This study was supported by grants to M.A. from NCI (1RO1CA155091), NHLBI (1R21HL114074) and the Leukemia Research Foundation. M.A. is a recipient of V-Scholar award from the V- Foundation. Authors are thankful to Dr. Sara Rohrabaugh for editing.

NOT: Bu protokol tüm işlemler hayvanların etik tedavisi ve bakımı için kurallar Ulusal Enstitüsü göre yapılan ve onaylı IACUC hayvan kullanımı protokolüne göre edildi. 1. Hücre Hat Bakım <ol><li> RPMI-1640 ortamı içinde kültür BAF3 hücreleri,% 10 fetal sığır serumu ve penisilin / streptomisin (100 ünite / ml ve 100 ug / ml) ile WEHI Hücrelerinin geçirilerek kültür ortamı desteklenmiştir. % 10 fetal sığır serumu ve penisilin / streptomisin ile takviye edilmiş DMEM içinde HEK293T hücrelerin büyümesine (100 birim / ml ve 100 ug / ml). % 5 CO2 içeren nemli bir atmosferde 37 ° C&#39;de hücreler muhafaza edin. </li></ol> 2. Plasmid Yapı <ol><li> Fareyi JAK2 ve LR tarafından pMSCV-puro-GW onun onkojenik izoformu JAK2-V617F standart rekombinasyon klonlama prosedürü kullanılarak klonaz Clone. </li><li> Lusiferaz ekspresyon vektörü (pMSCV-Luc-Kiraz-GH) oluşturulması için in vi kullanılanvo görüntüleme kullanılır pENTR-Luc oluşturmak için pENTR SD-TOPO klonlama ile takip primerler (AP-CACCATGGAAGACGCCAAAAAC LUC SD / PR TTACAATTTGGACTTTCCG ve LUC SD /) kullanılarak PCR ile pLVX-Tet-ON vektöründen lusiferaz yükseltmek LR klonaz kullanılarak yeniden birleştirme aracılı klonlaması ile bir retroviral vektör, pMSCV Cherry-GW Lusiferaz geninin aktarmak için kullanılır. </li></ol> Rastgele Mutasyon Kütüphanesi 3. hazırlanması, Mutasyonlar Eleme ve belirlenmesi 3.1), rasgele mutajeniz <ol><li> JAK2 yabani tip ve ticari rekombinasyon klonlama teknolojisini kullanarak pMSCV-puro-GW retroviral vektörü içine V617F mutasyon Klon tam uzunlukta. </li><li> , Dönüştürmek için JAK2-V617F plazmid DNA 1 mikrogram kullanın XL-1 Kırmızı, E. böylece onları çoğaltma sırasında rastgele mutasyonlar dahil etmek izin DNA tamir mekanizmaları kusurlu coli hücreleri,. Daha özel olarak ise, 50 karıştırın - DNA, 100 ng, 10 ile (daha fazla DNA 100 ng transformasyon etkinliğini azaltır)0 önceden soğutulmuş polipropilen tüp içinde yetkin hücre ul ve yavaşça her 5 dakikada dönen, 30 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. Iyi bir kütüphane içerisinde için yetkin hücrelerin 4-6 tüpler kullanmaktadır. NOT: DNA 100&#39;den fazla ng dönüşüm verimliliği azaltır </li><li> 45 saniyelik bir ısı şoku 42 ° C &#39;de bir su banyosunda tüp daldırın ve 2 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. Daha sonra, SOC ortamında 1 ml (% 2.0 tripton,% 0.5 maya ekstresi,% 0.05 NaCl, 10 mM MgCI2, 10 mM MgSO4 ve% 0.4, D-glukoz) ekleyin. 90 dakika boyunca 225-250 rpm&#39;de çalkalanırken 37 ° C&#39;de tüp inkübe edin. </li><li> 100 ug / ml ampisilin ihtiva eden dört adet 10 cm LB-agar plakaları üzerinde her tüp Plaka hücreleri. 37 ° C&#39;de 24 saat - 16 inkübe edin. </li><li> Görünür koloniler ardından, steril bir plaka kazıyıcı ile plakaları kazınarak onları toplamak. Ticari bir plazmid ekstre etme kiti kullanılarak her plaka ve izole plazmid DNA Havuz hücreleri. Genellikle koloniler küçük ve olmaya 18-24 saat sürebilir: NOTGörünür bu yavaş büyüyen bakteri suşları çünkü. Bu aşamada, örneğin Sau3A1 veya Taq1 ya da sekanslama Bir sık ​​kesici ile sınırlama sindirimi ile kütüphanede mutasyonlarının heterojen değerlendirmek. </li></ol> Retroviral süpernatanlarından ve İletim 3.2) üretimi <ol><li> Transfeksiyondan bir gün, levha% 10 FCS, penisilin / streptomisin ve 2 mM L-glutamin içeren DMEM içinde 100 cm&#39;lik kaplar üzerine 4 x 10 6 HEK 293T hücreleri önce. </li><li> Ertesi gün, orta yerine ve Mutagenezli pMSCV-JAK2-V617F kütüphanesi ile hücreleri transfect. Her biri 10 cm plaka için, serumsuz