Bu çalışma NIH R00HL102154 tarafından desteklenen ve P Ji Hematoloji bilim adamı ödülü bir Amerikan Derneği oldu.

Bu protokol açıklanan deneyler Northwestern Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından belirlenen kurallara ve yönetmeliklere uygun olarak yapıldı. Kültür ortamına hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Fibronektin çözeltisi hazırlayın. , Insan fibronestini (1 mg) ile bir şişe su 1 ml ilave edilir. Çalkalama olmaksızın 30 dakika boyunca doku kültürü kaputu çözeltisi bırakın. 20 ug / ml &#39;lik bir nihai konsantrasyona yapmak için PBS, 50 ml toplam sıvı transferi ve yavaşça karıştırın. Plakası (aşağıya bakınız) kaplamadan önce fibronektin çözelti taze olun. </li><li> Epo serbest ortamda (SCF orta) 50 ml hazırlayın. Taze yapıldığı zaman Tablo 1&#39;de listelenen katkı maddelerinin bir araya getirin. Ortamı 1 ay boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li><li> EPO ihtiva eden bir ortamda 50 ml hazırlayın. Taze yapıldığı zaman Tablo 2&#39;de sıralanan terkip maddelerinin bir araya getirin. Ortamı 1 ay boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li></ol&gt; 2. Fibronektin Kaplı Plaka <ol><li> 6 çukurlu bir levha (ya da 12 çukurlu bir levhanın her bir çukuruna 0.5 ml) her bir oyuğuna, 1 mi fibronektin solüsyonu ekleyin. 1 saat boyunca doku kültürü kaputu plaka bırakın. </li><li> Iki kez steril su ile kuyu durulayın ve hava plaka kurulayın. </li><li> Plaka sarın ve 4 ° C&#39;de soğuk odada kaydedin. </li></ol> Fetal karaciğer eritroblast 3. saflaştırılması NOT: E15 E13 dan Kullanım fetal ciğeri hamile fareler (C57BL / 6) zaman aşımına. E 13.5 karaciğerler CFU-E progenitörlerin verimini en üst düzeye çıkarmak için tercih edilmektedir. Gebe fareler zamanlı elde edilmesi için, 6-8 haftalık erkek ve dişi fareler bir kafes (bir ya da iki kadın genellikle bir erkek) yerleştirilmiştir. Kadın vajinal fişler çiftleşme başarılı olup olmadığını belirlemek için ertesi sabah kontrol edildi. Fiş bulunduktan sonra gebeliğin ilk günü gündü. <ol><li> Toplam Fetal karaciğer hücrelerinin hazırlanması <ol><li> Mou KurbanCO 2 inhalasyon ve servikal dislokasyon ile se. Dezenfeksiyonu için% 70 etanol ile karın püskürtün. Rahim kaldırmak için diseksiyon makas ile karın açın. 1x PBS rahim yıkayın. </li><li> Bir doku kültürü kaputu ve otoklavlanmıştır araçlarını kullanarak steril koşullar altında fetusa incelemek ve 1x PBS içinde yıkayın. </li><li> Fetusundan fetal karaciğerleri teşrih. Yavaşça başka bir forseps ile vücuttan uzak fetal karaciğer (renkli pembe) çekin, bir forseps ile fetusun gövdesini tutun. Ilişkili fibrotik dokuların kaldırmak için forseps ile fetal karaciğer temizleyin. % 10 fetal sığır serumu içeren taze 1x PBS içine tüm cenin karaciğerleri yerleştirin. </li><li> Mekanik yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme fetal karaciğerleri bozabilir. </li><li> 50 ml konik tüp içine 40 mikron hücre süzgecinden hücre süspansiyonu filtre. 5 dakika boyunca 800 x g&#39;de Pelet hücreleri. </li><li> FBS, süpernatan aspire edin ve% 10 1 ml PBS içinde tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri (yaklaşık 8 E 13.5 cenin karaciğeri) ml başına. </li></ol></li><li> Negatif Ter119 eritroblast saflaştırılması <ol><li> 15 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde sıçan IgG&#39;si ile hücreleri (0.2 mg / ml) bloke eder. </li><li> , Yıkama ya da santrifüj olmadan hücre süspansiyonu (1 ug / ml) biyotinile anti-Ter119 antikor ekleyin. Buz üzerinde 15 