Bu çalışma NIH hibe R01-GM-098977 ve CBK ve KEG R21-AI-098122 tarafından desteklenmiştir. RSS Mühendislik Thayer School Thayer Yenilik Programı Bursu ile bir Luce Vakfı Bursu tarafından ve kısmen desteklenmiştir.

Dört ana faaliyetleri peptid-MHC II bağlanma tahlili aşağıdaki kısımları içermektedir: 1-Bağlayıcı: Test peptidler çözelti fazı çözünür MHC II proteinlerin bağlanma için etiketli kontrol peptidler ile rekabet eder. Bağlanma Test peptid konsantrasyonları geniş bir aralık üzerinde ölçülür. 2-Yakalama: Bağlanma reaksiyonu dengeye yaklaştıkça sonra, peptid-MHC II kompleksleri yakalanır ve bir hareketsiz kılınmış antikor ile yapıya bağlı tanıma bağlanmamış peptid ve protein ayrılır. 3-Algılama: Çekilen kontrol peptidi nicel zaman çözümlü bir fluoresans kullanılarak tespit edilir. 4-Analizi: Spektroskopik veri, işlenen çizilen ve test peptidi ve MHC II proteinlerinin doza bağımlı bağlanma özelliklerini tespit etmek için analiz edilir. Varsa aşağıdaki prosedüre çeşitli adımlarda, bir sıvı taşıma robot kullanılması tavsiye edilir. Özellikle, 384 oyuklu formatta, otomatik dağıtma ve sıvıların seyreltme daha fazla kullanıcı hatası, sonuçlar en aza indirirtutarlı iyi-kuyu hacimleri ve manuel 96 oyuklu deneyleri (veriler gösterilmemiştir) ile karşılaştırıldığında IC 50 değerleri dar bir% 95 güven aralıklarını verir. Bir sıvı kotarma robotu mevcut değil ise, &quot;(sıvı kotarma robotu)&quot; ile açıklama adımları elle yapılabilir. Mümkünse Benzer şekilde, 384-gözlü formata ile uyumlu olan bir otomatik plaka yıkayıcı tavsiye edilir. Bu etkin plaka yıkama işlemini standardize eder. Bir tabak yıkayıcı mevcut değilse, &quot;(tabak yıkayıcı)&quot; açıklamalı adımları elle yapılabilir. 1.. Coat ELISA Plakası (Gün 1) <ol><li> 10 ug / ml &#39;lik bir konsantrasyona kadar çalışma Borat Tamponu içinde L243 antikor stok (0.5 mg / ml) seyreltin. <ol><li> Kaplamak için tek bir 384-plaka, Borat Tampon 9.8 ml stok antikor 200 ul ekleyin. (Alternatif ölçeklendirme için tamamlayıcı elektronik tablo hesap bakınız). </li></ol></li><li> , 384-w her bir oyuğuna L243 antikor çözeltisi 25 ul ekleell beyaz ELISA plakasını yüksek bağlayıcı. (Sıvı taşıma robotu) </li><li> Bir polyester film ile yalıtılır ve bu plaka, 4 ° C de bir gece inkübe Not: her biri 384-çukurlu ELISA plakası 15 test, bir MHC II aleli için sekiz seyreltilerde peptidler, hem de pozitif ve negatif kontroller için uygun olabilir. Bu sonuçta üçlü ölçümleri verecektir. </li></ol> 2. Test Peptid seyreltme (Gün 1) Marka <ol><li> DMSO içinde her bir test peptidinin bir 10 mM stok ile başlayarak, 384 oyuklu polipropilen plakaları (Tablo 1) kullanılarak sitrat fosfat tamponu içinde aşağıdaki seyreltme serisi olun. (Sıvı taşıma robotu) Not: Tam bir 384-oyuklu polipropilen tabla içinde üç ayrı ELISA plakaları gerektirir. Bir polipropilen plakanın sadece üçte biri, bir ELISA plakasını (Şekil 1) gerekmektedir. </li></ol><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody align="center"><tr><td rowspan="2"> Seyreltme sayısı </td><td> Cilt to önce seyreltme / stok almak </td><td> Ekleme Cilt Sitrat Tampon </td><td> Kons. Seyreltme </td><td> Kons. Cilt Reaksiyonunda </td><td> Kons. nötralize ELISA&#39;da </td></tr><tr><td> (Ul) </td><td> (Ul) </td><td> (UM) </td><td> (UM) </td><td> (UM) </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 0.7 </td><td> 35.1 </td><td> 195,531 </td><td> 97,765 </td><td> 48.883 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 97,765 </td><td> 48.883 </td><td> 24.441 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td> 28.7 </td><td> 19.389 </td><td> 9.695 </td><td> 4.847 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 9.695 </td><td> 4.847 </td><td> 2,424 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td> 28.7 </td><td> 1.923 </td><td> 0.961 </td><td> 0.481 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 0.961 </td><td> 0.481 </td><td> 0.24 </td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> 7.1 </td><td> 28.7 </td><td> 0.191 </td><td> 0.095 </td><td> 0.048 </td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 14.3 </td><td> 0.095 </td><td> 0.048 </td><td> 0.024 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"> Çıkarın ve seyreltme 8 numaradan peptid çözeltisi 7.1 ul atın. </td></tr></tbody></table> Test Peptid seyreltme serisi Tablo 1.. Hazırlanması. <img alt="Şekil 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51308/51308fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51308/51308fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Bağlanma Tahlili Peptid yakınlarındaki Plate. 384 oyuklu polipropilen plakalar içerisinde peptid seyreltisi (A) haritası. Her polipropilen plaka şarkı karşı rekabet bağlama reaksiyonlarında 15 peptidler üç grup ağırlayacak<html> le MHC II aleli. Bağlanma reaksiyonu dengeye yaklaştıkça sonra, (B), her bir peptid grubu, bir anti-MHC II antikoru ile önceden kaplanmış olan ayrı bir 384-çukurlu ELISA plakasına, üç kopya olarak transfer edilir. 3. MHC II Master Mix (Gün 1) hazırlayın <ol><li> Reaksiyon Buffer olun <ol><li> Fosfat Tampon 3920 ul 1 mM Pefa bloku 80 ul ve oktil-β-D-glucopyranaside 60 mg ekleyin. (Alternatif ölçeklendirme için tamamlayıcı elektronik tablo hesap bakınız). </li></ol></li><li> Bir 15 ml konik tüp (Tablo 2) kullanılarak reaksiyon tamponu içinde 101 nM&#39;ye seçilen MHC II stok çözelti seyreltin. Not: MHC II konsantrasyon sonunda nötralize ELISA tahlilinde bağlama reaksiyonu, 25 nM, 50 nM olacaktır. MHC II stok konsantrasyonları üretici yeri sayısına bağlı olarak değişecektir. (Ek-tablo hesap bakınız). </li></ol>&quot;&gt; <tbody><tr><td> MHC II Allel DRB1 *: </td><td> 1501 </td></tr><tr><td> MHC II stok konsantrasyonu (mg / ml) </td><td> 1.3 </td></tr><tr><td> MHC II stok konsantrasyonu (mM) </td><td> 20 </td></tr><tr><td> Vol. MHC II Stok Ekle (ml) </td><td> 14.65 </td></tr><tr><td> Vol. Reaction Buffer Ekle (ml): </td><td> 2.885,35 </td></tr><tr><td> MHC II Master Mix Konsantrasyon (nM) </td><td> 101 </td></tr></tbody></table> MHC II master karışımı Tablo 2.. Hazırlanması. 4. Negatif ve Pozitif Kontroller (Gün 1) hazırlayın <ol><li> Adım 2.1 &#39;den 384 oyuklu polipropilen bir plaka (Şekil 1A) &quot;Negatif kontrol&quot; oyuğuna sitrat fosfat tampon 21.5 ul ekleyin. </li><li> 384 oyuklu polipropilen plakanın &quot;Pozitif kontrol&quot; oyuğuna sitrat fosfat tampon 21.5 ul ekleyin. Not: &quot;pozisyonunutive kontrol &quot;altında, 5. bölümünde tamamlanacaktır. </li><li> Bir 1.5 ml Eppendorf tüpüne adım 3.2 ve pipetten MHC II Master Mix 49.5 ul çıkarın. </li><li> Aşama 4,3 MHC II Master Mix 49.5 ul sitrat tampon 0.5 ul ekleyin. </li><li> 384 oyuklu polipropilen plakanın &quot;Negatif kontrol&quot; oyuk (Şekil 1A) adım 4,4 MHC II Master Mix ayarlandı konsantrasyonunun 21.5 ul ekleyin. Not: Bu örnek MHC II protein, NO kontrol peptit, ve NO deney peptid içeren sıfır sinyal negatif denetimini temsil eder. </li></ol> 5. MHC II Master Mix için uygun kontrol peptidi (Gün 1) ekleme <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> MHC II Allel DRB1 * </td><td> Biyotinile kontrol Peptide </td><td> (Tortu) </td><td> Sekans </td></tr><tr><td> 0101 </td><td> Flu-HA-B </td><td> (306-318) </td><td> Biotin-(Ahx) (Ahx) PRYVKQNTLKLAT-amit </td></tr><tr><td> 0301 </td><td> Miyoglobin </td><td> (137-148) </td><td> Biotin-(Ahx) - (Ahx)-LFRKDIAAKYKE-OH </td></tr><tr><td> 0401 </td><td> YAR-B </td><td> (1-14) </td><td> Biotin-(Ahx) (Ahx) YARFQSQTTLKQKT-OH </td></tr><tr><td> 0701 </td><td> TetTox-B </td><td> (830-843) </td><td> Biotin-(Ahx) (Ahx) QYIKANSKFIGITE-OH </td></tr><tr><td> 1101 </td><td> Flu-HA-B </td><td> (306-318) </td><td> Biotin-(Ahx) (Ahx) PRYVKQNTLKLAT-amit </td></tr><tr><td> 1501 </td><td> MBP-B </td><td> (84-102) </td><td> Biotin-(Ahx) (Ahx) NPVVHFFKNIVTPRTPPPS-OH </td></tr></tbody></table> * Biz, ekonomi için 10 mg ölçek sipariş öneririz. Tablo 3. Çeşitli MHC II alelleri için kontrol Peptides. * <ol><li> 20 uM bir seyreltilmiş stokları elde etmek için taze DMSO (DMSO içinde 400 uM depolanan) kontrol peptidi 1:20 seyreltin. <ol><li> 25 ul 400 uM peptid kontrol ekle475 ul DMSO. Not: Bu büyük bir fazla olmakla birlikte, yapışkan DMSO çözeltisi doğru olarak işlenmesine izin verir. </li></ol></li><li> Adım 3.2 &#39;den daha fazla MHC II Master Mix olarak aşama 5.1 (20 mM) 1:100 arasındaki kontrol peptidi seyreltin. <ol><li> MHC II Master Mix kalan 2,850.5 ul Adım 5.2 &#39;de inceltilmiş kontrol Peptid 28.8 ul ekleyin. </li></ol></li><li> 384 oyuklu polipropilen bir plaka (adım 4.2) (Şekil 1A) pozitif kontrol çukuruna kontrol peptidi (adım 5.2) ile MHC II Master Mix 21.5 ul ekleyin. Not: Bu örnek MHC II protein, kontrol peptid, ve NO deney peptid içeren yüksek sinyal pozitif denetimini temsil eder. </li></ol> 6. Bağlanma reaksiyonu, (Gün 1) Marka <ol><li> Binding reaksiyon oluşturmak için bir 1:1 oranında test Peptid seyreltileri (adım 2.1) her bir kontrol peptidi (adım 5.2) ihtiva eden MHC II Master Mix ekleyin. <ol><li> Con içeren MHC II Master Mix 21.5 ul ekleAdım 2.1 &#39;den her bir test Peptid seyreltme 21.5 ul aşama 5.2&#39; den trol Peptide. (Sıvı taşıma robotu) </li></ol></li><li> Bir polyester film ile kapatın ve Binding Reaction çalkalamadan 37 ° C&#39;de olmayan bir CO2 kuluçka makinesi içinde kontrollü 12-24 saat inkübe edilir. </li></ol> 7. Nötralize ve bağlama reaksiyonu, (Gün 2) transfer <ol><li> 37 ° C inkübatör arasındaki bağlanma reaksiyonu (adım 6.2) ihtiva eden 384 çukurlu polipropilen plaka çıkarın. </li><li> Nötralizasyon Tamponu ile Binding Reaction 1:01 seyreltin. (Sıvı taşıma robotu) <ol><li> Her iyi Binding Reaksiyonuna Nötralizasyon Buffer 43 ul ekleyin. </li></ol></li><li> 4 ° C arasındaki ELISA plakasını (adım 1.3) çıkarın ve PBS-% 0.05 Tween 20 içinde 60 ml / yuva ile 3 kez yıkayın. (Tabak yıkayıcı) </li><li> Aktarım aşama 7.3 antikor kaplı 384-çukurlu ELISA plakasının üç kopyalı oyuklarına aşama 7.2 her bir nötralize bağlanma reaksiyonunda 25 ul. (Şekil 1 </strong&gt;) (sıvı taşıma robotu) </li><li> Gece boyunca, 2.5 saat boyunca 37 ° C kuluçka makinesi içinde ya da 4 ° C buzdolabı içinde bir polyester film ve yer ile ELISA plakasını örtün. </li></ol> 8. ELISA Development (Gün 2 ya da 3) <ol><li> Aşama 7.5 ELISA plaka çıkarın, 60 ul / göz PBS-% 0.05 Tween ile 3 kez yıkayın. (Tabak yıkayıcı) </li><li> DELFIA Test Tamponu içinde Streptavidin-Europium stok çözeltisi (0.1 mg / ml streptavidin, 3 + 7 Eu / streptavidin) 1000-kat seyreltiniz. <ol><li> Bir 384-oyuklu bir plaka için, 10 ml Test Tamponu içinde 10 ul streptavidin-europium seyreltin. </li></ol></li><li> Adım 8.1 &#39;den 384 çukurlu ELISA plakasının her oyuğuna seyreltilmiş streptavidin-Evropiyum 25 ul ekle. (Sıvı taşıma robotu) </li><li> 1 saat boyunca oda sıcaklığında karanlıkta bir polyester film ve yer ile plaka örtün. Not: 1 saat bekleme süresi boyunca buzdolabından Cinsel Çözüm kaldırmak ve RO karanlıkta 10 ml / plaka kenaraom sıcaklığı. </li><li> 1 saat inkübe edildikten sonra, 60 ul / göz PBS-% 0.05 Tween ile adım 8.3 3x gelen 384-çukurlu ELISA plakasını yıkayın. (Tabak yıkayıcı) </li><li> Aşama 8.5 384 çukurlu ELISA plakasının her oyuğuna geliştirme çözeltisi 25 ul ekle. (Sıvı taşıma robotu) </li><li> Bir polyester film ile 384-çukurlu ELISA plaka Kapak ve levha 10-15 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında karanlıkta oturmasına izin verir. </li><li> 200, Dur Int:. 1000, Ex 340, Em 10-15 dakika inkübe edildikten sonra, bir örneğin, Öropiyum zaman ayarları ile çözüldü floresan levha okuyucu (Başlangıç ​​Int kullanarak adım 8.7 384-çukurlu ELISA plakasının floresans okuma . 615, Kesim: Yok, PMT: Otomatik, / Peki Okur: 50). </li></ol> 9. Veri Analizi <ol><li> Yan yan sütunlarda 3 suret değerleri (Y = floresan ölçüm X = test peptid konsantrasyonu) ile XY formatı grafikte verileri girin. </li><li> Tüm veriler için X değerleri log dönüşümü: X = log (X) </li><li> Günlük tra FitIC50 değeri elde etmek için bir site bağlanma modeline veri nsformed. </li><li> Ortalama negatif kontrol değerine alt değerini kısıtlayın. </li><li> Küresel üst değerini uygun ve küresel uyum parametresi altında veya pozitif kontrol eşit olduğunu sigortalamak. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Steere, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic-refractory+Lyme+arthritis+is+associated+with+HLA-DR+molecules+that+bind+a+Borrelia+burgdorferi+peptide.">Antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis is associated with HLA-DR molecules that bind a Borrelia burgdorferi peptide.</a> J. Exp. Med. 203, 961-971 (2006).</li><li>Raddrizzani, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+modes+of+peptide+interaction+enable+HLA-DQ+and+HLA-DR+molecules+to+bind+diverse+peptide+repertoires.">Different modes of peptide interaction enable HLA-DQ and HLA-DR molecules to bind diverse peptide repertoires.</a> J. Immunol. 159, 703-711 (1997).</li><li>Osipovitch, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+analysis+of+immune-evading+enzymes+for+ADEPT+therapy.">Design and analysis of immune-evading enzymes for ADEPT therapy.</a> Protein Eng. Design. 25, 613-623 (2012).</li><li>Moise, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+silico-accelerated+identification+of+conserved+and+immunogenic+variola/vaccinia+T-cell+epitopes.">In silico-accelerated identification of conserved and immunogenic variola/vaccinia T-cell epitopes.</a> Vaccine. 27, 6471-6479 (2009).</li><li>Moise, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+HLA+DR+epitope+de-immunization+of+Factor+VIII+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Effect of HLA DR epitope de-immunization of Factor VIII in vitro and in vivo.</a> Clin. Immunol. 142, 320-331 (2012).</li><li>Aggarwal, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What's+fueling+the+biotech+engine-2011+to+2012.">What's fueling the biotech engine-2011 to 2012.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 1191-1197 (2012).</li><li>Trombetta, E. S., Mellman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+biology+of+antigen+processing+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Cell biology of antigen processing in vitro and in vivo.</a> Ann. Rev. Immunol. 23, 975-1028 (2005).</li><li>Warmerdam, P. A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elimination+of+a+human+T-cell+region+in+staphylokinase+by+T-cell+screening+and+computer+modeling.">Elimination of a human T-cell region in staphylokinase by T-cell screening and computer modeling.</a> Thrombosis Haemostasis. 87, 666-673 (2002).</li><li>Jones, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+removal+of+a+promiscuous+CD4+T+cell+epitope+from+the+C1+domain+of+factor+VIII.">Identification and removal of a promiscuous CD4+T cell epitope from the C1 domain of factor VIII.</a> J. Thrombosis Haemostasis. 3, 991-1000 (2005).</li><li>Harding, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+beta-lactamase+with+reduced+immunogenicity+for+the+targeted+delivery+of+chemotherapeutics+using+antibody-directed+enzyme+prodrug+therapy.">A beta-lactamase with reduced immunogenicity for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics using antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.</a> Mol. Cancer. 4, 1791-1800 (2005).