DMEM ortamı kullanılarak 400 ul toplam hacmine FuGENE 40 ul DNA 10 ug (plazmid kütüphanesi 5 ug ve retroviral paketleme plazmid 5 ug, pCLEco) karıştırın. Oda sıcaklığında 20 dakika için DNA ve lipit karışımı inkübe edin. 20 dakika sonra HEK293T hücrelerin üzerine damla DNA lipit kompleksi damla ekleyin. </li><li> Altı saat sonra, transfeksiyon ortamı ağırlık değiştirmeki taze ortam virüs üretimi, 37 ° C &#39;de 48 saat süre ile plakalar inkübasyon ve. Inkübasyondan 48 saat sonra, bir 0.45 um Acrodisc filtreden filtre viral süpernatanların toplanması. </li></ol> In Vitro dirençli klonlar, 3.3) Seçim <ol><li> Ilaca dirençli JAK2 V617F-mutantlar için, 0.5-1 x10 6 arasında bir viral titreye sahip bir virüs yüzer 100 ml 100,000,000 BAF3 hücrenin transduse edilmesi. Daha özel olarak ise,% 10 serum içeren RPMI ortamı kullanılarak, 300 ml lik bir toplam hacme kadar virüs yüzer, 100 ml ve polyberene 24 ug / ml (ployberene nihai konsantrasyon 8 mg / ml) ile 10 8 hücreleri karıştırın. Birden altı kuyu plakaları (4-5 ml başına iyi) Bu hücre mikserler dağıtın. </li><li> 25 ° C&#39;de 90 dakika boyunca 1250 x g&#39;de plakaları santrifüjleyin. Santrifüj işleminden sonra, 24 saat süre ile 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> Ertesi gün, hücreleri birlikte havuz ve Ruxolitinib ve orta yumuşak agar içeren karıştırın ve si kaplamax kuyu plakalar. Her bir ilaç konsantrasyonu için, bir 50 ml tüp içinde Ruxolitinib uygun miktarı ile transduse BAF3 hücreleri (10-20.000.000 hücre) 10 ml karıştırın. RPMI% 20 ​​serum içeren kullanarak 40 ml sesini olun. Altı yuvalı plakalar içinde mixcarefully, hücrelere% 1.2 agar ve 10 ml ilave edilir ve plaka. </li><li> Iki hafta boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. 0.2 ml pipet uçları ve alt-kültür onlara 3-4 gün için ayrı ayrı 24 kuyu plakalar kullanılarak dirençli koloniler seçin. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında beş dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile dirençli BAF3 hücreleri hasat edilir. Ticari bir genomik DNA izolasyon kiti kullanılarak genomik DNA izole edin. PCR genomik DNA kullanılarak primerler (mJAK2FP-ATGGCCTGCCTTACAATGACAG ve mJAK2RP-GGTTCTGGAAGTCTGCTTGG) ve yüksek sadakat PCR sistemleri genişletmek uzun şablonun 100 ng tam uzunlukta JAK2 cDNA yükseltmek. </li><li> Agaroz jel elektroforezi ile PCR ürünleri ayırın. JAK2 kodlama çerçeveyi temsil eden DNA bandı 3.4 kb tüketim ve DNA izoleticari bir jel ekstre etme kiti kullanılarak. Sıra 8 iç astar (P1 - P8) kullanılarak cDNA tam uzunlukta ticari yazılımı kullanarak kodlama dizisini kapsayan ve analiz dizileri. </li></ol> Dayanıklı Mutasyonların 4. İn Vitro Doğrulama Birçok hücre klonları, direnç fenotipinin her mutasyonun katkısını test etmek şablon olarak pMSCV-JAK2V-617F plasmidi kullanılarak yer yönelimli mutagenezle seçilen türevlerini oluşturmak için birden fazla mutasyonu taşır. <ol><li> Ticari bir mutajenez kiti ve nokta mutasyonları oluşturmak için tasarlanmış oligonükleotidler kullanılarak pMSCV-JAK2 V617F-plazmid üzerinde yer yönelimli mutagenez yapın. Dizileme ile mutant klonların kimliklerini teyit edin. </li><li> Retrovirüsler ile BAF3 hücreleri nakletmek seçeneklerini 1 ug / ml puromisin ile takip mutant plazmitleri kullanılarak yapılan. </li><li> Levha 10 4 BAF3-JAK2 V617F-hücreleri, 96 gözlü bir plakanın her oyuğuna (% 10 FCS ile RPMI 50 ul). Ayrı37 ° C&#39;de 60 saat boyunca plakaları (0, 1, 3, 5, 10 ve 20 uM son konsantrasyon) ve inkübe ly plaka üzerinde çukurlara ruxolitinib içeren ortamda 50 ul ekle. </li><li> 2-4 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de her bir oyuğa inkübasyon ile takip için, WST-1 reaktifi 10 ul eklenmesi ile hücre canlılığı değerlendirmek. Bir plaka okuyucu kullanarak A450 Tutanak emme. Üç nüsha ve arsa tüm tahlilleri gerçekleştirin INCB018424 konsantrasyonları karşı absorbans ortalama. Bir doğrusal olmayan eğri uydurma algoritması kullanarak en uygun sigmoid eğri gerçekleştirin. Hücresel IC50 olarak% 50 hücre canlılığı ile sonuçlanan ilaç konsantrasyonunu puan. </li><li> Daha sonra, ruxolitinib artan konsantrasyonlarda ve 37 ° C&#39;de 4-6 saat süreyle inkübe edildi,% 10 serum ihtiva eden RPMI ortamı içinde altı yuvalı plakalar JAK2 varyantlarını eksprese eden plaka altı milyon BAF3 hücreleri. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de beş dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile hücreler toplanır. 20 mM Tris-CI içinde hücreler, bir kez PBS ile zaman ve lize yıkayın (pH 7,5), 50mM NaCI,% 1 NP-40,% 0.1 SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM sodyum florit, 2 mM sodyum vanadat ve% 5 Gliserol proteaz inhibitör kokteyli ve fosfataz inhibitörleri ile takviye edilmiştir. 5x jel yükleme tamponu (bunu takiben 1 dakika boyunca bir hücre süspansiyonu sonikasyon 350 mM Tris-HCI [pH 6.8], 500 mM DTT,% 15 SDS, 10 mM benzamidin, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 5 mM sodyum vanadat Protease kokteyl, 50% gliserol, ve 5-10 dakika boyunca 70 ° C &#39;de% 0.001 Bromofenol Mavi) ve denatürasyon. </li><li> Denatüre edici koşullar altında,% 8 SDS poliakrilamid jeli üzerinde proteinleri çözmek. Fare monoklonal anti-phopsho STAT5 ile immün yapın. Lekeleri Şerit ve tavşan poliklonal anti-SATA5 antikoru ile yeniden sondaj. Tedarikçinin tavsiyelerine göre ECL reaktifler kullanılarak bantları görselleştirmek. </li></ol> Vivo Doğrulama 5. <ol><li> Lusiferazı ve kiraz ifade BAF3 hücreleri nakletmek (pMSCV-Luc-cher yapılan retrovirüslere ile transdükJAK2 V617F-dirençli varyantları ifade virüs Ry GH). JAK2 ve direnci varyantlarının sentezlenmesi için puromisin seçimi hayatta hücreleri seçin. </li><li> Kuyruk ven enjeksiyon yoluyla 6 Balb / C farelerine 200 ul PBS JAK2 V617F-ve dirençli varyantları taşıyan iki milyondan aktif olarak büyüyen BAF3-Luc / kiraz hücreleri enjekte edilir. </li><li> Hücre nakli üç gün sonra, iki hafta boyunca, günde iki kez Ruxolitinib (100 mg / kg) ile farelere enjekte edilir. </li><li> Bir görüntüleme sistemi ile lusiferaz tabanlı biyoışıldama görüntüleme yapın. . <ol><li> Kısaca, steril iyondan arındırılmış su, 300 mg 25 ml, daha küçük hacimlerde ve mağaza kısım çözülmesiyle lusiferin solüsyon hazırlanır. Not: -80 ° C&#39;de saklayın lusiferin ve kullanılana kadar ışıktan koruyunuz. </li><li> Her bir fare, 125 mg / kg, elde etmek için IP ve her bir farenin 250 ul enjekte edilir. Birlikte bir kapalı kutu inhale izofluran (% 1.5 -2.0%) kullanarak aynı gruptan fareler anestezi. Inci veteriner merhem sürüne göz kuruluğu önlemek için. NOT: fareler için alınan zaman uyku (10-15 dk) zirveye luciferin aktivitesini izin. Varyasyonu önlemek için gruplar arasında tutarlı bir süre tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Görüntüleme odası aşamasına derhal fareler aktarın ve görüntüleme işlemleri sırasında 1.5-2% isofluorane de anestezi korumak. Sıralı 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 30, 60 ve 300 saniye maruz görüntü fareler. Görüntü yakalamak ve görüntü elde etme ve analiz yazılımı kullanılarak biyoışıldama yoğunluğunu ölçmek. Görüntüleme kendi kafesine geri dönmek fareler ardından. </li><li> In vivo şimerizm hasat toplam Kemik iligi hücreleri için. Servikal dislokasyon ile takip 5 dakika için CO 2 ile fareler Euthanize. Kemikleri Hasat ve kemik iliği toplamak için soğuk PBS 4 ml ezmek. Floresan mikroskop altında yüzde kiraz pozitif hücreleri analiz ve FACS kullanarak ölçmek. Her örnekten yirmi bin olayları toplayın. </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

