APS Debra International ve İngiliz Cilt Vakfı tarafından desteklenmektedir. Dundee Ortaklık Doktora Programı Üniversitesi - Yzn A * STAR tarafından desteklenmektedir.

Bu çalışma Helsinki İlkeler Bildirgesine göre yapılmıştır ve uygun Etik Komiteleri tarafından onaylandı. 1.. Medya ve Reaktifler hazırlanması <ol><li> L-askorbik asit 2-fosfat stoklar 200x hazırlanması <ol><li> Dulbecco Modifiye Edilmiş Eagle Ortamı (DMEM) çözeltisi, 5 ml başına L-askorbik asit 2-fosfat 29 mg çözülür ve 0.22 um&#39;lik bir membran filtresinden filtre. Mağaza -20 ° C de 0.25 mi steril olarak alikotları </li><li> L, 0.1 mM&#39;lik bir son konsantrasyon için, gerekli olan günde fibroblast ortamı (% 1 L-glutamin ve% 10 fetal sığır serumu ile DMEM) içinde her 50 ml 200x L-askorbik asit 2-fosfat stok 0.25 ml&#39;lik bir şişe ekleme -askorbik asit 2-fosfat. </li></ol></li><li> Keratinosit büyüme ortamının hazırlanması <ol><li> Birinci SCC keratinositlerin izolasyonu ve kültürü, daha önce 21 tarif edilmiştir. Keratinosit büyüme ortamının hazırlanması tarif edilmektedirhususda. </li><li> Kısaca, medya hazırlar: 300 ml DMEM ve% 10 FBS ile takviye edilmiş Ham F-12 ve 100 mi 0.4 mg / ml hidrokortizon 5 mg / ml insulin 10 ng / ml EGF 5 mg / ml transferrin 8.4 ng / ml, kolera toksini 13 ng / ml liothyronine 1x penisilin-streptomisin solüsyonu </li></ol></li></ol> 2.. L-Askorbik Asit 2-Fosfat Tümlenmiş Medya fibroblast-türevli Yerli Matrix Vitro İnşaat <ol><li> 6-delikli plakalardaki L-askorbik asit 2-fosfat ile takviye edilmiş ortam içinde fibroblast (20,000 hücre / cm 2) iyi tohum başına 200,000 fibroblastlar. Ortam 2-5 ml her 2-3 günde Tekrar beslemeli. (Not: Refeeding frekans ve hacim farklı hücrelerin bireysel ihtiyaçlarına uygun şekilde ayarlanabilir &quot;Tartışmalar&quot; bölümüne bakın.). </li><li> Hücre dışı matris içine gömülü hücrelerin kalın bir tabaka, çıplak gözle görülebilir 6 hafta, (sonunda oluşturacak <strong&gt; Şekil 1). , Doku kültürü plakası bu tabakayı serbest yavaşça 1 ml mikro pipet ile matrisin çevresi sıyırmak ve ardından iyi bir merkezine doğru matrisin kenarlarını itin. Bu hücre tabakası ve matriks (yerli matris) plaka yüzeyinde kolaylıkla ayrılabilir olmalı ve şimdi medyada yüzen. Kendisi üzerine kadar katlama önlemek için medyada dışarı yerli matrisi yayıldı. </li><li> Yerli matris şamandıra edelim ve her 2-3 gün medya değişiyor, 5 gün boyunca pişmanlık. Nedeniyle gerilme