</li><li>Mazor, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+elimination+of+an+immunodominant+T-cell+epitope+in+recombinant+immunotoxins+based+on+Pseudomonas+exotoxin+A.">Identification and elimination of an immunodominant T-cell epitope in recombinant immunotoxins based on Pseudomonas exotoxin A.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, E3597-E3603 (2012).</li><li>Cantor, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+enzyme+deimmunization+by+combinatorial+T-cell+epitope+removal+using+neutral+drift.">Therapeutic enzyme deimmunization by combinatorial T-cell epitope removal using neutral drift.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 1272-1277 (2011).</li><li>Kern, F., LiPira, G., Gratama, J. W., Manca, F., Roederer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Ag-specific+immune+responses:+understanding+immunopathogenesis+and+improving+diagnostics+in+infectious+disease,+autoimmunity+and+cancer.">Measuring Ag-specific immune responses: understanding immunopathogenesis and improving diagnostics in infectious disease, autoimmunity and cancer.</a> Trends Immunol. 26, 477-484 (2005).</li><li>Li Pira, G., Ivaldi, F., Moretti, P., Manca, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+T+epitope+mapping+and+vaccine+development.">High throughput T epitope mapping and vaccine development.</a> J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 325720 (2010).</li><li>Hoffmeister, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+T+cell+epitopes+by+flow+cytometry.">Mapping T cell epitopes by flow cytometry.</a> Methods. 29, 270-281 (2003).</li><li>Singh, H., Raghava, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ProPred:+prediction+of+HLA-DR+binding+sites.">ProPred: prediction of HLA-DR binding sites.</a> Bioinformatics. 17, 1236-1237 (2001).</li><li>Guan, P., Doytchinova, I. A., Zygouri, C., Flower, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHCPred:+bringing+a+quantitative+dimension+to+the+online+prediction+of+MHC+binding.">MHCPred: bringing a quantitative dimension to the online prediction of MHC binding.</a> Appl. Bioinformatics. 2, 63-66 (2003).</li><li>Wan, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SVRMHC+prediction+server+for+MHC-binding+peptides.">SVRMHC prediction server for MHC-binding peptides.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 7, 463 (2006).</li><li>Bui, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+generation+and+evaluation+of+specific+MHC+binding+predictive+tools:+ARB+matrix+applications.">Automated generation and evaluation of specific MHC binding predictive tools: ARB matrix applications.</a> Immunogenetics. 57, 304-314 (2005).</li><li>Nielsen, M., Lundegaard, C., Lund, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+MHC+class+II+binding+affinity+using+SMM-align,+a+novel+stabilization+matrix+alignment+method.">Prediction of MHC class II binding affinity using SMM-align, a novel stabilization matrix alignment method.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 8, 238 (2007).</li><li>Nielsen, M., Justesen, S., Lund, O., Lundegaard, C., Buus, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NetMHCIIpan-2.0+-+Improved+pan-specific+HLA-DR+predictions+using+a+novel+concurrent+alignment+and+weight+optimization+training+procedure.">NetMHCIIpan-2.0 - Improved pan-specific HLA-DR predictions using a novel concurrent alignment and weight optimization training procedure.</a> Immun. Res. 6, 9 (2010).</li><li>De Groot, A. S., Knopp, P. M., Martin, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De-immunization+of+therapeutic+proteins+by+T-cell+epitope+modification.">De-immunization of therapeutic proteins by T-cell epitope modification.</a> Dev. Biol. 122, 171-194 (2005).</li><li>Choi, Y., Griswold, K. E., Bailey-Kellogg, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-based+redesign+of+proteins+for+minimal+T-cell+epitope+content.">Structure-based redesign of proteins for minimal T-cell epitope content.</a> J. Comput. Chem. 34, 879-891 (2013).</li><li>Parker, A. S., Choi, Y., Griswold, K. E., Bailey-Kellogg, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-guided+deimmunization+of+therapeutic+proteins.">Structure-guided deimmunization of therapeutic proteins.</a> J. Comput. Biol. 20, 152-165 (2013).</li><li>Parker, A. S., Griswold, K. E., Bailey-Kellogg, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+therapeutic+proteins+to+delete+T-cell+epitopes+while+maintaining+beneficial+residue+interactions.">Optimization of therapeutic proteins to delete T-cell epitopes while maintaining beneficial residue interactions.</a> J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol. 9, 207-229 (2011).</li><li>Parker, A. S., Zheng, W., Griswold, K. E., Bailey-Kellogg, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+algorithms+for+functional+deimmunization+of+therapeutic+proteins.">Optimization algorithms for functional deimmunization of therapeutic proteins.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 11, 180 (2010).</li><li>De Groot, A. S., Martin, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+risk,+improving+outcomes:+Bioengineering+less+immunogenic+protein+therapeutics.">Reducing risk, improving outcomes: Bioengineering less immunogenic protein therapeutics.</a> Clin. Immunol. 131, 189-201 (2009).</li><li>Wang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+assessment+of+MHC+class+II+peptide+binding+predictions+and+evaluation+of+a+consensus+approach.">A systematic assessment of MHC class II peptide binding predictions and evaluation of a consensus approach.</a> PLoS Comput. Biol. 4, e1000048 (2008).</li><li>Sette, A., Rappuoli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+vaccinology:+developing+vaccines+in+the+era+of+genomics.">Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics.</a> Immunity. 33, 530-541 (2010).</li><li>Moise, L., Cousens, L., Fueyo, J., De Groot, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harnessing+the+power+of+genomics+and+immunoinformatics+to+produce+improved+vaccines.">Harnessing the power of genomics and immunoinformatics to produce improved vaccines.</a> Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 6, 9-15 (2011).</li><li>Sturniolo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+tissue-specific+and+promiscuous+HLA+ligand+databases+using+DNA+microarrays+and+virtual+HLA+class+II+matrices.">Generation of tissue-specific and promiscuous HLA ligand databases using DNA microarrays and virtual HLA class II matrices.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 555-561 (1999).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologic+drugs+set+to+top+2012+sales.">Biologic drugs set to top 2012 sales.</a> Nat. Med. 18, 636 (2012).</li><li>Seib, K. L., Zhao, X., Rappuoli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+vaccines+in+the+era+of+genomics:+a+decade+of+reverse+vaccinology.">Developing vaccines in the era of genomics: a decade of reverse vaccinology.</a> Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18, 109-116 (2012).</li><li>Jiang, W., Boder, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+engineering+and+analysis+of+peptide+binding+to+class+II+MHC.">High-throughput engineering and analysis of peptide binding to class II MHC.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 13258-13263 (2010).</li><li>Justesen, S., Harndahl, M., Lamberth, K., Nielsen, L. -. L. B., Buus, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+recombinant+MHC+class+II+molecules+and+high-throughput+peptide-binding+assays.">Functional recombinant MHC class II molecules and high-throughput peptide-binding assays.</a> Immun. 5, 1-20 (2009).</li></ol>