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 800 x g&#39;de 10% FBS (1:10) ve santrifüj ile 1x PBS içinde yıkayın. % 10 FCS içeren 1 ml PBS içinde tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri. </li><li> 75 ul ekle manyetik parçacıklar ile konjüge edilmiş ve buz üzerinde 10 dakika inkübe streptavidin. </li><li> PBS% 10 FBS içeren 2.5 ml hacim ekleyin. Alt tüp yuvarlak 5 ml&#39;lik polipropilen içine hücre süspansiyonu aktarın. </li><li> Manyetik hücre sınıflandırma düzeneğinin içine takın ve tüp, 10 dakika için inkübe edilir. Ter119 pozitif hücreler, tüp yan ekleme. Serbest Ter119 negatif Eritroblastlar süspansiyon halinde kalır. </li><li> Alt tüp yuvarlak yeni bir 5 ml&#39;lik polipropilen içine hücre süspansiyonu dökün. </li><li><html> Tekrar kalan Ter119 pozitif hücrelerini kaldırmak için 3.2.6 ve 3.2.7 adımları. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 800 x g&#39;de Pelet hücreleri. Süpernatant aspire. % 10 FBS içeren 1 ml PBS içerisinde yeniden süspanse edin ve hücreleri, tripan mavi ile canlı hücreleri sayın. </li></ol></li></ol> Virüsler kodlayan cDNA ya da shRNA 4. İletimi <ol><li> 3-5 de saflaştırılmış Ter119 negatif cenin karaciğer hücreleri levhası X 10 5/12-gözlü plaka kaplanmış bir fibronektin (farklı plaka kullanılması durumunda, hücre sayısını ayarlamak) olarak. </li><li> Viral iletimini kolaylaştırmak için 10 ug / ml &#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar polibren ekleyin. Sıkma 37 ° C 1-1.5 saat boyunca 800 x g hızında, lentivirüsleri ya da retrovirüsler, kodlayan cDNA ya da shRNA ile hücreleri enfekte etmektedir. </li></ol> Kalıt aktarımlı Ter119 Negatif Fare fetal karaciğer eritroblast 5. Kültür <ol><li> (Şekil 1 kesik çizgiler) terminali eritropoezin erken evrede gen fonksiyonlarını test etmek için.&quot;&gt; </ol.><ol><li><ol. li=""> Kültür 12 saat boyunca EPO barındırmayan ortam (SCF ortam) olarak transduse edilmiş hücrelerin transduse genler ve progenitör bir durumun muhafazası ekspresyonunu sağlamak için. </ol.></li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 800 xg&#39;de hücreleri santrifüj. Süpernatant aspire. 12-çukurlu bir levhanın her çukuruna ortam içeren 1 ml Epo süspansiyon hücreleri. </li><li> 24 veya 48 saat kültürden sonra, başka analizler için hücreler hasat edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Terminal eritropoezde (Şekil 1 katı çizgiler) geç evrede Test gen fonksiyonları. <ol><li> Kültür EPO ihtiva eden bir ortam içinde hemen transduse hücreleri. </li><li> 24 veya 48 saat kültürden sonra, başka analizler için hücreler hasat edilir. </li></ol></li></ol> Akış Sitometrik Analizi Kültür Fetal Karaciğer Hücreleri 6. Boyama <ol><li> Yıkayın ve 1x PBS içinde hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon. Hasat akım sitometri analizi için 2 x 10 5 kültür hücreleri. </li><li> Inkübekaranlıkta, oda sıcaklığında 20 dakika boyunca florofor konjuge antikor ile hücreler. Farklılaşmasını test etmek için APC konjuge anti-CD71 ve PE konjüge anti-Ter119 kullanın. Enükleasyonu test etmek için, diğer antikorlar yanı sıra, Hoechst 33342 boyası kullanın. </li><li> 1x PBS ile hücreleri yıkayın. Hücreler ölü hücreleri boyamak ve analiz dışında tutmak için% 1 FBS ve propidyum iyodür (PI) (1 ug / ml) ihtiva eden 0.5 ml PBS içerisinde süspansiyon hücreleri. </li><li> Davranış akış cytrometric analizi. Sitometresinin akışının ayarlanması ve tazminat için ilk tek renk lekeli ve lekesiz kontrolü hücreleri analiz. </li></ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

