli yerleştirme siteleri 14 ile hidrojen bağlayıcı tamamlayıcılık onların belirlenen pozisyon bulmak robot özgü kargo basit giriş ve algılama ipliklerini ile programlanır , 15,22. Tarif edilen imalat protokolü, genellikle origami şekilleri geniş bir katlama laboratuarımızda kullanılmış...

Nükleik asitler nanoteknoloji için kullandığı şaşırtıcı. Watson-Crick baz eşleştirme tractability olarak ısmarlama oligoların 2 büyük ölçekli sentezi kolaylığı ve nispeten düşük maliyetli bir DNA nanoteknoloji alanında uygulamalar 3 patlamasını ve araştırma üretti. Temel yapı taşı olarak hareketsiz Seeman kavşak 4,5&#39;ten dayalı yapısal DNA nanoteknoloji, keyfi şekilleri 6-8 inşası için bir öz-montaj ilköğretim ünite olarak DNA kullanımını kolaylaştırır. Desteksiz DNA origami 9 tekniğin son gelişme alt nanometre hassasiyetle karmaşık 2D / 3D nano mimarileri 10-12 inşası için izin verir ve artan karmaşıklığı ve şaşırtıcı çeşitliliği ile yeni işlevsel nesneler oluşturmak için etkili bir yoldur. Inşaat süreci uzun skafold, tek iplikli DNA dayanır, genellikle viral genom türetilmişKısa tek iplikli DNA oligo yüzlerce melezleşme yoluyla katlanabilir, e zımba denilen. Fabrikasyon tekrarlanabilirliği elde maksimum hidrojen bağlayıcı tamamlayıcılık kolaylaştırmak için kısa, tek iplikli zımba dizileri terzilik sonucu ise bu teknikle elde edilen yüksek çözünürlüklü yapısal, DNA çift sarmal doğal boyutlarının doğrudan bir sonucudur. Yavaş sıcaklık tavlama kullanımı ile termodinamik tercih nanoyapı yüksek verim ve sadakat ulaşılır tasarlanmış düşük-enerji, rampa. Bir bilgisayar kodu kavşak tasarım kurallarının uygulanması son derece kolay bağlanan kavşaklar yüzlerce içeren büyük, karmaşık yapıların tasarlama görevi kolaylaştırmak gibi caDNAno 13 olarak CAD araçları, gelişmesini, etkin. Daha önce caDNAno aracı 14,15 yardımıyla bir DNA nanorobot tasarımını tarif. Burada imalat tasvir vetransmisyon elektron mikroskobu (TEM) ile görselleştirme, boyutları nanorobot 3B, içi boş altıgen nanodevice, önceden tespit edilmiş bir uyarım ve mevcut spesifik yük, yanıt olarak büyük bir uygun bir değişiklik geçiren için tasarlanmış 35 x 35 x 50 mil 3, örneğin protein ya da nükleik asit oligo olarak içeri birikir. 12 yükleme istasyonu boş kasanın içinde mevcut olmakla birlikte, bağlı yüklerin gerçek sayısı kargo boyutu ile değişir. Kargo molekülleri küçük DNA moleküllerinden enzimler, antikorlar ve 5-10 nm altın nanopartiküller değişir. Her nanorobot farklı moleküllerin bir karışımını ihtiva ettiği şekilde, muntazam ya da heterojen Cargocan ya. Algılama aptasensor 16,17 veya DNA zincir yerinden 18 teknolojiler üzerinde ya, proteinler, nükleik asitleri ve diğer kimyasalları anlamda iki çift sarmal kilitleme kapıları tasarım yoluyla elde dayanmaktadır. Aptamer seçimi protokolleri 19-21 son gelişmeler yanıt nanorobots tasarımını sağlayanmoleküller ve hücre tipleri artan aralığı. Daha önce eser, antijene bağlanma önleyici bir ya da karma hücre grubunun 15 belirli hücre tipleri içine verimli bir sinyal, ya geçirebilmesi üzerine spesifik bir antikor, bir taşıma nanorobot göstermiştir. Bu nanocihazların bir heyecan verici özelliği, tek bir popülasyonda farklı nanorobot alt tiplerinin tanıtımıyla daha karmaşık görevleri ve mantık kontrolü gerçekleştirmek için yeteneğidir. Son zamanlarda aktif kargo molekülü 22 içeren bir efektör nüfus kontrol pozitif veya negatif düzenleyiciler ya da performans nanorobots belirli alt tipleri gösterdi. Burada sunulan protokol nanorobot 15,22 açılmasını kolaylaştırmak için PDGF&#39;ye seçici olarak bağlanan aptamer sensör dizileri ile işlenir bir nanorobot imalatı, saflaştırma ve görüntüleme açıklanmaktadır. Açıklanan imalat süreci n benzerverim ve arıtma oranlarını artırırken anorobot fabrikasyon süreci başlangıçta, Douglas ve arkadaşları ark., genel işlem süresini azaltmaya yönelik değişikliklerle 15 ile tasvir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase/RNase free distilled water</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10977</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M13mp18 ssDNA scaffold</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>N4040S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x TAE</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15558-042</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M MgCl2</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9530G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra 0.5 mL centrifugal filter 100K MWCO</td>
			<td>Amicon</td>
			<td>UFC510024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V3125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBE buffer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V4251</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium bromide 10mg/ml solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E1510</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 kb DNA marker</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>N3232S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loading Dye</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B7021S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>uranyl formate</td>
			<td>polysciences</td>
			<td>24762</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carbon-coated TEM grids&#160;</td>
			<td>Science services</td>
			<td>EFCF400-Cu-50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal Cycler c1000 Touch</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glow Discharge K100X</td>
			<td>Emitech</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV table Gel Doc EZ Imager</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 2000c</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM FEI-G12</td>
			<td>Tecnai</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