mukavemeti ve matris içinde içsel yeniden için, matris ölçüde sözleşme ve daha küçük, ama daha kalın yerel matrise düşük hale gelir ve işgal tahlil için kullanılmak üzere hazırdır. </li></ol> 3. Tümör SCC Keratinositler ile Invasion Deneyi <ol><li> Künt forseps ile yavaşça yerli matrisi Pick up ve Naylon net transfer. Bir kez Naylon net, 1 ml mikropipet kullanarak mümkün olduğunca düz yalan yavaşça matris yayıldıucu ve künt forseps. </li><li> Bir ucunda steril vazelin küçük bir miktar lekelenme ile steril klonal silindirleri hazırlayın. </li><li> Vazelin aşağı yüzü, yerel matrisi üzerinde klonal silindirleri yerleştirin. Bu yerli matrisi ile klonal halkaları arasında sıkı bir sızdırmazlık sağlamak için. </li><li> Klonal silindir (keratinosit büyüme ortamı içinde 100 ul 250,000 hücre) için CSCC hücreleri ekleyin. </li><li> CSCC hücreler yerli matris üzerinde yerleşmiş zaman 6 saat sonra klonal silindirleri çıkartın. </li><li> Bükülmüş paslanmaz çelik tel örgü destek üzerine hava-sıvı arayüzü yerli matris ve CSCC hücreleri ile Naylon net kaldırın. </li><li> Ortam seviyesi yerli matrisin alt temas edene kadar askorbik asit ile takviye edilmiş keratinosit büyüme ortam ekleyin. </li><li> 7 her 2-3 gün ve hasat ortamı değiştirmek ve CSCC hücrelerin 14 gün sonrası tohumlama. </li></ol> 4. 3D Kültürlerin Hasat ve Histoloji Hazırlık <ol><li> % 4 par saptamakOda sıcaklığında gece boyunca aformaldehyde. </li><li> Kesim yüzeyi dışa bakacak şekilde formalin fikse parafin bloklar için balmumu örnekleri ve embed, ikiye bölmek. </li><li> Alternatif olarak, OCT bisected örnekleri embed ve snap-donma hemen taze dondurulmuş doku blokları için sıvı azot içinde. </li><li> Mikrotom ve mumunun 4 mikron bölümleri (gerekirse) kesin. Standart hematoksilen ve eozin ile Leke. CSCC hücreleri görselleştirmek için, keratin 14 karşı fare monoklonal antikoru (LL001, in-house) immünohistoloji lekeleme kullanılabilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu nedenle deney doğası gereği, tamamlanması için gereken toplam süre, iki aya kadar olabilir. Bu süre boyunca, son derece dikkatli ve steril doku kültürü uygulamaları mikrobiyal kontaminasyonu önlemek için istihdam edilmelidir. Yanı sıra hidroksiprolin ve kolajenlerin hidroksilizin sentezinde bir kofaktör olarak rolünden, askorbik asit, fibroblastlar 22 kollagen özel mRNA ifadesini uyarır. Burada tercih edilen askorbik asit daha kara...