Leonard Moise tarafından istihdam ve EpiVax, Inc, Providence, RI bulunan özel sektöre ait biyoteknoloji şirketi hisse senedi opsiyonlarını tutar. Bu araştırma raporunda yer alan çalışma şirketin ticari hedefleri ile ilişkili olabilecek herhangi bir önyargı ücretsizdir.

Biotherapeutics 2012 32 ilk beş satan ilaçların dördünü temsil eden, modern tıbbın bir köşe taşı olarak kendilerini kurduk. Biopharmaceuticas sektörü birkaç yıl 6 için sürekli bir büyüme göstermiştir ve yeni ajanların sürekli geliştirme gibi biyobenzerlerin çıkması biyofarmasötik boru hatlarını genişletti. , Geleceğe bakıyorum değerlendirilmesi ve protein tedavisinin immünojenikliğini hafifletici erken evre biyoterapötik gelişiminin ayrılmaz bir parçası hal...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51308/a-high-throughput-mhc-ii-binding-assay-for-quantitative-analysis">A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes</a>.&#160; There were typos in the Protocol section and Table 2.
Step 3.1.1 in the Protocol was updated from:
Add 80 &#181;l of 1 mM Pefa Bloc and 60 mg of octyl-&#946;-D-glucopyranaside to 3,920 &#181;l of Citrate Phosphate Buffer. (See supplemental spreadsheet calculator for alternative scaling).
to:
Add 80 &#181;l of 1 mM Pefa Bloc and 60 &#181;g of octyl-&#946;-D-glucopyranaside to 3,920 &#181;l of Citrate Phosphate Buffer. (See supplemental spreadsheet calculator for alternative scaling).
Step 5.2&#160;in the Protocol was updated from:
Further dilute the Control Peptide from step 5.1 (20 mM) 1:100 into the MHC II Master Mix from step 3.2.
to:
Further dilute the Control Peptide from step 5.1 (20 &#181;M) 1:100 into the MHC II Master Mix from step 3.2.
Table 2 was updated from:
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="376">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Allele DRB1*:</td>
			<td>1501</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Stock Concentration (mg/ml)</td>
			<td>1.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Stock Concentration (mM)</td>
			<td>20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vol. MHC II Stock to Add (ml)</td>
			<td>14.65</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vol. Reaction Buffer to Add (ml):</td>
			<td>2885.35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Master Mix Concentration (nM)</td>
			<td>101</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
to:
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="376">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Allele DRB1*:</td>
			<td>1501</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Stock Concentration (mg/ml)</td>
			<td>1.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Stock Concentration (&#956;M)</td>
			<td>20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vol. MHC II Stock to Add (&#956;l)</td>
			<td>14.65</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vol. Reaction Buffer to Add (&#956;l):</td>
			<td>2885.35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC II Master Mix Concentration (nM)</td>
			<td>101</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51308/a-high-throughput-mhc-ii-binding-assay-for-quantitative-analysis">A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes</a>.&#160; There were typos in the Protocol section and Table 2.