folding and characterization of a bio-responsive robot from dna origami

DNA nanorobot içinde münzevi belirli uyaranlara ve mevcut kargo yanıt açmak için tasarlanmış bir oyuk altıgen nanometrik cihazdır. Her iki uyaranlara ve kargo özel ihtiyaçlarına göre uyarlanabilir. Burada DNA origami tekniği ile, bir DNA nanorobot imalat protokol açıklar. Prosedür daha sonra bir katlama tampon maddesinin mevcudiyetinde, uzun dairesel, tek sarmal bir DNA iskele eklenir stok karışımı içine kısa tek kordonlu bir DNA zımba karıştırılmasıyla başlatır. Standart termo cycler giderek nanorobot katlanması arkasındaki temel güçtür zımba-to-iskele tavlama, kolaylaştırmak için karıştırma reaksiyon sıcaklığını düşürmek için programlanmıştır. 60 saat katlama Reaksiyon tamamlandıktan sonra, fazla zımba agaroz-jel elektroforezi (AGE) ile görselleştirme, ardından bir santrifüj filtre kullanılarak atılır. Son olarak, nanorobot başarılı imalat (TEM) transmisyon elektron mikroskobu ile doğrulanır,Negatif bir boya olarak uranil-format kullanılarak.

Örnek sonuçlar Şekil 2A&#39;da gösterilmiştir. Tüm yolları spektrofotometre (OD 260) üzerinden ölçülen toplam DNA&#39;nın 1 ug içerir. Dairesel tek iplikli DNA iskele (Şerit 2) ile karşılaştırıldığında, nanorobots nedeniyle daha yüksek bir moleküler ağırlığa jelde engellenmektedir, skafold DNA zımba hibridizasyon sonucu (Şerit 3. Kırmızı ok). Şerit 3&#39;te düşük moleküler ağırlık şeridinin skafold DNA (yeşil ok) bağlanmazken, fazla zımba temsil ed...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami at JoVE.com

Origami'den Biyo-Duyarlı Bir Robotun Katlanması ve Karakterizasyonu | Kimya | Video

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

DNA Origami bir Bio-duyarlı Robot katlanması ve Karakterizasyonu

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

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14.4K Görüntüleme.  Bar-Ilan University. DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM). 