3 boyutlu doku kültüründe biyo materyalin kullanılması 2B yapışma ve bir plastik alt-tabaka ile bir değinmeyecek daha fazla bir in vivo ortamda daha fazla benzer fizyolojik koşullar altında laboratuarda hücre davranışını incelemek için araştırmacılar sağladı. Özellikle, büyük adımlar ileriye hava-sıvı arayüzü 1-4 3D kültür yöntemlerinin benimsenmesi ile tabakalı epitel modelleme yapılmıştır. Bu tür teknikler sadakatle keratinosit farklılaşması ve bu süreçleri inceleyen araştırmacılar için daha fazla esneklik ve sadakat sağlayarak tümör hücresi istilasını taklit. Stromal ortamı taklit etmek için biyo-malzeme alt-tabaka seçimi temel olarak tip I kollajenin, Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkom matris ve de-epidermized dermişin kullanımı dahil oldu. Örneğin, kanser ile ilgili fibroblastlar stromal-epitelial etkileşimleri 6,7 ile kanser istilası 5, başlatma ve progresyon doğru katkıda gösterilmiştir when, alt tabakalar yetiştirilir. Deride stromal çevreyi taklit için altın standart, bu tür teknikler kullanılarak en büyük ve en çok çalışılan tabakalı epitel, insan dermis (DED) de-epidermized edilmesi kabul edilir. DED hazırlanması insan kadavra derisi 3,4 ikinci tripsinizasyon veya fiziksel ayrışması ile epidermisin kaldırılmasını içerir. Ancak, bu tür cilt için erişim klinik kurumları ile ilişkili olmayan laboratuarlar için çok zor olabilir, ve hastalıklı dermis elde yakınında mümkün değildir. Bir alternatif olarak, laboratuarlar sık ​​I kollajen (sıçan kuyrukları izole) ve / veya Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkomu matris tipi bir arada kullanın. Bu kollajen 8 Nageotte tarafından 1927 yılında keşif kolayca asetik asit ve tuz çökelmesini kullanılarak izole edilebilir sonra, doku kültürü için uygulanması, daha sonra Huzel öncüleridirla ve arkadaşları 9. Kolajen kaplama Ehrmann ve Gey&#39;de 9 tarafından sorgulanan olarak 29 suşları ve doku eksplantlarında hücre kültürü için cama göre daha üstün olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Şu anda, doku kültüründe kullanılan kolajen önemli bir tipi, fare kuyruk tendon izole edilir ve genellikle ticari kaynaklardan satın alınır. Bununla birlikte, alt-tabaka sadık tekrarlama için dezavantajı, fare kuyruk kolajeni insan kolajen, tür I ve III kollajen ana bileşenler olarak mevcut olan insan dermiş, özdeş değildir ve izole edilmiş fare kuyruk kolajeni her zaman bölünmüş olmasıdır. Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkomu matris kültüre Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkoma hücreleri 10 tarafından salgılanan jelatinimsi bir protein karışımıdır. Ana bileşen laminin, tip IV kolajen, heparin sülfat proteoglikan, Entactin ve nidogen ve bu proteinlerin kesin oranları partiden partiye değişecektir. Kenara yapısal Proproteinlerden, bu matris, aynı zamanda, bir büyüme faktörü β, epidermal büyüme faktörü, insüline benzer büyüme faktörü, 1 sığır fibroblast büyüme faktörü ve hücre davranışını değiştirecek 11,12 trombosit türevli transforme edici büyüme faktörü gibi büyüme faktörlerinin önemli düzeyde içerir. Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkom matris sırf karmaşıklığı dönük, 1.851 proteinlerin toplam yeni proteomik çalışmada 13 tespit edilmiştir. Yorumlanması ve bunun 11 kullanımı ile, farklı deneyler karşılaştırırken Bu matrisin zengin ve karmaşık doğası ışığında, dikkatli tavsiye edilmiştir. Bizim laboratuvarları genetik deri hastalıkları, kutanöz skuamöz hücreli karsinom (CSCC) 14 gelişmekte olan bir yatkınlığı olan özellikle bir ilgi var. Resesif distrofık ​​epidermoliz bullosa (RDEB), COL7A1 gen mutasyonu germline ile ciddi bir kabarma hastalık durumunda <s&gt; 15-17 kadar, biz bu hastalarda dermal mikroçevresinin 18 teşvik tümör olduğunu tespit ettik. Bu çalışmanın seyri sırasında kolajen ile I / Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkomu matris gömülü ve hücrelerin kendi, yerli matris değerlendirilmesi yollarını araştırmıştır dermal fibroblast özellikleri teşvik tümörü değerlendirmek için koyamadık. Bunu başarmak için, biz insan cildi üzerinde çalışan 19,20 Eşdeğer Lucie Germain laboratuarından bir önceki tekniği değiştirilmiş. Germain teknik, sentetik ya da kadavra iskele yokluğunda primer insan keratinosit ve fibroblast hücreleri kullanılarak iyi organize bazal membran ile insan derisinin yeniden başardı. Bu yazıda kutanöz tümör stromal mikroortam (yerli matris) özetlemek için kullanılan adımlar in vitro birincil stromal fibroblastlar doğrudan elde 18 açıklanmıştır. Native matrisler pfibroblast uzun süreli kültüründen roduced CSCC hücre istilası için tahlil eşdeğer bir dermal olarak kullanılmıştır. Biz, (VII tipi kolajen (C7) in eksik) RDEB fibroblastlar veya retroviral olarak tümör ile ilgili tek bir kolajen derin bir etki oluşturmak ve göstermek ifade eden bir tür VII kollajen ile transduse RDEB fibroblastlar salgılanan dışı matris ya da türetilmiş doğal matrisi kullanılarak veri mevcut hücre işgali.