Klinik nüks ve hedef gen ilaç direnci mutasyonlarının ortaya çıkması: KML tedavisinde Imatinib klinik başarısı küçük molekül inhibitörleri ile rouge kinazlar hedef potansiyelini, ancak hedeflenen tedavinin de ortaya sınırlamaları sadece gösterdi. Direnç mutasyonlarının tanımlanması daha iyi klinik yönetimi ve gelecek nesil inhibitörlerinin gelişimine yardımcı olur. Bu protokol, hedeflenmiş genin ilaca dirençli mutasyonları tespit etmek için bir yöntem tarif etmektedir. Bu yöntem E....

Protein kinazlar, görünüşte her hücre fonksiyonunu modüle eden hücre içi sinyal iletim yollarında önemli bir düzenleyici enzimdir. Kinaz aracılı sinyalizasyon düzgün bir denetim çoğunlukla UPS tarafından kinazlar, fosfatazların ve bozulması uygun yönetmelik (Ubikutin proteazom sistemi) dayanır homeostaz ve gelişim için çok önemlidir. Kuralsız kinazlar birçok kanser merkezi aşamasında olan ve insan hastalıklarının 1 ev sahibi sorumlu. İnsan genomu ile doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak bağlantılı olmuştur 500&#39;den protein kinazları için ~ 400 insan hastalıkları 2 kodlar. Bu gözlemler, küçük molekül inhibitörleri 3-5 kinaz terapötik hedefleme için düşüncesini desteklemiştir. Kronik miyeloid lösemi (KML) tedavisinde gibi Imatinib gibi ABL kinaz inhibitörlerinin, gösteri, bu yaklaşımın 6,7 konseptinin kanıtı sağlanmıştır. Bu gözlem sadece karınca devrimi-kinaz tedavi değil, aynı zamanda Miyeloproliferatif neoplazmlar (EMS) ile polisitemi vera (PV) ve hastaların JAK2&#39;nın onkojenik mutasyonlar keşfine yol terapötik hedefleme için diğer neoplastik hastalıklar, genetik lezyonların tespit etmek fikri zorlanan. Bu keşif, küçük molekül kinaz inhibitörleri ile JAK2 hedefleyerek MPNs tedavisinde büyük ilgi gördü. Şimdi, JAK2 inhibitörlerinin neredeyse bir düzine klinik çalışmalarda ve bunlardan bir tanesi myelofibrozis tedavisi için son onaylanmıştır. Kanserlerde küçük molekül inhibitörleri tarafından onkojenik kinaz spesifik hedefleme umut verici sonuçlar getirmek, aynı zamanda tedaviye direnç gelişmekte muzdarip. Aslında, bugüne kadar, hastalar çoğunlukla ilaç 8-10 hedefler için hangi kinaz etki mutasyonlar alarak böyle İmatinib, Gefitinib, Erlotinib ve Dasatinib gibi kinaz inhibitörleri, direnç mutasyonları geliştirdi tedavi. Gen mutasyonu sonucu direnç o sınırlamaları vurgulamaktadırf onkojenik kinazlara karşı monoterapi hedefli ve her zamankinden daha başarılı kanser kemoterapisi gelişiminde bir sonraki meydan temsil eder. Ilaç direncinin mekanik ve fonksiyonel sonuçları seçimi ve ilaç geliştirme için ücretsiz bileşiklerin tasarımı için bir gerekçe sunmalıdır. In vitro ekranlar ile tanımlanan mutasyonlar, hastalarda bulunanlar ile korelasyon yüksek derecede göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, klinik nüks neden muhtemeldir direnç kalıplarını belirlemede klinik veya preklinik kalkınma asist belirli bir ilaç hedef çiftleri için ilaç direnç kazandıran mutasyonlar in vitro tarama. Bu mutant formlarının tanımlanması sadece ilaç tepkisi ve nüksetme ama daha güçlü yeni nesil inhibitörlerinin tasarımı için de gereklidir için hastaların izlenmesinde yararlı olacaktır. Örneğin, yeni nesil BCR / ABL inhibitörleri, nilotinib ve Ponatinib gelişmesi için, çünkü daha mec mümkün olmuşturhanistic anlayış mutagenez, yapısal ve fonksiyonel çalışmalar elde. Daha önce, biz böyle Imatinib 11,12, PD166326 12, ve AP24163 13 gibi inhibitörleri direnç kazandıran mutasyonlar spektrumunu ortaya çıkarmak için BCR / ABL rastgele mutajenezini kullanarak ekranın sonuçlarını bildirmişlerdir. Sonuçlar sadece klinik direnç ve hastalık nüksü veren mutasyonları tespit değil, aynı zamanda ilaç direnci ve kinaz fonksiyonunu 11,14 yöneten ilkeler mekanik anlayış sağladı. İşte bu tarama stratejisinin daha geniş bir uygulama sağlamak için, bir ilaç hedef çifti olarak Ruxolitinib ve JAK2 kullanarak, ek metodolojik ayrıntı sağlar.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:344px;">name of Materials/Equipment</td>
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			<td style="width:453px;">Comments/ Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell and Tissue culture&#160;</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BaF3 Cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F-puro.GW</td>
			<td>A gift from Ross Levine</td>
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			<td>Made in house</td>
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			<td>Made in house</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/Y931C-cherry.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/L983F-cherry.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
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			<td>Made in house</td>
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			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>15-040-CV</td>
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			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>15-013-CV</td>
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			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Atlanta biological</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin EDTA 1X</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1XPBS</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>25-005-CL</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Puromycin</td>
			<td>Gibco (life technologies)</td>
			<td>A11138-03</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protamine sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3369</td>
			<td>5mg/ml stock in water</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trapan Blue solution (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>25-950-CQC</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">INCB018424 (Ruxolitinib)</td>
			<td>ChemieTeK</td>
			<td>941678-49-5</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">WST-1</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11644807001</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.45uM acro disc filter</td>
			<td>PALL</td>
			<td>2016-10</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70um nylon cell stariner</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacterial Culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XL-1 red E.Coli cells</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech</td>
			<td>200129</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SOC</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B90920s</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A0166</td>
			<td>100mg/ml stock solution&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>214050</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Terrific broth</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>243820</td>
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			<td>E-3119-500</td>
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			<td>69506</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Expand long template PCR system</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>1168134001</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wizard Sv gel and PCR clean up system</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A9282</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pure Yield plasmid mini prep system</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A1222</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR Cloning System with Gateway Technology with pDONR 221 &#38; OmniMAX 2 Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12535029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gateway&#160; LR Clonase Enzyme mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11791019</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vivo-Glo Luciferin in-vivo Grade</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>P1043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1/2cc Lo-Dose u-100 insulin syringe 28 G1/2</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>329461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mortor pestle</td>
			<td>Coor tek&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">60316 and 60317</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflorane (Isothesia TM)</td>
			<td>Butler Schien</td>
			<td>29405</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NAPCO series 8000 WJ CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Swing bucket rotor centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TC-10 automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is not necessary, one can use standard hemocytomemetr for cell counting</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for screening and validation of resistant mutations against kinase inhibitors