Video: Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

There are numerous techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography and soft-lithography that can be used to precisely pattern two dimensional (2D) structures. These technologies are mature, offer high precision and many of them can be implemented in a high-throughput manner. We leverage the advantages of planar lithography and combine them with self-folding methods1-20 wherein physical forces derived from surface tension or residual stress, are used to curve or fold planar structures into three dimensional (3D) structures. In doing so, we make it possible to mass produce precisely patterned static and reconfigurable particles that are challenging to synthesize.
In this paper, we detail visualized experimental protocols to create patterned particles, notably, (a) permanently bonded, hollow, polyhedra that self-assemble and self-seal due to the minimization of surface energy of liquefied hinges21-23 and (b) grippers that self-fold due to residual stress powered hinges24,25. The specific protocol described can be used to create particles with overall sizes ranging from the micrometer to the centimeter length scales. Further, arbitrary patterns can be defined on the surfaces of the particles of importance in colloidal science, electronics, optics and medicine. More generally, the concept of self-assembling mechanically rigid particles with self-sealing hinges is applicable, with some process modifications, to the creation of particles at even smaller, 100 nm length scales22, 26 and with a range of materials including metals21, semiconductors9 and polymers27. With respect to residual stress powered actuation of reconfigurable grasping devices, our specific protocol utilizes chromium hinges of relevance to devices with sizes ranging from 100 &mu;m to 2.5 mm. However, more generally, the concept of such tether-free residual stress powered actuation can be used with alternate high-stress materials such as heteroepitaxially deposited semiconductor films5,7 to possibly create even smaller nanoscale grasping devices.

We describe experimental details of the synthesis of patterned and reconfigurable particles from two dimensional (2D) precursors. This methodology can be used to create particles in a variety of shapes including polyhedra and grasping devices at length scales ranging from the micro to centimeter scale.

Origami Inspired Desenli ve Reconfigurable Parçacıkların Self-assembly

There are numerous techniques such as photolithography, electron-beam lithography and soft-lithography that can be used to precisely pattern two ...

Kimya

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS can be subdivided into three domains: the distal O-polysaccharide, a core oligosaccharide, and the lipid A domain consisting of a lipid A molecular species and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid residues (Kdo). The lipid A domain is the only component essential for bacterial cell survival. Following its synthesis, lipid A is chemically modified in response to environmental stresses such as pH or temperature, to promote resistance to antibiotic compounds, and to evade recognition by mediators of the host innate immune response. The following protocol details the small- and large-scale isolation of lipid A from gram-negative bacteria. Isolated material is then chemically characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) or mass-spectrometry (MS). In addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, we also describe tandem MS protocols for analyzing lipid A molecular species using electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to collision induced dissociation (CID) and newly employed ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) methods. Our MS protocols allow for unequivocal determination of chemical structure, paramount to characterization of lipid A molecules that contain unique or novel chemical modifications. We also describe the radioisotopic labeling, and subsequent isolation, of lipid A from bacterial cells for analysis by TLC. Relative to MS-based protocols, TLC provides a more economical and rapid characterization method, but cannot be used to unambiguously assign lipid A chemical structures without the use of standards of known chemical structure. Over the last two decades isolation and characterization of lipid A has led to numerous exciting discoveries that have improved our understanding of the physiology of gram-negative bacteria, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the human innate immune response, and have provided many new targets in the development of antibacterial compounds.

Isolation and characterization of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria provides insight into cell surface based mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, bacterial survival and fitness, and how chemically diverse lipid A molecular species differentially modulate host innate immune responses.

Gram-negatif bakterilerin izolasyonu ve Lipid A kimyasal karakterizasyonu

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS ...

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

The traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified phosphoramidite precursors to the nascent chain. However, the conditions used during the synthesis and the restriction to rather short sequences hamper the applicability of this methodology. On the other hand, modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated building blocks that have been employed for the mild introduction of numerous functional groups into nucleic acids, a strategy that paves the way for the use of modified nucleic acids in a wide-ranging palette of practical applications such as functional tagging and generation of ribozymes and DNAzymes. One of the major challenges resides in the intricacy of the methodology leading to the isolation and characterization of these nucleoside analogues.
	