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			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">A8960</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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			<td class="xl65" height="42" style="height:31.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">DMEM with l-glutamine,</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
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			<td class="xl63" height="106" style="height:79.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">4,500 mg/L d-glucose, 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
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			<td class="xl63" height="85" style="height:63.75pt;width:66pt" width="88">100x Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">15070</td>
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			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Vaseline</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">VWR</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">PROL28908.290</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Clonal cylinders</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Z370789</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148" style="height:111.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="148" style="height:111.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">Nylon Net Filter Disc Hydrophilic 100um 25um diameter 100/pk</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Millipore</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">NY1H02500</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="127" style="height:95.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="127" style="height:95.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Bent stainless steel wire mesh support</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Made in house</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
			<td class="xl66" style="width:66pt" width="88">Dimensions were made so that the mesh would fit into 6-well plates</td>
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tissue engineering of tumor stromal microenvironment with application to cancer cell invasion

Mezenkimal hücreler ile gömülü bir matriks üzerinde, epitel hücrelerinin 3 boyutlu Organotipik kültürler geniş epitelyal hücre farklılaşması ve işgali incelemek için kullanılır. I kolajen ve / veya Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm fare sarkom hücrelerinden elde edilen matris geleneksel mezenkimal hücreler (genellikle fibroblastları) doldurulur içine matris ya da stromal mikro modellemek için alt-tabakalar olarak kullanılmıştır sıçan kuyruğu tip. Bu matrisler kullanılarak deneyler çok bilgilendirici olmakla birlikte, bu iddia edilebilir nedeniyle (örneğin tip I kolajen gibi) tek bir protein ya da temel zar bileşenlerinin ve bu tür fareden türetilen matriks olarak büyüme faktörleri (içeriği yüksek bir baskın varlığı sarkom hücreleri), bu alt-tabakalar en stromal hücreleri tarafından yapılan matris bileşime katkı yansıtmamaktadır. Bir tümör eğilimli, genetik kabarma bozukluğu (resesif distrofik olan hastalardan izole edilen primer dermal fibroblastlar tarafından üretilen ana matrisler incelemekepidermolisis bülloza), biz tümör hücre işgali incelemek için varolan yerli matris protokolü adapte var. Fibroblastlar kültürde uzun bir süre boyunca kendi matrisi üretmek üzere uyarılmaktadır. Bu yerli matrisi daha sonra kültür çanağı ayrılır ve tüm kokültürü hava-sıvı arayüzü yükseltilmektedir önce epitel hücreleri bunun üzerine tohumlanır. Hücresel farklılaşma ve / veya istila ardından zaman içinde değerlendirilebilir. Bu teknik, tek dezavantajı yerel matrisi üretmek için gereken zaman uzun süre olmak üzere, bir sentetik ya da yabancı bir matris için gerek kalmadan bir 3 boyutlu bir ortamda epitel-mezenkimal hücre etkileşiminin belirlenmesi olanağı sağlar. Burada tümör hücre istilasını inhibe etmek için fibroblastlar tarafından ifade edilen tek bir molekülün yeteneği, tip kolajen VII, değerlendirmek için bu tekniğin uygulanmasını tarif eder.