Kronik miyeloid lösemi (KML) bir sürücü onkogen olarak BCR / ABL keşif aslında, etkin bir KML hastaları tedavi ile kanserlerde kinaz hedefleyen potansiyelini gösterdi, Imatinib, geliştirme sonuçlandı. Bu gözlem gibi EGFR, B-RAF, KIT ve PDGFRs, gibi çeşitli diğer maligniteler, karıştığı onkojenik kinazlar hedef ilaç geliştirme devrim. Ancak, anti-kinaz tedavilerin bir büyük dezavantajı hedef render ilaç direnci mutasyonlarının ortaya çıkması azalır veya ilaç için afinite kaybetmiş olmaktır. Gelecek nesil inhibitörleri gelişmekte yardımcı olur, aynı zamanda kişiselleştirilmiş ilaç kullanarak klinik yönetimi ivme verir sadece dirençli varyantları tarafından istihdam mekanizmaların anlaşılması. Biz yeni nesil BCR / ABL inhibitörleri gelişmekte yardımcı oldu BCR / ABL, mutasyonlar veren direnç spektrumunu belirlemek için bir retroviral vektör tabanlı tarama stratejisi bildirdi. Ruxoli kullanılmasıBir ilaç hedef çifti olarak tinib ve JAK2, burada JAK2 kinaz rastgele mutasyon kütüphane ifade fare BAF3 hücrelerini kullanan in vitro tarama yöntemleri açıklar.

Genetik mutasyonların ortaya çıkması hedeflenen anti-kinaz tedavisi için büyük sorun teşkil etmektedir. Mutasyon çalışmaları, seçimi ve yeni nesil ilaç geliştirme tasarım vesile olan mekanik ve fonksiyonel anlayışlar sağlamanın yanı sıra, aynı zamanda daha iyi klinik yönetimi sağlar ve gelecekte kişiselleştirilmiş tedavi için daha yararlı olabilir. Bu deneyde, JAK2 V617F-kinaz ruxolitinib direnç mutasyonları (Şekil 1) için tarama göstermektedir. Biz pMSCV-Kiraz-GW içi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors at JoVE.com

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

Kinaz inhibitörü tedavisi karşı genetik direnç ortaya çıkması etkili kanser tedavisi için önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Yeni geliştirilen ilacın karşı tanımlanması ve dirençli mutasyonların karakterizasyonu daha iyi klinik yönetim ve yeni nesil ilaç tasarımında yardımcı olur. Burada, in vitro tarama ve dirençli mutasyonların doğrulama için bizim protokol açıklar.