Erratum: A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Proteinler terapötik ajanların 6 hızlı büyüyen sınıf ve biyoterapötik boru hatlarının hızlı genişleme protein ilaçların geliştirilmesi ve kullanımı ile ilgili sorunlar üzerinde artan ilgi odaklanmıştır. Bir benzersiz göz sağlıklı ve işleyen bir bağışıklık sistemi, tüm hücre-dışı proteinleri antijen sunan hücreler (APC&#39;ler) tarafından örneklenir, gerçeğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bir kez APC &#39;ler tarafından içsel, bir protein küçük peptit fragmanları halinde bölünür ve varsayılan imünojenik bölümler sınıf II ana histokompatibilite kompleksi proteinleri (MHC II) oluk içine yüklenir. Peptid-MHC II kompleksleri daha sonra APC yüzeyi üzerinde görüntülenir, ve gerçek immünojenik peptidleri, aynı kökenli CD4 T hücre yüzey reseptörleri ile 7 üçlü II MHC-peptid-T hücresi reseptörü kompleksler oluşturmak, T hücresi epitopları olarak adlandırılır. Bu kritik moleküler tanıma olay T hücresi aktivasyonuna neden olan bir sinyal akışını kompleks, sitokin salınımını başlatırs, CD4 T hücre aracılı B hücre olgunlaşması ve bağlanan ve soruna neden olan dışsal proteini açık IgG antikorları, dolaşımdaki sonuçta üretim. Bu durumda, proteinlerin imünojenik T hücresi epitoplarını oluşturan belirlenmesi ve MHC II kompleks oluşumu sorumlu anahtar kalıntıların mutasyona tâbi deimmunized olabilir. Bu T hücre epitopları genel olarak çok sayıda ve imünojenik protein boyunca dağıtılmış olabilir, ancak, not taşımaktadır ve epitop silme mutasyonu çoğunluğu protein işlevi veya bir istikrar yanlışlıkla kaybına neden olması muhtemeldir. Bu nedenle, mühendislik biyoterapiler karmaşık ve teknik açıdan zorlayıcı objektif olabilir deimmunized, ancak başarılı T hücresi özü silme projelerin 3,5,8-12 çeşitli örnekler de mevcuttur. Büyük ölçüde terapötik antikor ile sınırlandırılmıştır aşılama-göre &quot;insancıllaştırılması&quot; farklı olarak, epitop, silme bağımsız olarak sekans, yapı, fonksiyon esas olarak herhangi bir protein hedefi uygulanabilir veya homologo kullanılabilirliğiBizi insan iskeleleri. Bu tür bir yaklaşım uygulanması için ilk adım, hedef protein dizisi içinde gömülü önemli peptid epitoplarının tanımlanmasıdır. Sentetik peptidler ve rekombinant insan MHC II molekülleri kullanarak yüksek verim biyokimyasal tahliller epitop tanımlaması ve hafifletme 1,3-5 içine hızlı ön anlayışlar sağlayabilir. Bu ELISA tip tahliller diğer protein / aşı tasarım ve geliştirme araçları için güçlü bir tamamlayıcı olabilir. Örneğin, epitop haritalama bir iyi kurulmuş deneysel bir yaklaşım zaman, işçilik dayanır ve yoğun ex vivo hücre çoğalma tahlilleri 15 kaynak. Kısaca, hedef proteinin primer dizisinin elde edilmesi ilk örtüşen peptidlerin bir panel ayrılmıştır, 12 artıkları ile, genellikle 15-mer peptidleri arasında bitişik üst üste gelir. Peptit paneli kimyasal olarak sentez edilir ve her bir peptidin bağışıklık çevresel bloo kullanılması birkaç farklı bağışıklık birinde test edilirinsan donörlerden 13,14 izole d mononükleer hücreleri (PBMC). Sonuç daha büyük bir güven sağlamak için, peptidler, tipik olarak 50 veya daha fazla farklı vericilerden alman PBMC ile tekrarlı olarak test edilmiştir. Deimmunization nihai hedeftir durumda da, çalışma mutasyona uğramış peptidlerin ek paneller üreten ve daha sonra fonksiyonel analiz için 10 tam uzunlukta proteinin herhangi bir deimmunizing mutasyonlar dahil önce PBMC deneylerinde yeni peptit paneller test etmek için ihtiyaç daha da karmaşıklaşır. Bu hücre deneyleri, insan hastalarda immünojenik potansiyelini değerlendirmek için altın standart olmaya devam ederken böyle bir kapsamlı yaklaşımın etkinliği, hızlı ve yüksek iş II MHC-peptid bağlama deneyi kullanılarak varsayımsal imünogenik epitopların ön filtreleme ile iyileştirilebilir. Aynı şekilde, biyokimyasal peptid-MHC II bağlama deneyleri radikal epitop tanıma işlemini hızlandırmak için silico yöntemlerinde önceden tahmin ile kombine edilebilir.T hücre epitop tahminine yönelik hesaplama araçları çeşitli var; örnekler ProPred 16 arasında, MHCPred 17, SVRMHC 18 ARB 19, 20 SMM-align NetMHCIIpan 21 yanısıra EpiVax 22 böyle EpiMatrix gibi özel araçlar. Aynı şekilde, epitop prediktörler son zamanlarda diğer biyoinformatik ve deimmunizing mutasyonlar protein yapısı ve fonksiyonu 23-26 kesebileceği riskini azaltmak için tasarlanmış entegre protein deimmunization algoritmalar elde etmek için moleküler modelleme araçları ile kombine edilmiştir. Birkaç epitop belirleyiciler makul doğru 27,28 olduğu kanıtlanmış olsa da, hesaplamalı sonuçlar her zaman deneysel doğrulama gerektirir. Hızlı, yüksek verimli ve uygun maliyetli deneysel yöntemler siliko epitop tahminler için bir ön filtre olarak en uygundur. Benzer şekilde, epitop prediktörler ters vaccinolo için antijen seçimi sürebilirsingy 29,30. Örneğin, biyoinformatik gelişmeler hızlı bir patojen proteomlarda çıkarılan bütün protein ya da peptid epitoplarının formunda aşı adaylarını tanımlamak tüm genom ekranlar vermiştir. Bu sağlayan teknoloji koruyucu aşıların keşfi ve gelişimi yeniden şekillendirilmesi iken, immünojenik aşı adaylarının ısrarlı büyük listelerinin şeklinde yeni bir meydan okuma sunuyor. Yüksek üretim peptid-MHC II bağlama deneyleri peptit bağlanma afinitesine miktarının ve birden fazla MHC II alelleri arasında karışıklık bağlanarak epitopu noktası rehberlik eder. Protein deimmunization ile olduğu gibi, deneysel yöntemler sonuçta vaat eden aşı potansiyel hesaplama tahmini doğrulamak için gereklidir. Burada, 384-gözlü formata ölçekli bir peptid MHC-II bağlama deneyi açıklanmıştır. Protokol derece paralelleştirilmiş ve daha önce 96-çukurlu plaka biçimleri 1,3-5 tarif kıyasla% 75 oranında reaktif madde maliyetlerini azaltır. Tek Liqui kullanılmasıd robot işleme, bu yöntem, bir araştırmacı kolayca en az 48 saat sekiz konsantrasyonları ve dört MHC II aleli tipleri aralığı üzerinde üç kez yaklaşık doksan deney peptidleri analiz etmeyi sağlar. Bu makalede, bir MHC II aleli karşı yedi deney peptidlerinin analizi için, bir 384-çukurlu ELISA plaka kurulumu tarif etmektedir, ancak kolayca istenilen peptidleri ve / veya MHC herhangi bir sayıda deney ölçek şekilde yayılmış tabaka hesap ek malzeme olarak verilmiştir II molekülleri.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:587px;">Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">221732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Citric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Dibasic Sodium Phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Trizma HCl</td>
			<td>OmniPur</td>
			<td>9310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7949</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">100% DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Octyl-&#946;-D-Glucopyranaside</td>
			<td>Fischer</td>
			<td>29836-26-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Pefa Bloc SCF</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>1158591600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s 10X Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">DELFIA Assay Buffer</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>4002-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">DELFIA Enhancement Buffer</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>4001-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Europium Labelled Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>1244-360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">L243 anti-HLA-DR antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>307602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Biotinylated tracer peptides</td>
			<td>21st Century Biochemicals</td>
			<td>Custom Order</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Test peptides (1-4mg, 85% purity)</td>
			<td>Genscript</td>
			<td>Custom Order</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Purified HLA-DRB1 monomers (non-biotinylated)</td>
			<td>Benaroya Research Institute*</td>
			<td>Custom Order</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">384-well white EIA/RIA plate</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>460372</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Polypropylene 384-well plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Film, AxySeal, 80 &#181;m, ELISA Applicator&#160;</td>
			<td>Axygen Asicentific</td>
			<td>PCR-SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">MilliQ Water</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Epimotion Liquid Handler (or similar)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Select TS Plate Washer (or similar)</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">SpectraMax Gemini Microplate Reader (or similar)</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4" height="98" style="height:99px;width:1161px;">*Recombinant human MHC II molecules can be obtained from the Benaroya Tetramer Core Laboratory. See: https://www.benaroyaresearch.org/our-research/core-resources/tetramer-core-laboratory</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a high throughput mhc ii binding assay for quantitative analysis of peptide epitopes