<html> Bu teknik, incelenmesi ve farklı 3D stromal ortamlarda (bu durumda CSCC olarak) tümör hücrelerinin invaziv davranışlarını karşılaştırmak olasılığını açar. Bu tekniği kullanarak, RDEB dermal çevre değinmeyecek C7-eksikli yerel matrisler sadece üretilen, aynı zamanda genetik olarak aşırı ifade C7 18 için tasarlanmış olan ek matrisler olabilir. Şekil 2&#39;de görüldüğü gibi, RDEB CSCC keratinositlerin istilası C7-eksikli RDEB kontrol ile karşılaştır?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Doku mühendisliği fibroblast türevli doğal matris epitel hücre çoğalmasını ve farklılaşmasını destekleyen bir stromal alt-tabakayı üretmek için gelişmekte olan bir araçtır. Burada tümör hücre biyolojisi farklı stromal hücre tiplerinin etkisini değerlendirmek için bu yöntemi uygulayarak bir protokol sunulmuştur.

Kanser Hücre Invasion Uygulama ile Tümör Stromal mikroçevresinin Doku Mühendisliği

3D organotypic cultures of epithelial cells on a matrix embedded with mesenchymal cells are widely used to study epithelial cell differentiation and ...

tissue-engineering-tumor-stromal-microenvironment-with-application-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.7K Görüntüleme.  University of Dundee.  Doku mühendisliği fibroblast türevli doğal matris epitel hücre çoğalmasını ve farklılaşmasını destekleyen bir stromal alt-tabakayı üretmek için gelişmekte olan bir araçtır. Burada tümör hücre biyolojisi farklı stromal hücre tiplerinin etkisini değerlendirmek için bu yöntemi uygulayarak bir protokol sunulmuştur. 

Video: Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in vitro. Nutrients delivered by vasculature fail to reach all parts of tumors, giving rise to heterogeneous microenvironments consisting of viable, quiescent and necrotic cell types. Many cancer drugs fail to effectively penetrate and treat all types of cells because of this heterogeneity. Monolayers of cancer cells do not mimic this heterogeneity, making it difficult to test cancer drugs with a suitable in vitro model. Our microfluidic devices were fabricated out of PDMS using soft lithography. Multicellular tumor spheroids, formed by the hanging drop method, were inserted and constrained into rectangular chambers on the device and maintained with continuous medium perfusion on one side. The rectangular shape of chambers on the device created linear gradients within tissue. Fluorescent stains were used to quantify the variability in apoptosis within tissue. Tumors on the device were treated with the fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, time-lapse microscopy was used to monitor its diffusion into tissue, and the effective diffusion coefficient was estimated. The hanging drop method allowed quick formation of uniform spheroids from several cancer cell lines. The device enabled growth of spheroids for up to 3 days. Cells in proximity of flowing medium were minimally apoptotic and those far from the channel were more apoptotic, thereby accurately mimicking regions in tumors adjacent to blood vessels. The estimated value of the doxorubicin diffusion coefficient agreed with a previously reported value in human breast cancer. Because the penetration and retention of drugs in solid tumors affects their efficacy, we believe that this device is an important tool in understanding the behavior of drugs, and developing new cancer therapeutics.

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We present the procedure for fabrication and operation of a microfluidic device that recreates heterogeneous tumor microenvironments in vitro. The variability in apoptosis within tumor tissue was quantified using fluorescent stains and the effective diffusion coefficient of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin into tumor tissue was evaluated.

Bir Tümör Mikroçevre yeniden oluşturmak için mikroakışkan Cihazı<em&gt; In vitro</em

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

Biyomühendislik

Directed Cellular Self-Assembly to Fabricate Cell-Derived Tissue Rings for Biomechanical Analysis and Tissue Engineering