Kinaz İnhibitörleri Karşı Dayanıklı Mutasyonlarının Tarama ve Doğrulama için Bir Yöntem

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the ...

a-method-for-screening-validation-resistant-mutations-against-kinase

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.8K Görüntüleme.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.  Kinaz inhibitörü tedavisi karşı genetik direnç ortaya çıkması etkili kanser tedavisi için önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Yeni geliştirilen ilacın karşı tanımlanması ve dirençli mutasyonların karakterizasyonu daha iyi klinik yönetim ve yeni nesil ilaç tasarımında yardımcı olur. Burada, in vitro tarama ve dirençli mutasyonların doğrulama için bizim protokol açıklar. 

Video: A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This video protocol demonstrates a method used by the James laboratory to microinject DNA constructs into Anopheles stephensi embryos for the generation of transformed mosquitoes. Techniques for preparing microinjection needles, collecting and preparing embryos and performing the microinjection are illustrated.

Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes are vectors for malaria inhabiting India and throughout Asia. This video demonstrates the technique for performing microinjections of this species with transgenes that will confer resistance to the malaria to the mosquito. Much of the methodology demonstrated in this video is applicable to microinjection techniques of other mosquito species.

Bir, Enjeksiyon. stephensi Embriyolar Sıtma dayanıklı Sivrisinekler oluşturun

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

Biyoloji

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson&#039;s Disease Genes

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

Potansiyel Parkinson Hastalığı Genler Doğrulama için C. elegans Dopamin Nöron Dejenerasyonu Testi Uygulama

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infect 10-15 other persons per year, making diagnosing active TB essential to both curing the patient and preventing new infections.  Furthermore, the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) means that detection of drug resistance is necessary for stopping the spread of drug-resistant strains.  The microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility (MODS) assay is a low-cost, low-tech tool for high-performance detection of TB and MDRTB.  The MODS assay is based on three principles: 1) mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) grows faster in liquid media than on solid media 2) microscopic MTB growth can be detected earlier in liquid media than waiting for the macroscopic appearance of colonies on solid media, and that growth is characteristic of MTB, allowing it to be distinguished from atypical mycobacteria or fungal or bacterial contamination 3) the drugs isoniazid and rifampicin can be incorporated into the MODS assay to allow for simultaneous direct detection of MDRTB, obviating the need for subculture to perform an indirect drug susceptibility test. Competing current diagnostics are hampered by low sensitivity with sputum smear, long delays until diagnosis with solid media culture, prohibitively high cost with existing liquid media culture methods, and the need to do subculture for indirect drug susceptibility testing to detect MDRTB.  In contrast, the non-proprietary MODS method has a high sensitivity for TB and MDRTB, is a relatively rapid culture method, provides simultaneous drug susceptibility testing for MDRTB, and is accessible to resource-limited settings at just under $3 for testing for TB and MDRTB.

The microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility (MODS) assay is a low-cost, low-tech tool for high-performance detection of tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB). This video describes the MODS liquid media culture method.

MODS tüberküloz tanısı için yöntem ve dirençli tüberküloz ilaca

Patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infect 10-15 other persons per year, making diagnosing active TB essential to both curing the patient and ...

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a 2527 amino acid member of the ROCO family of proteins, possessing a complex, multidomain structure including a GTPase domain (termed ROC, for Ras of Complex proteins) and a kinase domain1. The discovery in 2004 of mutations in LRRK2 that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) resulted in LRRK2 being the focus of a huge volume of research into its normal function and how the protein goes awry in the disease state2,3. Initial investigations into the function of LRRK2 focused on its enzymatic activities4-6. Although a clear picture has yet to emerge of a consistent alteration in these due to mutations, data from a number of groups has highlighted the importance of the kinase activity of LRRK2 in cell death linked to mutations7,8. Recent publications have reported inhibitors targeting the kinase activity of LRRK2, providing a key experimental tool9-11. In light of these data, it is likely that the enzymatic properties of LRRK2 afford us an important window into the biology of this protein, although whether they are potential drug targets for Parkinson's is open to debate.
A number of different approaches have been used to assay the kinase activity of LRRK2. Initially, assays were carried out using epitope tagged protein overexpressed in mammalian cell lines and immunoprecipitated, with the assays carried out using this protein immobilised on agarose beads4,5,7. Subsequently, purified recombinant fragments of LRRK2 in solution have also been used, for example a GST tagged fragment purified from insect cells containing residues 970 to 2527 of LRRK212. Recently, Dani&euml;ls et al. reported the isolation of full length LRRK2 in solution from human embryonic kidney cells, however this protein is not widely available13. In contrast, the GST fusion truncated form of LRRK2 is commercially available (from Invitrogen, see table 1 for details), and provides a convenient tool for demonstrating an assay for LRRK2 kinase activity. Several different outputs for LRRK2 kinase activity have been reported. Autophosphorylation of LRRK2 itself, phosphorylation of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) as a generic kinase substrate and phosphorylation of an artificial substrate - dubbed LRRKtide, based upon phosphorylation of threonine 558 in Moesin - have all been used, as have a series of putative physiological substrates including &alpha;-synuclein, Moesin and 4-EBP14-17. The status of these proteins as substrates for LRRK2 remains unclear, and as such the protocol described below will focus on using MBP as a generic substrate, noting the utility of this system to assay LRRK2 kinase activity directed against a range of potential substrates.