Burada kronolojik fare fetal karaciğer terminali eritropoezi analiz etmek için eşsiz bir sistem sunuyoruz. Farklı kültür koşulları uygulama sayesinde, başarıyla erken ve geç evrelerinde terminal eritropoezi disseke. Bu çok işlevli genlerin mekanizmaların belirlenmesi özellikle önemlidir. Örneğin, Rac GTPazlar terminali eritropoezin farklı aşamalarında önemli rol oynar. Terminal eritropoezis etkiler, hücre farklılaşması ve çoğalması erken evrede Rac GTPases engellenmesi. Diğer yandan, hücre...

Eritrosit oluşumu, eritrositler olgunlaşması için multipotent hematopoetik kök hücrelerin farklılaşması işlemidir. Bu kademeli işlem, ilgili eritroid patlama oluşturan birimler (BFU-Es), hızla bölünen eritroid koloni oluşturan birimler (CFU-Es) ve morfolojik olarak algılanabilen birçok eritroblast 1,2 oluşumunu kapsamaktadır. CFU-E projenitör hücrelerin Terminal eritropoezis sıralı eritropoietin bağımlı ve bağımsız aşamaları 2,3 içerir. Terminal eritropoezi erken aşamasında, eritropoetin (EPO), hücre yüzeyi üzerinde kendi reseptörüne bağlanan ve hücre apoptozu önlemez ve hızlı hücre bölünmesi ve gen ekspresyonunu teşvik 1,4 aşağı doğru sinyal yollarının bir dizi yol açar. Terminal eritropoezin geç evrede, Eritroblastlar derece yoğun çekirdeklerin 5 terminali hücre döngüsü çıkmak, kromatin ve çekirdek yoğunlaşmayı ve ekstrüzyon tabi. Terminalin anlayışımızeritropoezis sayesinde büyük ölçüde in vitro birkaç başarılı kullanımı ve in vivo fare modellerinde 6-9 büyük ölçüde son birkaç on yıl içinde artmıştır. Bu modeller arasında, fare, fetal karaciğer eritroblast vitro kültür içinde hücre arıtma için hızlı çoğalma ve farklılaşma dahil olmak üzere birçok avantaj kolaylığı sağlar ve insan erythropoiesis 10,11 yakından taklit eder. Bu sistemde, fare fetal dokulardan eritroid progenitör hücrelerin çok sayıda kolay Ter119 tek aşamada arıtıldıktan (olgun eritroid hücreler için bir işaret) negatif eritroblast izole edilebilir. Eritroblast iki günlük kültür boyunca, bu, hücrelerin farklılaşması Transferin reseptörüne (CD71) ve Ter119 antijenin 12 yüzey ifadesine dayalı akış sitometrik analizi ile izlenebilir. Buna ek olarak, terminal farklılaşma eritroblast enükleasyonu 1 bir DNA makinesi (Hoechst 33342) tarafından tespit edilebilir3. Bundan başka, arıtılmış ataları genetik olarak cDNA veya erythropoiesis 11,13,14 gen ekspresyonunun fonksiyonlarının mekanistik çalışmalar kolaylaştırır ve ilgilenilen genler için, küçük bir saç tokası RNA (shRNAs) eksojen ekspresyonu ile modifiye edilebilir. Bu terminali eritropoezin farklı aşamalarında gen işlevleri tanımlamak zor olduğundan, diğer taraftan, hızlı hücre büyüme oranı iki ucu keskin kılıç olabilir. Çoğu durumda, bu cDNA&#39;lar veya shRNAs ifade zaman terminalinde eritropoezi erken aşamasında belirli bir gen fonksiyonları, hücreler daha önce ilk aşamayı belirlemek zordur. Bu sorunu çözmek için, biz terminali eritropoezin erken ve geç evreleri incelemek için eşsiz bir sistem geliştirdi. Terminal eritropoezi erken bir aşaması için, genetik olarak tadil edilmiş Ter119 negatif Eritroblastlar EPO içermeyen ortam içeren ama kök hücre faktörü (SCF), IL-6 ve FLT3 kültürlendiligand kendi progenitör statüsünü korumak ve ifade 13 transdüse cDNA&#39;lan veya shRNA izin vermek. Hücreler, hücre proliferasyonunu ve farklılaşmasını uyarmak için 12 saat sonra EPO ihtiva eden ortam ile değiştirildi. Hücrelerin ayırt başladı Bu şekilde, transduse ya da cDNA&#39;lar shRNAs daha önce ifade edildi. Terminal eritropoezi geç aşaması için, negatif Ter119 Eritroblastlar EPO transdüksiyon sonra hemen sıvı ihtiva eden kültürlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, bir terminal eritropoezi geç evrede, ilgi konusu genlerin fonksiyonlarının analiz edebilir. Özetle, bu sistemin geniş bir uygulama terminali eritropoezin farklı aşamalarında teşrih gen fonksiyonlarını yardımcı olacaktır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s MediumIMDM (IMDM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GEMINI Bio-product</td>