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do not have suitable autologous donor vessels due to disease progression or previous harvest. The aim of vascular tissue engineering is to develop a suitable alternative source for these bypass grafts. In addition, engineered vascular tissue may prove valuable as living vascular models to study cardiovascular diseases. Several promising approaches to engineering blood vessels have been explored, with many recent studies focusing on development and analysis of cell-based methods.2-5 Herein, we present a method to rapidly self-assemble cells into 3D tissue rings that can be used in vitro to model vascular tissues.
To do this, suspensions of smooth muscle cells are seeded into round-bottomed annular agarose wells. The non-adhesive properties of the agarose allow the cells to settle, aggregate and contract around a post at the center of the well to form a cohesive tissue ring.6,7 These rings can be cultured for several days prior to harvesting for mechanical, physiological, biochemical, or histological analysis. We have shown that these cell-derived tissue rings yield at 100-500 kPa ultimate tensile strength8 which exceeds the value reported for other tissue engineered vascular constructs cultured for similar durations (&lt;30 kPa).9,10 Our results demonstrate that robust cell-derived vascular tissue ring generation can be achieved within a short time period, and offers the opportunity for direct and quantitative assessment of the contributions of cells and cell-derived matrix (CDM) to vascular tissue structure and function.

This article outlines a versatile method to create cell-derived tissue rings by cellular self-assembly. Smooth muscle cells seeded into ring-shaped agarose wells aggregate and contract to form robust three-dimensional (3D) tissues within 7 days. Millimeter-scale tissue rings are conducive to mechanical testing and serve as building blocks for tissue assembly.

Hücresel Self-Meclis Biyomekanik Analizi ve Doku Mühendisliği, Hücre-Türetilmiş Doku Yüzüklerin Üretiyor yönelik

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do ...

Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling in the tumor microenvironment 1. Previously, research on the tumor microenvironment has focused primarily on tumor-stromal interactions 1-2. However, the tumor microenvironment also includes a variety of biophysical forces, whose effects remain poorly understood. These forces are biomechanical consequences of tumor growth that lead to changes in gene expression, cell division, differentiation and invasion3. Matrix density 4, stiffness 5-6, and structure 6-7, interstitial fluid pressure 8, and interstitial fluid flow 8 are all altered during cancer progression.
Interstitial fluid flow in particular is higher in tumors compared to normal tissues 8-10. The estimated interstitial fluid flow velocities were measured and found to be in the range of 0.1-3 &mu;m s-1, depending on tumor size and differentiation 9, 11. This is due to elevated interstitial fluid pressure caused by tumor-induced angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability 12. Interstitial fluid flow has been shown to increase invasion of cancer cells 13-14, vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells 15. This invasion may be due to autologous chemotactic gradients created around cells in 3-D 16 or increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression 15, chemokine secretion and cell adhesion molecule expression 17. However, the mechanism by which cells sense fluid flow is not well understood. In addition to altering tumor cell behavior, interstitial fluid flow modulates the activity of other cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is associated with (a) driving differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts 18, (b) transporting of antigens and other soluble factors to lymph nodes 19, and (c) modulating lymphatic endothelial cell morphogenesis 20.
The technique presented here imposes interstitial fluid flow on cells in vitro and quantifies its effects on invasion (Figure 1). This method has been published in multiple studies to measure the effects of fluid flow on stromal and cancer cell invasion 13-15, 17. By changing the matrix composition, cell type, and cell concentration, this method can be applied to other diseases and physiological systems to study the effects of interstitial flow on cellular processes such as invasion, differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression.

Interstitial fluid flow is elevated in solid tumors and can modulate tumor cell invasion. Here we describe a technique to apply interstitial fluid flow to cells embedded in a matrix and then measure its effects on cell invasion. This technique can be easily adapted to study other systems.

Tümör Hücre Invasion üzerine İnterstisyel Akışkan Etkilerinin Ölçülmesi için üç boyutlu Hücre Kültürü Modeli

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling ...