	In this video article, we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of these modified analogues using phosphorous(III)-based reagents. In addition, the procedure for their biochemical characterization is divulged, with a special emphasis on primer extension reactions and TdT tailing polymerization. This detailed protocol will be of use for the crafting of modified dNTPs and their further use in chemical biology.

The protocol described herein aims to explain and abridge the numerous obstacles in the way of the intricate route leading to modified nucleoside triphosphates. Consequently, this protocol facilitates both the synthesis of these activated building-blocks and their availability for practical applications.

Nükleosid trifosfatlar - sentezinden Biyokimyasal Karakterizasyonu için

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Fonksiyonlu Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu Metal-organik Altyapıları

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

Oxidative stress is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, leading to the oxidation of biomacromolecules, including DNA. Therefore, efficient detection of DNA oxidation is important for a variety of research disciplines, including medicine and toxicology. A common biomarker of oxidatively damaged DNA is 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo; often erroneously referred to as 8-hydroxy-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dGuo or 8-oxo-dG)). Several protocols for 8-oxo-dGuo measurement by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) have been described. However, these were mainly applied to purified DNA treated with pro-oxidants. In addition, due to methodological differences between laboratories, mainly due to differences in analytical equipment, the adoption of published methods for detection of 8-oxo-dGuo by HPLC-ED requires careful optimization by each laboratory. A comprehensive protocol, describing such an optimization process, is lacking. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the detection of 8-oxo-dGuo by HPLC-ED, in DNA from cultured cells or animal tissues. It illustrates how DNA sample preparation can be easily and rapidly optimized to minimize undesirable DNA oxidation that can occur during sample preparation. This protocol shows how to detect 8-oxo-dGuo in cultured human alveolar adenocarcinoma cells (i.e., A549 cells) treated with the oxidizing agent KBrO3, and from the spleen of mice exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC, formerly known as dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, DalP). Overall, this work illustrates how an HPLC-ED methodology can be readily optimized for the detection of 8-oxo-dGuo in biological samples.

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&amp;#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

The goal of this protocol is the detection of the DNA oxidation marker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo) by HPLC-ED, in DNA from cultured cells or animal tissues.

DNA, Oksidasyon Biomarker HPLC ölçümü, 8-okso-7,8-dihidro-2&#39;-deoksiganozin, Kültürlenmiş Hücrelerde ve hayvansal dokular

Oxidative stress is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, leading to the oxidation of ...

Preparation of Mica and Silicon Substrates for DNA Origami Analysis and Experimentation

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of these applications require interaction with and adhesion of DNA nanostructures to a substrate. Due to its atomically flat and easily cleaned nature, mica has been the substrate of choice for DNA origami experiments. However, the practical applications of mica are relatively limited compared to those of semiconductor substrates. For this reason, a straightforward, stable, and repeatable process for DNA origami adhesion on derivatized silicon oxide is presented here. To promote the adhesion of DNA nanostructures to silicon oxide surface, a self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) is deposited from an aqueous solution that is compatible with many photoresists. The substrate must be cleaned of all organic and metal contaminants using Radio Corporation of America (RCA) cleaning processes and the native oxide layer must be etched to ensure a flat, functionalizable surface. Cleanrooms are equipped with facilities for silicon cleaning, however many components of DNA origami buffers and solutions are often not allowed in them due to contamination concerns. This manuscript describes the set-up and protocol for in-lab, small-scale silicon cleaning for researchers who do not have access to a cleanroom or would like to incorporate processes that could cause contamination of a cleanroom CMOS clean bench. Additionally, variables for regulating coverage are discussed and how to recognize and avoid common sample preparation problems is described.

Reproducible cleaning processes for substrates used in DNA origami research are described, including bench-top RCA cleaning and derivatization of silicon oxide. Protocols for surface preparation, DNA origami deposition, drying parameters, and simple experimental set-ups are illustrated.

DNA Origami Analiz ve Deney için Mika ve Silikon Yüzeyler Hazırlanması

The designed nature and controlled, one-pot synthesis of DNA origami provides exciting opportunities in many fields, particularly nanoelectronics. Many of ...