Rekombinant insan MHC II molekülleri ile Biyokimyasal deneyler, hızlı ve nicel imünojenik epitop tanımlama bakış açıları, silme ya da tasarım 1,2 sağlayabilir. Burada, bir peptid-MHC II bağlanma deneyi 384-gözlü formata şekilde ölçeklendirilir. Küçültülmüş protokol% 75 reaktif madde maliyetlerini azaltır ve daha önce 96 oyuklu protokoller 1,3-5 tarif daha yüksek bir kapasiteye sahip olmasıdır. Özel olarak, deneysel tasarım 384-çukurlu ELISA plaka başına bir MHC II aleli karşı 15 peptidlerin sağlam ve tekrarlanabilir bir analiz izin verir. Tek bir sıvı kotarma robotu kullanılarak, bu yöntem, bir araştırmacı, en az 48 saat sekiz konsantrasyonları ve dört MHC II aleli tipleri aralığı üzerinde üç kez yaklaşık doksan deney peptidleri analiz etmeyi sağlar. Protein deimmunization veya aşı tasarımı ve geliştirme alanlarında çalışan Diğerleri protokol kendi işlerini kolaylaştırmada yararlı bulabilirsiniz. Özellikle, adım-adım talimatlar ve görsel biçimivallahi diğer kullanıcıların hızla ve kolayca kendi laboratuarlarında bu metodolojiyi kurmak için izin vermelidir.