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to study pressure ulcers, for regenerative medicine and as a meat alternative 1. The first reported 3D muscle constructs have been made many years ago and pioneers in the field are Vandenburgh and colleagues 2,3. Advances made in muscle tissue engineering are not only the result from the vast gain in knowledge of biochemical factors, stem cells and progenitor cells, but are in particular based on insights gained by researchers that physical factors play essential roles in the control of cell behavior and tissue development. State-of-the-art engineered muscle constructs currently consist of cell-populated hydrogel constructs. In our lab these generally consist of murine myoblast progenitor cells, isolated from murine hind limb muscles or a murine myoblast cell line C2C12, mixed with a mixture of collagen/Matrigel and plated between two anchoring points, mimicking the muscle ligaments. Other cells may be considered as well, e.g. alternative cell lines such as L6 rat myoblasts 4, neonatal muscle derived progenitor cells 5, cells derived from adult muscle tissues from other species such as human 6 or even induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) 7. Cell contractility causes alignment of the cells along the long axis of the construct 8,9 and differentiation of the muscle progenitor cells after approximately one week of culture. Moreover, the application of electrical stimulation can enhance the process of differentiation to some extent 8. Because of its limited size (8 x 2 x 0.5 mm) the complete tissue can be analyzed using confocal microscopy to monitor e.g. viability, differentiation and cell alignment. Depending on the specific application the requirements for the engineered muscle tissue will vary; e.g. use for regenerative medicine requires the up scaling of tissue size and vascularization, while to serve as a meat alternative translation to other species is necessary.

Engineered muscle tissue has great potential in regenerative medicine, as disease model and also as an alternative source for meat. Here we describe the engineering of a muscle construct, in this case from mouse myoblast progenitor cells, and the stimulation by electrical pulses.

Elektrik Stimülasyonu murin myoblast Progenitör Hücreler ve Uygulama Mühendislik İskelet Kası Dokular

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

İnsan 3D Doku Mühendisliği<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Tümör Test Sistemi

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Engineering Fibrin-based Tissue Constructs from Myofibroblasts and Application of Constraints and Strain to Induce Cell and Collagen Reorganization

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim to use these principles to create tissues with predefined collagen architectures. A full understanding of the exact underlying processes of collagen remodeling to control the final tissue architecture, however, is lacking. In particular, little is known about the (re)orientation of collagen fibers in response to changes in tissue mechanical loading conditions. We developed an in&#160;vitro model system, consisting of biaxially-constrained myofibroblast-seeded fibrin constructs, to further elucidate collagen (re)orientation in response to i) reverting biaxial to uniaxial static loading conditions and ii) cyclic uniaxial loading of the biaxially-constrained constructs before and after a change in loading direction, with use of the Flexcell FX4000T loading device. Time-lapse confocal imaging is used to visualize collagen (re)orientation in a nondestructive manner.
Cell and collagen organization in the constructs can be visualized in real-time, and an internal reference system allows us to relocate cells and collagen structures for time-lapse analysis. Various aspects of the model system can be adjusted, like cell source or use of healthy and diseased cells. Additives can be used to further elucidate mechanisms underlying collagen remodeling, by for example adding MMPs or blocking integrins. Shape and size of the construct can be easily adapted to specific needs, resulting in a highly tunable model system to study cell and collagen (re)organization.

This model system starts from a myofibroblast-populated fibrin gel that can be used to study endogenous collagen (re)organization real-time in a nondestructive manner. The model system is very tunable, as it can be used with different cell sources, medium additives, and can be adapted easily to specific needs.

Mühendislik Fibrin tabanlı Doku miyofibroblastlar ve Kısıtlar Uygulamasından Yapıları ve Hücre ve Kollajen (Re) Organizasyon tetikleyebilecek süzün

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim ...

Long-term Intravital Immunofluorescence Imaging of Tissue Matrix Components with Epifluorescence and Two-photon Microscopy