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 is a large multidomain kinase, mutations in which are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Analysis of the kinase activity of this protein has proven to be a crucial tool in understanding the biology and dysfunction of this protein. In this paper, in vitro assaying of the kinase activity of LRRK2 and a selection of its mutants is described, providing an experimental system to examine phosphorylation of putative substrates and potential dysfunction of LRRK2 in disease.

LRRK2 Kinaz Aktivitesi Assaying In vitro</em

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a 2527 amino acid member of the ROCO family of proteins, possessing a complex, multidomain structure including a ...

Conversion of a Capture ELISA to a Luminex xMAP Assay using a Multiplex Antibody Screening Method

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life science research and clinical diagnostics. However, ELISA has limitations. It is typically performed in a 96-well microplate, and the wells are coated with capture antibody, requiring a relatively large amount of sample to capture an antigen of interest . The large surface area of the wells and the hydrophobic binding of capture antibody can also lead to non-specific binding and increased background. Additionally, most ELISAs rely upon enzyme-mediated amplification of signal in order to achieve reasonable sensitivity. Such amplification is not always linear and can thus skew results.
In the past 15 years, a new technology has emerged that offers the benefits of the ELISA, but also enables higher throughput, increased flexibility, reduced sample volume, and lower cost, with a similar workflow 1, 2. Luminex xMAP Technology is a microsphere (bead) array platform enabling both monoplex and multiplex assays that can be applied to both protein and nucleic acid applications 3-5. The beads have the capture antibody covalently immobilized on a smaller surface area, requiring less capture antibody and smaller sample volumes, compared to ELISA, and non-specific binding is significantly reduced. Smaller sample volumes are important when working with limiting samples such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, etc. 6. Multiplexing the assay further reduces sample volume requirements, enabling multiple results from a single sample.
Recent improvements by Luminex include: the new MAGPIX system, a smaller, less expensive, easier-to-use analyzer; Low-Concentration Magnetic MagPlex Microspheres which eliminate the need for expensive filter plates and come in a working concentration better suited for assay development and low-throughput applications; and the xMAP Antibody Coupling (AbC) Kit, which includes a protocol, reagents, and consumables necessary for coupling beads to the capture antibody of interest. (See Materials section for a detailed list of kit contents.)
In this experiment, we convert a pre-optimized ELISA assay for TNF-alpha cytokine to the xMAP platform and compare the performance of the two methods 7-11. TNF-alpha is a biomarker used in the measurement of inflammatory responses in patients with autoimmune disorders.
We begin by coupling four candidate capture antibodies to four different microsphere sets or regions. When mixed together, these four sets allow for the simultaneous testing of all four candidates with four separate detection antibodies to determine the best antibody pair, saving reagents, sample and time. Two xMAP assays are then constructed with the two most optimal antibody pairs and their performance is compared to that of the original ELISA assay in regards to signal strength, dynamic range, and sensitivity.

An ELISA can be easily converted to a Luminex xMAP assay and, through the benefits of multiplexing, several antibodies can be screened simultaneously to identify an optimum antibody pair, resulting in increased sensitivity and dynamic range, while reducing assay cost.

Bir Multiplex Antikor Tarama Yöntemi kullanılarak bir Luminex xMAP Tahlil için bir Capture ELISA Dönüşüm

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life ...

RNA Catalyst as a Reporter for Screening Drugs against RNA Editing in Trypanosomes

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been made in identifying the components of the editosome complex that catalyze RNA editing. However, it is still not clear how those proteins work together. Chemical compounds obtained from a high-throughput screen against the editosome may block or affect one or more steps in the editing cycle. Therefore, the identification of new chemical compounds will generate valuable molecular probes for dissecting the editosome function and assembly. In previous studies, in vitro editing assays were carried out using radio-labeled RNA. These assays are time consuming, inefficient and unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, a homogenous fluorescence-based &#8220;mix and measure&#8221; hammerhead ribozyme in vitro reporter assay to monitor RNA editing, is presented. Only as a consequence of RNA editing of the hammerhead ribozyme a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) oligoribonucleotide substrate undergoes cleavage. This in turn results in separation of the fluorophore from the quencher thereby producing a signal. In contrast, when the editosome function is inhibited, the fluorescence signal will be quenched. This is a highly sensitive and simple assay that should be generally applicable to monitor in vitro RNA editing or high throughput screening of chemicals that can inhibit the editosome function.

