The authors would like to acknowledge Wensheng Liu for invaluable help with cell imaging. This work was supported by grants from the&#160;US National Institutes of Health (R01 CA182467), American Cancer Society (RSG-09-252-01-RMC), Lynn Sage Foundation, and A Sister&#8217;s Hope Foundation.

1. Cell Culture of EMT Induction
Note: EMT can be induced by treatment of TGF&#946; or ectopic expression of transcription factors Twist, Snail, or Zeb1/2 in epithelial cells. Described in this protocol is an inducible EMT system via expression of the Twist-ER fusion protein in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE/Twist-ER, a gift of Dr. J Yang, UCSD)9,11,29. Upon 4-hydroxytamoxifen (TAM) treatment, the fusion protein Twist-ER translocates to the nucleus to drive transcri...

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The procedure described here enables the detection of alternative splicing in an inducible EMT model. As such, dynamic alterations of splice isoform expression can be captured throughout the time course of EMT. This method has advantages over the use of different epithelial- or mesenchymal-representing cell lines for comparison of alternative splicing because distinct genetic backgrounds from un-related cell lines could unduly influence alternative splicing. However, the successful induction of EMT must be carefully conf...

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that drives organ morphogenesis and tissue remodeling during embryogenesis. When abnormally activated, EMT promotes tumor metastasis and organ fibrosis1,2. Compelling studies have described the importance of transcriptional regulation during the process of EMT, defined by several transcription factors, such as Twist, Snail, and ZEB, which repress the expression of the adherens junction protein E-cadherin, resulting in loss of a cobble-stone like epithelial morphology and gain of a spindle-shaped mesenchymal phenotype3-8. Recent studies through genome-wide analysis of RNAs revealed that there exists a group of genes whose splicing patterns are associated with either epithelial or mesenchymal phenotypes9,10. Work from our lab functionally connected alternative splicing and EMT. By studying the cell surface adhesion molecule CD44, we demonstrated that CD44 alternative splicing is tightly regulated during EMT, and more importantly, that CD44 splice isoform switching causally contributes to EMT11.
Alternative splicing represents a widespread and conserved model of gene regulation, as up to 95% of human multi-exon genes are alternatively spliced12-14. By generating multiple protein products from a single gene, alternative splicing constitutes an essential mechanism for protein diversity, adding another layer of complexity to the human genome. As such, dysregulation of alternative splicing could potentially lead to profound biological effects causing human diseases. Indeed, aberrant alternative splicing in diseases has been documented for over a decade15-25, including recent findings that mutations in genes encoding the spliceosome machinery are commonly found in myelodysplastic syndromes26-28. Therefore, developing reliable methods for the detection of alternatively spliced isoforms is of great importance in the study of diverse biological processes including EMT.
Here we provide a protocol to detect changes in alternative splicing using an inducible EMT model. The methods for designing PCR primers and detecting splice isoforms are suitable not only for the study of alternative splicing during EMT, but also for the study of alternative splicing in other biological processes. Investigating alternative splicing during EMT is imperative in order to better understand the mechanisms of EMT and tumor metastasis, thus facilitating the development of effective strategies to treat cancer metastasis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1167">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Name of the reagent</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:564px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-hydroxytamoxifen</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H7904</td>
			<td>Make stock solution by dissolving in ethanol to 200&#956;M, and keep at -20&#8451; protected from light.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">E.Z.N.A. Total RNA Isolation kit</td>
			<td>Omega Bio-Tek</td>
			<td>R6731</td>
			<td>Total RNA isolation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GoScript Reverse Transcription System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A5001</td>
			<td>Reagent for qRT-PCR assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GoTaq qPCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A6002</td>
			<td>Reagent for qRT-PCR assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment for qRT-PCR assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CD44 antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>BBA10</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">E-cadherin antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>4065</td>
			<td>1:2500 dilution for immunoblotting; 1:50 dilution for immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#947;-catenin antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2309</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">occludin antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.</td>
			<td>sc-5562</td>
			<td>1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fibronectin antibody</td>
			<td>BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td>610077</td>
			<td>1:5000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N-cadherin antibody</td>
			<td>BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td>610920</td>
			<td>1:2000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vimentin antibody</td>
			<td>NeoMarkers</td>
			<td>MS-129-p1</td>
			<td>1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GAPDH antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore Corporation</td>
			<td>MAB374</td>
			<td>1:10000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amasham ECL Western blotting detection reagent</td>
			<td>GE Health Life Science</td>
			<td>RPN2209</td>
			<td>Chemiluminescence system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of alternative splicing during epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Alternative splicing plays a critical role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential cellular program that occurs in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we describe a strategy to detect alternative splicing during EMT using an inducible EMT model by expressing the transcription repressor Twist. EMT is monitored by changes in cell morphology, loss of E-cadherin localization at cell-cell junctions, and the switched expression of EMT markers, such as loss of epithelial markers E-cadherin and &#947;-catenin and gain of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. Using isoform-specific primer sets, the alternative splicing of interested mRNAs are analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The production of corresponding protein isoforms is validated by immunoblotting assays. The method of detecting splice isoforms described here is also suitable for the study of alternative splicing in other biological processes.

The procedures described above provide a robust method to detect alternative splicing during EMT. Representative results of CD44 splice isoform switching during Twist-induced EMT are given below as an example.
Twist-induced EMT in HMLE/Twist-ER cells was characterized by a transition from a cobble-stone like epithelial phenotype to an elongated fibroblastic phenotype (Figure 2A), the absence of epithelial markers E-cadherin, &#947;-catenin and occludin and the upregulation of ...

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Detection of Alternative Splicing During Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Alternative splicing regulation has been shown to contribute to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential cellular program in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we describe a method utilizing an inducible EMT model for the detection of alternative splicing during EMT.

Alternative splicing plays a critical role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential cellular program that occurs in various ...

detection-alternative-splicing-during-epithelial-mesenchymal

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JoVE Journal

Biology

12.8K Görüntüleme.  Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Alternative splicing regulation has been shown to contribute to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential cellular program in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we describe a method utilizing an inducible EMT model for the detection of alternative splicing during EMT.