			<td>700-102P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b-mecaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td>0.1 M in IMDM,&#160; 4&#8451;stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SV30010</td>
			<td>100 X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30034.01</td>
			<td>200 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stem cell factor (SCF)</td>
			<td>STEMCELL TECH</td>
			<td>2630</td>
			<td>100 ng/ul, -20&#8451; stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse FIT3 Ligand (Flt-3L)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td>14-8001-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Recombinant Interleukin-6 (IL-6)&#160;</td>
			<td>GEMINI Bio-product</td>
			<td>300-327P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fibronectin</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td>354008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>STEMCELL TECH</td>
			<td>9300</td>
			<td>10% stock in IMDM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin solution, human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I9278</td>
			<td>4&#8451; stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>holo-transferrin human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T0665</td>
			<td>50 mg/ml in Water -20&#8451; stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erythropoietin(Epo)</td>
			<td>PROCRIT</td>
			<td>NOC 59676-303-00</td>
			<td>3,000 U/ml stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin particles Plus</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td>STEMCELL TECH</td>
			<td>18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene Round-Bottom Tube, 5 ml</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse fetal liver culture system to dissect target gene functions at the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis

Eritropoez hızla birimleri oluşturan eritroid koloni (CFU-Es) bölünmesiyle ardından taahhüt eritroid patlama oluşturan birimler (BFU-Es) ile başlayan dinamik bir süreç gerektirir. CFU-Es sonra hücreler morfolojik olarak algılanabilen ve genelde bağlantı eritroblastlarda olarak adlandırılır. Terminal eritropoezin çalışma için zorluklardan biri kronolojik bir şekilde gen fonksiyonlarını incelemek için deneysel yaklaşımların olmaması. Bu protokol, biz terminali eritropoezin erken ve geç evrelerinde gen fonksiyonlarını belirlemek için benzersiz bir strateji belirlemelidir. Bu sistemde, bir fare fetal karaciğer Ter119 (olgun eritroid hücre işaretleme maddesi) negatif Eritroblastlar saflaştırılmış ve cDNA veya ilgi duyulan genler için küçük bir saç tokası RNA (shRNAs) eksojen ekspresyonu ile transduse. Hücreler, bundan sonra, eksojen cDNA veya shRNAs izin verirken 12 saat boyunca da projenitör sahne korumak Eritropoietin (EPO) dışındaki ortam ihtiva eden büyüme faktörleri kültürlendiifade etmek. Hücreler, egzojenez genetik malzeme, daha ifade edildi, hücre farklılaşmasını ve çoğalmasını uyarmak için 12 saat sonra EPO ortamına değiştirildi. Bu protokol, terminal eritropoezin erken evre gen fonksiyonlarının analizini kolaylaştırır. Geç aşama terminali eritrosit oluşumunu çalışmak için, hücreler hemen transdüksiyon sonra EPO ortamı içinde kültürlenmiştir. Transduse genetik malzeme olarak ifade edilmiştir, bu durumda, hücreler daha önce, terminal eritropoezi geç dönem için farklılaştırılmıştır. Biz terminali eritropoezin farklı aşamalarında detaylı gen fonksiyonlarını anlamak yardımcı olacak bu stratejinin genel bir uygulama önerilir.