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue function during development and organ homeostasis. It does so by acting via biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical signaling pathways, such as through the release of bioactive ECM protein fragments, regulating tissue tension, and providing pathways for cell migration. The extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment undergoes substantial remodeling, characterized by the degradation, deposition and organization of fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins. Stromal stiffening of the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor growth and invasion, and cause remodeling of blood and lymphatic vessels. Live imaging of matrix proteins, however, to this point is limited to fibrillar collagens that can be detected by second harmonic generation using multi-photon microscopy, leaving the majority of matrix components largely invisible. Here we describe procedures for tumor inoculation in the thin dorsal ear skin, immunolabeling of extracellular matrix proteins and intravital imaging of the exposed tissue in live mice using epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Our intravital imaging method allows for the direct detection of both fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins in the context of a growing dermal tumor. We show examples of vessel remodeling caused by local matrix contraction. We also found that fibrillar matrix of the tumor detected with the second harmonic generation is spatially distinct from newly deposited matrix components such as tenascin C. We also showed long-term (12 hours) imaging of T-cell interaction with tumor cells and tumor cells migration along the collagen IV of basement membrane. Taken together, this method uniquely allows for the simultaneous detection of tumor cells, their physical microenvironment and the endogenous tissue immune response over time, which may provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and ultimate success or resistance to therapy.

The extracellular matrix undergoes substantial remodeling during wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. We present a novel intravital immunofluorescence microscopy approach to visualize the dynamics of fibrillar as well as mesh-like matrix components with high spatial and temporal resolution using epifluorescence or two-photon microscopy.

Epifluoresan ile Doku Matrix Bileşenler ve İki foton Mikroskopi uzun vadeli Intravital İmmünofloresan Görüntüleme

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Sandviç gibi mikroçevrelerde Hücre / Malzeme Etkileşimleri Harness

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards vascular disease pathologies. Unhealthy arteries often present with wall stiffening, scarring, or partial stenosis which may all affect fluid flow rates, and the magnitude of pulsatile flow, or pulsatility index. Replication of various flow conditions is the result of tuning a flow pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump. Introduction of air within a closed flow system allows for a compressible medium to absorb pulsatile pressure from the pump, and therefore vary the pulsatility index. The method described herein is simply reproduced, with highly controllable input, and easily measurable results. Some limitations are recreation of the complex physiological pulse waveform, which is only approximated by the system. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts are affected by the blood flow through the artery. The dynamic component of blood flow is determined by the cardiac output and arterial wall compliance. Vascular cell mechano-transduction of flow dynamics may trigger cytokine release and cross-talk between cell types within the artery. Co-culture of vascular cells is a more accurate picture reflecting cell-cell interaction on the blood vessel wall and vascular response to mechanical signaling. Contribution of flow dynamics, including the cell response to the dynamic and mean (or steady) components of flow, is therefore an important metric in determining disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Through introducing an in vitro co-culture model and pressure damping downstream of blood pump which produces simulated cardiac output, various arterial disease pathologies may be investigated.

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

This protocol replicates physiological or pathological blood flow in vitro to aid in determining cell response in disease pathologies. By introducing a pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump, blood flow across the vasculature can be recapitulated and imposed on a monolayer of vascular endothelium or a mimetic co-culture.

Vasküler Hücre Remodeling Soruşturma Fizyolojik in vitro Modeli ve Uygulaması ile Patolojik Kan Akış

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and trade one defect for another. Tissue engineering holds the promise to address this increasing demand. However, most tissue engineering strategies fail to generate stable and functional tissue substitutes because of poor vascularization. This paper focuses on an in vivo tissue engineering chamber model of intrinsic vascularization where a perfused artery and a vein either as an arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration is directed inside a protected hollow chamber. In this chamber-based system angiogenic sprouting occurs from the arteriovenous vessels and this system attracts ischemic and inflammatory driven endogenous cell migration which gradually fills the chamber space with fibro-vascular tissue. Exogenous cell/matrix implantation at the time of chamber construction enhances cell survival and determines specificity of the engineered tissues which develop. Our studies have shown that this chamber model can successfully generate different tissues such as fat, cardiac muscle, liver and others. However, modifications and refinements are required to ensure target tissue formation is consistent and reproducible. This article describes a standardized protocol for the fabrication of two different vascularized tissue engineering chamber models in vivo.

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

Bir ıntrinsic Vaskülarizasyon tarafından Doku Mühendisliği<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Doku Mühendisliği Odası

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...