A highly sensitive ribozyme-based assay, applicable to high-throughput screening of chemicals targeting the unique process of RNA editing in trypanosomatid pathogens, is described in this paper. Inhibitors can be used as tools for hypothesis-driven analysis of the RNA editing process and ultimately as therapeutics.

Tripanozomlann RNA Düzenleme karşı ilaçlar Tarama için bir Muhabiri olarak RNA Catalyst

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using episomal plasmids and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The advantages of this approach include: (1) the use of a minimal amount of peripheral blood as a source material; (2) nonintegrating reprogramming vectors; (3) a cost effective method for generating vector free iPSCs; (4) a single transfection; and (5) the use of small molecules to facilitate epigenetic reprogramming. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from routine phlebotomy samples and then cultured in defined growth factors to yield a highly proliferative erythrocyte progenitor cell population that is remarkably amenable to reprogramming. Nonintegrating, nontransmissible episomal plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYCL, LIN28A, and a p53 short hairpin (sh)RNA are introduced into the derived erythroblasts via a single nucleofection. Cotransfection of an episome that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) allows for easy identification of transfected cells. A separate replication-deficient plasmid expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is also added to the reaction mixture for increased expression of episomal proteins. Transfected cells are then plated onto a layer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) for continued reprogramming. As soon as iPSC-like colonies appear at about twelve days after nucleofection, HDAC inhibitors are added to the medium to facilitate epigenetic remodeling. We have found that the inclusion of HDAC inhibitors routinely increases the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSC colonies by 2 fold. Once iPSC colonies exhibit typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) morphology, they are gently transferred to individual iMEF-coated tissue culture plates for continued growth and expansion.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using an episome based reprogramming strategy and histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Epizomlar ve HDAC inhibitörleri kullanarak Blood Verimli iPS Hücre Üretimi

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

Post-transkripsiyonel ayarlı genlerin kimyasal Modülatörler için yüksek verimli tarama

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel signal transduction pathways. Our approach features the use of a library of purified GST-tagged human protein kinases and a recombinant protein substrate of interest. We have used this technology to identify MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2) as the kinase for a glucose-regulated site on CREB-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator 2 (CRTC2), a protein required for beta cell proliferation, as well as the Axl family of tyrosine kinases as regulators of cell metastasis by phosphorylation of the adaptor protein ELMO. We describe this technology and discuss how it can help to establish a comprehensive map of how cells respond to environmental stimuli.

Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.

Yüksek Verimli Tarama kullanma Kinaz-substrat Çiftlerinin Kimlik


We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel ...

A Step-By-Step Method to Detect Neutralizing Antibodies Against AAV using a Colorimetric Cell-Based Assay

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have proven to be a safe and successful vector for transferring genetic material to treat various health conditions in both the laboratory and the clinic. However, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against AAV capsids pose an ongoing challenge for the successful administration of gene therapies in both large animal experimental models and human populations. Preliminary screening for host immunity against AAV is necessary to ensure the efficacy of AAV-based gene therapies as both a research tool and as a clinically viable therapeutic agent. This protocol describes a colorimetric in vitro assay to detect neutralizing factors against AAV serotype 6 (AAV6). The assay utilizes the reaction between an AAV encoding an alkaline phosphatase (AP) reporter gene and its substrate NBT/BCIP, which generates an insoluble quantifiable purple stain upon combination. 
In this protocol, serum samples are combined with an AAV expressing AP and incubated to permit potential neutralizing activity to occur. Virus serum mixture is subsequently added to cells to allow for viral transduction of any AAVs that have not been neutralized. The NBT/BCIP substrate is added and undergoes a chromogenic reaction, corresponding to viral transduction and neutralizing activity. The proportion of area colored is quantitated using a free software tool to generate neutralizing titers. This assay displays a strong positive correlation between coloration and viral concentration. Assessment of serum samples from sheep before and after administration of a recombinant AAV6 led to a dramatic increase in neutralizing activity (125 to &gt;10,000-fold increase). The assay displayed adequate sensitivity to detect neutralizing activity in &gt;1:32,000 serum dilutions. This assay provides a simple, rapid, and cost-effective method to detect NAbs against AAVs.

A comprehensive laboratory protocol and analysis workflow are described for a rapid, cost-effective, and straightforward colorimetric cell-based assay to detect neutralizing elements against AAV6.

Kolorimetrik Hücre Tabanlı Bir Test Kullanarak AAV'ye Karşı Nötralize Edici Antikorları Tespit Etmek İçin Adım Adım Bir Yöntem

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have proven to be a safe and successful vector for transferring genetic material to treat various health ...