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 &#181;g/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 oC over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the preparation and characterization of physically entrapped, poorly water soluble drugs in micellar drug delivery systems composed of amphiphilic block copolymers.

Hazırlanması ve Bireysel Karakterizasyonu ve Multi-ilaç Fiziksel, polimerik misellerin Entrapped Loaded

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Supramoleküler Kolloidlerin Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) areone of the major groups of persistent organic pollutants. The group-specific detection of PAEs is highly desired due to the rapid growing of congeners. DNA aptamers have been increasingly applied as recognition elements on biosensor platforms, but selecting aptamers toward highly hydrophobic small molecule targets, such as PAEs, is rarely reported. This work describes a bead-based method designed to select group-specific DNA aptamers to PAEs. The amino group functionalized dibutyl phthalate (DBP-NH2) as the anchor target was synthesized and immobilized on the epoxy-activated agarose beads, allowing the display of the phthalic ester group at the surface of the immobilization matrix, and therefore the selection of the group-specific binders. We determined the dissociation constants of the aptamer candidates by quantitative polymerization chain reaction coupled with magnetic separation. The relative affinities and selectivity of the aptamers to other PAEs were determined by the competitive assays, where the aptamer candidates were pre-bounded to the DBP-NH2 attached magnetic beads and released to the supernatant upon incubation with the tested PAEs or other potential interfering substances. The competitive assay was applied because it provided a facile affinity comparison among PAEs that had no functional groups for surface immobilization. Finally, we demonstrated the fabrication of an electrochemical aptasensor and used it for ultrasensitive and selective detection of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. This protocol provides insights for the aptamer discovery of other hydrophobic small molecules.

A protocol for the in vitro selection and characterization of group-specific phthalic acid ester- binding DNA aptamers is presented. The application of the selected aptamer in an electrochemical aptasensor is also included.

Maddedir asit Ester-bağlama DNA Aptamer seçimi, karakterizasyonu ve elektrokimyasal bir Aptasensor uygulamaya

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) areone of the major groups of persistent organic pollutants. The group-specific detection of PAEs is highly desired due to the ...

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

This article presents a detailed protocol for synthesis of small circular DNA molecules, annealing of circular DNA motifs, and construction of 1D and 2D DNA nanostructures. Over decades, the rapid development of DNA nanotechnology is attributed to the use of linear DNAs as the source materials. For example, the DAO (double crossover, antiparallel, odd half-turns) tile is well-known as a building block for construction of 2D DNA lattices; the core structure of DAO is made from two linear single-stranded (ss) oligonucleotides, like two ropes making a right hand granny&#160;knot. Herein, a new type of DNA tiles called cDAO (coupled DAO) are built using a small circular ss-DNA of c64nt or c84nt (circular 64 or 84 nucleotides) as the scaffold strand and several linear ss-DNAs as the staple strands. Perfect 1D and 2D nanostructures are assembled from cDAO tiles: infinite nanowires, nanospirals, nanotubes, nanoribbons; and finite nano-rectangles. Detailed protocols are described: 1) preparation by T4 ligase and purification by denaturing PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of small circular oligonucleotides, 2) annealing of stable circular tiles, followed by native PAGE analysis, 3) assembling of infinite 1D nanowires, nanorings, nanospirals, infinite 2D lattices of nanotubes and nanoribbons, and finite 2D nano-rectangles, followed by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) imaging. The method is simple, robust, and affordable for most labs.

This article presents a detailed protocol for T4 ligation and denaturing PAGE purification of small circular DNA molecules, annealing and native PAGE analysis of circular tiles, assembling and AFM imaging of 1D and 2D DNA nanostructures, as well as agarose gel electrophoresis and centrifugation purification of finite DNA nanostructures.

İstikrarlı DNA motifleri, 1D ve 2D nanoyapıların küçük dairesel DNA molekülleri inşa

This article presents a detailed protocol for synthesis of small circular DNA molecules, annealing of circular DNA motifs, and construction of 1D and 2D ...