Şekil 1, deneysel stratejileri açıklamaktadır. Bu protokol, terminal eritropoezi erken ve geç aşamalarında sinyal molekülleri Hedef alma fonksiyonları için iki bağımsız koşulları oluşur. Ter119 negatif Fetal karaciğer Eritroblastlar E 13.5 fare fetüs saflaştırılmıştır. Fetal karaciğer eritrosit önce ve saflaştırma işleminden sonra, akış sitometrik analizi ile arıtma (Şekil 2A ve 2B) etkili olduğunu gösterdi. Terminal erythropoiesis <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis at JoVE.com

Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

Biz terminali eritropoezin erken ve geç aşamaları masaya bir in vitro fare fetal karaciğer erythroblast kültür sistemi sunuyoruz. Bu sistem, farklı gelişim aşamasındaki özel genlerin işlevsel analiz kolaylaştırır.

Fare Fetal Karaciğer Kültür Sistemi Terminali Eritropoiesis Erken ve Geç Dönemlerinde Hedef Gene İşlevleri teşrih etmek

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony ...

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JoVE Journal

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Cell Biology

Immunology and Infection

Unit 1

A Hierarchical Stem-Cell System: Blood Cell Formation

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14.8K Görüntüleme.  Northwestern University.  Biz terminali eritropoezin erken ve geç aşamaları masaya bir in vitro fare fetal karaciğer erythroblast kültür sistemi sunuyoruz. Bu sistem, farklı gelişim aşamasındaki özel genlerin işlevsel analiz kolaylaştırır. 

Video: Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

Bakteriyel Yapışma Çalışma Kesme Stres Tanıtımı

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Using the BLT Humanized Mouse as a Stem Cell based Gene Therapy Tumor Model

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of information gained from these studies, the unique characteristics of mouse immunity as well as the species specificity of viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection led to the development of humanized mouse models. The earlier models involved the use of C. B 17 scid/scid mice and the transplantation of human fetal thymus and fetal liver termed thy/liv (SCID-hu) 1, 2 or the adoptive transfer of human peripheral blood leukocytes (SCID-huPBL) 3. Both models were mainly utilized for the study of HIV infection.
One of the main limitations of both of these models was the lack of stable reconstitution of human immune cells in the periphery to make them a more physiologically relevant model to study HIV disease. To this end, the BLT humanized mouse model was developed. BLT stands for bone marrow/liver/thymus. In this model, 6 to 8 week old NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) immunocompromised mice receive the thy/liv implant as in the SCID-hu mouse model only to be followed by a second human hematopoietic stem cell transplant 4. The advantage of this system is the full reconstitution of the human immune system in the periphery. This model has been used to study HIV infection and latency 5-8.
We have generated a modified version of this model in which we use genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) to construct the thy/liv implant followed by injection of transduced autologous hHSC 7, 9. This approach results in the generation of genetically modified lineages. More importantly, we adapted this system to examine the potential of generating functional cytotoxic T cells (CTL) expressing a melanoma specific T cell receptor. Using this model we were able to assess the functionality of our transgenic CTL utilizing live positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine tumor regression (9).
The goal of this protocol is to describe the process of generating these transgenic mice and assessing in vivo efficacy using live PET imaging. As a note, since we use human tissues and lentiviral vectors, our facilities conform to CDC NIH guidelines for Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+). In addition, the NSG mice are severely immunocompromised thus, their housing and maintenance must conform to the highest health standards (<a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html" target="_blank">http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html</a>).