Enterobacter cloacae P99 beta-laktamaz (BLA) (Genbank ID # X07274.1) ait olgun peptid dizisi, MHC II aleli DRB 1 * 1501 (Tablo 4) için varsayılan peptit bağlayıcı için ProPred 16 ile analiz edilmiştir. ProPred zorunlu bir çapa P1 tortusu ile 117 nonamer peptidler tanımlanmıştır (örneğin, bir M, L, I, V, E, Y, ya da 31, bağlama MHC II için gerekli pozisyon 1, at W). % 5 eşiğinde, sadece daha yüksek puan veya 2.6 &#39;e eşit olasıdır bağlayıc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes at JoVE.com

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Rekombinant insan MHC II molekülleri ile biyokimyasal analizler hızlı, kantitatif immünojenik epitop tanımlaması içine anlayışlar, silme ya da tasarım sağlayabilir. Burada, 384 oyuklu plakalara ölçekli bir peptid MHC-II bağlama deneyi açıklanmıştır. Bu maliyet etkin biçim protein deimmunization ve aşı tasarım ve geliştirme alanlarında yararlı ispatlamak zorundadır.

Peptid Epitopların Kantitatif Analiz için bir yüksek veri akışı MHC II Bağlanma Deneyi

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or ...

a-high-throughput-mhc-ii-binding-assay-for-quantitative-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.8K Görüntüleme.  Dartmouth College.  Rekombinant insan MHC II molekülleri ile biyokimyasal analizler hızlı, kantitatif immünojenik epitop tanımlaması içine anlayışlar, silme ya da tasarım sağlayabilir. Burada, 384 oyuklu plakalara ölçekli bir peptid MHC-II bağlama deneyi açıklanmıştır. Bu maliyet etkin biçim protein deimmunization ve aşı tasarım ve geliştirme alanlarında yararlı ispatlamak zorundadır. 

Video: A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers allow the direct visualization of antigen specific CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry.  This method relies on the highly specific interaction between peptide loaded MHC and the corresponding T-cell receptor.  While the affinity of a single MHC/peptide molecule is low, cross-linking MHC/peptide complexes with streptavidin increases the avidity of the interaction, enabling their use as staining reagents.  Because of the relatively low frequencies of CD4+ T cells (~1 in 300,000 for a single specificity) this assay utilizes an in vitro amplification step to increase its threshold of detection.  Mononuclear cells are purified from peripheral blood by Ficoll underlay.  CD4+ cells are then separated by negative selection using biotinylated antibody cocktail and anti-biotin labeled magnetic beads.  Using adherent cells from the CD4- cell fraction as antigen presenting cells, CD4+ T cells are expanded in media by adding an antigenic peptide and IL-2.  The expanded cells are stained with the corresponding class II tetramer by incubating at 37 C for one hour and subsequently stained using surface antibodies such as anti-CD4, anti-CD3, and anti-CD25.  After labeling, the cells can be directly analyzed by flow cytometry.  The tetramer positive cells typically form a distinct population among the expanded CD4+ cells.  Tetramer positive cells are usually CD25+ and often CD4 high.  Because the level of background tetramer staining can vary, positive staining results should always be compared to the staining of the same cells with an irrelevant tetramer.  Multiple variations of this basic assay are possible.  Tetramer positive cells may be sorted for further phenotypic analysis, inclusion in ELISPOT or proliferation assays, or other secondary assays.  Several groups have also demonstrated co-staining using tetramers and either anti-cytokine or anti-FoxP3 antibodies.  

This procedure demonstrates the purification and in vitro expansion of antigen specific CD4+ T cells from whole peripheral blood and their visualization using MHC class II tetramers. Tetramers permit the direct visualization of T cells with a single antigen specificity and defined MHC class II restriction.

Görselleştirme Antijen spesifik CD4 + T hücreleri MHC Sınıf II Tetramers kullanarak

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers allow the direct visualization of antigen specific CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry.  This method ...

Biyoloji

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Nörotoksisite Yüksek İçerik Analizi Nöronal ve Astrosit Hücre Co-Kültür Testi

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

İyon Kanalları ve Fonksiyonel Analiz Mutagenez Heterologously Memeli Hücreleri cinsinden ifade edilir

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

High-throughput Saccharification Assay for Lignocellulosic Materials

Polysaccharides that make up plant lignocellulosic biomass can be broken down to produce a range of sugars that subsequently can be 
used in establishing a biorefinery. These raw materials would constitute a new industrial platform, which is both sustainable and carbon neutral, to replace 
the current dependency on fossil fuel. The recalcitrance to deconstruction observed in lignocellulosic materials is produced by several intrinsic properties 
of plant cell walls. Crystalline cellulose is embedded in matrix polysaccharides such as xylans and arabinoxylans, and the whole structure is encased by the 
phenolic polymer lignin, that is also difficult to digest 1. In order to improve the digestibility of plant materials we need to discover the main bottlenecks 
for the saccharification of cell walls and also screen mutant and breeding populations to evaluate the variability in saccharification 2. These tasks require 
a high throughput approach and here we present an analytical platform that can perform saccharification analysis in a 96-well plate format. This platform has 
been developed to allow the screening of lignocellulose digestibility of large populations from varied plant species. We have scaled down the reaction volumes 
for gentle pretreatment, partial enzymatic hydrolysis and sugar determination, to allow large numbers to be assessed rapidly in an automated system.
This automated platform works with milligram amounts of biomass, performing ball milling under controlled conditions to reduce the plant 
materials to a standardised particle size in a reproducible manner. Once the samples are ground, the automated formatting robot dispenses specified and recorded 
amounts of material into the corresponding wells of 96 deep well plate (Figure 1). Normally, we dispense the same material into 4 wells to have 4 replicates for 
analysis. Once the plates are filled with the plant material in the desired layout, they are manually moved to a liquid handling station (Figure 2). In this 
station the samples are subjected to a mild pretreatment with either dilute acid or alkaline and incubated at temperatures of up to 90&deg;C. The pretreatment solution 
is subsequently removed and the samples are rinsed with buffer to return them to a suitable pH for hydrolysis. The samples are then incubated with an enzyme
mixture for a variable length of time at 50&deg;C. An aliquot is taken from the hydrolyzate and the reducing sugars are automatically determined by the MBTH 
colorimetric method.