The generation and characterization of tumor specific T cells using humanized mice is described here. Human thymic tissue and genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells are transplanted into immunocompromised mice. This results in the reconstitution of an engineered human immune system allowing for in vivo examination of anti-tumor immune responses.

Bir Kök Hücre tabanlı Gen Terapisi Tümör Modeli olarak BLT Insanlaşmış Fare Kullanma

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human  disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of  ...

Multi-target Parallel Processing Approach for Gene-to-structure Determination of the Influenza Polymerase PB2 Subunit

Pandemic outbreaks of highly virulent influenza strains can cause widespread morbidity and mortality in human populations worldwide. In the United States alone, an average of 41,400 deaths and 1.86 million hospitalizations are caused by influenza virus infection each year 1. Point mutations in the polymerase basic protein 2 subunit (PB2) have been linked to the adaptation of the viral infection in humans 2. Findings from such studies have revealed the biological significance of PB2 as a virulence factor, thus highlighting its potential as an antiviral drug target.
The structural genomics program put forth by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) provides funding to Emerald Bio and three other Pacific Northwest institutions that together make up the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID). The SSGCID is dedicated to providing the scientific community with three-dimensional protein structures of NIAID category A-C pathogens. Making such structural information available to the scientific community serves to accelerate structure-based drug design.
Structure-based drug design plays an important role in drug development. Pursuing multiple targets in parallel greatly increases the chance of success for new lead discovery by targeting a pathway or an entire protein family. Emerald Bio has developed a high-throughput, multi-target parallel processing pipeline (MTPP) for gene-to-structure determination to support the consortium. Here we describe the protocols used to determine the structure of the PB2 subunit from four different influenza A strains.

Structure-based drug design plays an important role in drug development. Pursuing multiple targets in parallel greatly increases the chance of success for lead discovery. The following article highlights how the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease utilizes a multi-target approach for gene-to-structure determination of the PB2 influenza A subunit.

Grip Polimeraz Gen-to-yapı belirlenmesi PB2 alt birimi için çoklu hedef Paralel İşleme Yaklaşımı

Pandemic outbreaks of highly virulent influenza strains can cause widespread morbidity and mortality in human populations worldwide. In the United States ...

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses that include active human pathogens such as monkeypox, molluscum contagiousum, and Contagalo virus. The family also includes the smallpox virus, Variola. Due to the complexity of poxvirus replication, many questions still remain regarding their gene expression strategy. In this article we describe the conceptualization and usage of recombinant vaccinia viruses that enable real-time measurement of single and multiple stages of viral gene expression in a high-throughput format. This is enabled through the use of spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins as reporters for each of three stages of viral replication. These viruses provide a high signal-to-noise ratio while retaining stage specific expression patterns, enabling plate-based assays and microscopic observations of virus propagation and replication. These tools have uses for antiviral discovery, studies of the virus-host interaction, and evolutionary biology.

We describe the usage of a fluorescent reporter vaccinia virus that enables real-time measurement of viral infectivity and gene expression through the stage-specific expression of spectrally distinct reporter fluorophores. We detail a plate-based method for accurately identifying the stage at which virus replication is affected in response to small molecule inhibition.

Gen İfade Tüm Dönemlerinde Viral Fonksiyonu sayısallaştırabilmek için vaksiniya Reporter Virüsler

Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses that include active human pathogens such as monkeypox, molluscum contagiousum, and Contagalo virus. ...