A simple, rapid method for determining the saccharification potential of large numbers of plant biomass samples is described. The automated platform for this analysis involves the preparation of the plant biomass for analysis in 96 well plates and the subsequent performance of pretreatment, hydrolysis and quantification of the sugars released.

Lignocellulosic Malzemeler için Yüksek verim Saccharification Testi

Polysaccharides that make up plant lignocellulosic biomass can be broken down to produce a range of sugars that subsequently can be 
used in establishing ...

A Quantitative Fitness Analysis Workflow

Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is an experimental and computational workflow for comparing fitnesses of microbial cultures grown in parallel1,2,3,4. QFA can be applied to focused observations of single cultures but is most useful for genome-wide genetic interaction or drug screens investigating up to thousands of independent cultures. The central experimental method is the inoculation of independent, dilute liquid microbial cultures onto solid agar plates which are incubated and regularly photographed. Photographs from each time-point are analyzed, producing quantitative cell density estimates, which are used to construct growth curves, allowing quantitative fitness measures to be derived. Culture fitnesses can be compared to quantify and rank genetic interaction strengths or drug sensitivities. The effect on culture fitness of any treatments added into substrate agar (e.g. small molecules, antibiotics or nutrients) or applied to plates externally (e.g. UV irradiation, temperature) can be quantified by QFA.
The QFA workflow produces growth rate estimates analogous to those obtained by spectrophotometric measurement of parallel liquid cultures in 96-well or 200-well plate readers. Importantly, QFA has significantly higher throughput compared with such methods. QFA cultures grow on a solid agar surface and are therefore well aerated during growth without the need for stirring or shaking.
QFA throughput is not as high as that of some Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) screening methods5,6. However, since QFA cultures are heavily diluted before being inoculated onto agar, QFA can capture more complete growth curves, including exponential and saturation phases3. For example, growth curve observations allow culture doubling times to be estimated directly with high precision, as discussed previously1.
Here we present a specific QFA protocol applied to thousands of S. cerevisiae cultures which are automatically handled by robots during inoculation, incubation and imaging. Any of these automated steps can be replaced by an equivalent, manual procedure, with an associated reduction in throughput, and we also present a lower throughput manual protocol. The same QFA software tools can be applied to images captured in either workflow.
We have extensive experience applying QFA to cultures of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae but we expect that QFA will prove equally useful for examining cultures of the fission yeast S. pombe and bacterial cultures.

Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is a complementary series of experimental and computational methods for estimating microbial culture fitnesses. QFA estimates the effect of genetic mutations, drugs or other applied treatments on microbe growth. Experiments scaling from focussed analysis of single cultures to thousands of parallel cultures can be designed.

Kantitatif Spor Analizi İş Akışı

Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is an experimental and computational workflow for comparing fitnesses of microbial cultures grown in parallel1,2,3,4. ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

Bir ev yapımı Çift kızdırma Lusıferaz Testi kullanarak yüksek verim Fonksiyonel Taraması

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Bimoleküler Floresan tamamlama akışı Sitometrik Analizi: Protein-protein etkileşim Eğitim Bir Yüksek Verimli Kantitatif Yöntemi

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

Post-transkripsiyonel ayarlı genlerin kimyasal Modülatörler için yüksek verimli tarama

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

qPCRTag Analysis - A High Throughput, Real Time PCR Assay for Sc2.0 Genotyping

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic chromosome, synIII1, and one synthetic chromosome arm, synIXR2, have been constructed and their in vivo function validated in the absence of the corresponding wild type chromosomes. An important design feature of Sc2.0 chromosomes is the introduction of PCRTags, which are short, re-coded sequences within open reading frames (ORFs) that enable differentiation of synthetic chromosomes from their wild type counterparts. PCRTag primers anneal selectively to either synthetic or wild type chromosomes and the presence/absence of each type of DNA can be tested using a simple PCR assay. The standard readout of the PCRTag assay is to assess presence/absence of amplicons by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, with an average PCRTag amplicon density of one per 1.5 kb and a genome size of ~12 Mb, the completed Sc2.0 genome will encode roughly 8,000 PCRTags. To improve throughput, we have developed a real time PCR-based detection assay for PCRTag genotyping that we call qPCRTag analysis. The workflow specifies 500 nl reactions in a 1,536 multiwell plate, allowing us to test up to 768 PCRTags with both synthetic and wild type primer pairs in a single experiment.

Designer chromosomes of the Synthetic Yeast Genome project, Sc2.0, can be distinguished from their native counterparts using a PCR-based genotyping assay called PCRTagging, which has a presence/absence endpoint. Here we describe a high-throughput real time PCR detection method for PCRTag genotyping.

qPCRTag Analizi - A Yüksek Verimli, Sc2.0 Genotiplendirme için Real Time PCR Testi

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic ...

High Throughput Danio Rerio Energy Expenditure Assay

Zebrafish are an important model organism with inherent advantages that have the potential to make zebrafish a widely applied model for the study of energy homeostasis and obesity. The small size of zebrafish allows for assays on embryos to be conducted in a 96- or 384-well plate format, Morpholino and CRISPR based technologies promote ease of genetic manipulation, and drug treatment by bath application is viable. Moreover, zebrafish are ideal for forward genetic screens allowing for novel gene discovery. Given the relative novelty of zebrafish as a model for obesity, it is necessary to develop tools that fully exploit these benefits. Herein, we describe a method to measure energy expenditure in thousands of embryonic zebrafish simultaneously. We have developed a whole animal microplate platform in which we use 96-well plates to isolate individual fish and we assess cumulative NADH2 production using the commercially available cell culture viability reagent alamarBlue. In poikilotherms the relationship between NADH2 production and energy expenditure is tightly linked. This energy expenditure assay creates the potential to rapidly screen pharmacological or genetic manipulations that directly alter energy expenditure or alter the response to an applied drug (e.g. insulin sensitizers).

High Throughput Danio Rerio Energy Expenditure Assay

Zebrafish are an important model organism for the study of energy homeostasis. By utilizing a NADH2 sensitive redox indicator, alamar Blue, we have developed an assay that measures the metabolic rate of zebrafish larvae in a 96 well plate format and can be applied to drug or gene discovery.

Yüksek Verimli<em&gt; Danio rerio</em&gt; Enerji Harcaması Deneyi

Zebrafish are an important model organism with inherent advantages that have the potential to make zebrafish a widely applied model for the study of ...