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing fetus. This tolerance is initiated during coitus, established during fecundation and implantation, and maintained throughout pregnancy. Active cellular and molecular mediators of maternal-fetal tolerance are enriched at the site of contact between fetal and maternal tissues, known as the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and the uterine and decidual tissues. This interface is comprised of stromal cells and infiltrating leukocytes, and their abundance and phenotypic characteristics change over the course of pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells that together create the local micro-environment that sustains pregnancy. An imbalance among these cells or any inappropriate alteration in their phenotypes is considered a mechanism of disease in pregnancy. Therefore, the study of leukocytes that infiltrate the maternal-fetal interface is essential in order to elucidate the immune mechanisms that lead to pregnancy-related complications. Described herein is a protocol that uses a combination of gentle mechanical dissociation followed by a robust enzymatic disaggregation with a proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymatic cocktail to isolate the infiltrating leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. This protocol allows for the isolation of high numbers of viable leukocytes (&#62;70%) with sufficiently conserved antigenic and functional properties. Isolated leukocytes can then be analyzed by several techniques, including immunophenotyping, cell sorting, imaging, immunoblotting, mRNA expression, cell culture, and in vitro functional assays such as mixed leukocyte reactions, proliferation, or cytotoxicity assays.

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

Maternal Fetal Arayüz at Fare Dokular lökosit İzolasyonu

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is imperative to design experiments using human cells and tissues. An advantage of organ culture is maintenance of three-dimensional (3D) structural organization and extracellular matrix. The goal of the method described here is successful establishment of ex vivo human gestational tissue organ cultures and their healthy culture maintenance for 72-96 hr. The protocol details the immediate processing of research-consented, placental and decidual specimens fresh from the operating suite. These are abundant specimens that would otherwise be discarded. Detailed instructions on the sterile collection of these samples, including morphologic details on how to select appropriate tissues to establish 3D organ cultures, is provided. Placental villous and decidual tissues are microdissected into 2-3 mm3 pieces and placed separately on matrix-lined transwell filters and cultured for several days. Villous and decidual organ cultures are well suited for the study of human host-pathogen interaction. As compared to other model organisms, these human cultures are particularly advantageous to examine mechanism of infection for pathogens that demonstrate variable patterns of host specificity. As an example, we demonstrate infection of placental and decidual organ cultures with the clinically relevant, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.

A simple method to establish primary human placental (villous) and decidual organ cultures is described. Villous and decidual organ cultures are invaluable tools for studying pathogenesis at the human maternal-fetal interface. Infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is demonstrated.

İnsan Plasental ve Desidual Organ Kültürleri Maternal-Fetal Arayüz de Enfeksiyonlar Eğitim için

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is ...

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.

A simple and reliable method is described here to analyze a set of NK cell functions such as degranulation, cytokine and chemokine production within different NK cell subsets.

Akış NK Hücre Fonksiyonları İzleme Testi Sitometri tabanlı

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and ...

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Here we describe a newly developed hepatitis B virus (HBV) reporter system to monitor the early stages of the HBV life cycle. This simplified in vitro system will aid in the screening of anti-HBV agents using a high-throughput strategy.

Bir Hepatit B Virüsü Muhabir Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi Çoğaltma Döngüsü Erken Aşamaları Monitör

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

Grip virüsü monoklonal antikorları nötralize kaçış türevleri üretimi

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and Fc-regions. Here, we describe how to measure the activation of Fc effector functions by monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus hemagglutinin with the use of a genetically engineered Jurkat cell line expressing an activating type 1 Fc-Fc&#947;R. Using this method, the contribution of specific Fc-Fc&#947;R interactions conferred by immunoglobulins can be determined using an in vitro assay.

We describe a method to measure the activation of Fc-mediated effector functions by antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin. This assay can also be adapted to assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal sera targeting other viral surface glycoproteins to induce Fc-mediated immunity.

Grip Hemagglutinin özel antikorlar tarafından indüklenen Fc-aracılı efektör fonksiyonları değerlendirmek için bir yöntem

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...