This study was supported by grants to M.A. from NCI (1RO1CA155091), NHLBI (1R21HL114074) and the Leukemia Research Foundation. M.A. is a recipient of V-Scholar award from the V- Foundation. Authors are thankful to Dr. Sara Rohrabaugh for editing.

참고 :이 프로토콜의 모든 절차는 동물의 윤리적 인 치료 및 관리를위한 건강 지침 국립 연구소에 따라 수행하고, 승인 된 IACUC 동물 사용 프로토콜에 따라되었다. 1. 세포주 유지 보수 <ol><li> RPMI-1640 배지에서 배양 BAF3 세포는 10 % 소 태아 혈청 및 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신 (100 단위 / ㎖ 및 100 ㎍ / ml) 및 WEHI 세포의 소비 배지를 보충. 10 % 소 태아 혈청 및 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신이 보충 된 DMEM에서 HEK293T 세포 성장 (100 단위 / ㎖ 및 100 ㎍ / ㎖). 5 % CO2를 함유하는 가습 분위기하에 37 ℃에서 세포를 유지한다. </li></ol> 2. 플라스미드 건설 <ol><li> 마우스 JAK2과 LR에 의해 pMSCV - 퓨로-GW에서의 발암 성 이성체 JAK2-V617F 표준 재조합 복제 절차를 사용하여 clonase을 복제. </li><li> 루시 페라 제 발현 벡터 (pMSCV 뤽 - 체리-GW)의 건설에-VI를에 사용VO 이미징, 사용 pENTR 뤽를 생성 pENTR-SD-TOPO의 복제와 다음 프라이머 (FP-CACCATGGAAGACGCCAAAAAC가 LUC-SD / RP TTACAATTTGGACTTTCCG 및 LUC-SD를 /)를 사용하여 PCR에 의해 pLVX - 구정-ON 벡터에서 루시 페라 제를 증폭 LR의 clonase를 사용하여 재조합 매개 복제에 의해 레트로 바이러스 벡터, pMSCV - 체리-GW에서 루시 페라 제 유전자를 전송합니다. </li></ol> 무작위 돌연변이 라이브러리 3. 준비, 돌연변이를 검사 및 확인 3.1) 무작위 돌연변이 유발 <ol><li> JAK2 야생형 및 상업 재조합 복제 기술을 사용하여 pMSCV - 퓨로-GW의 레트로 바이러스 벡터에 V617F 돌연변이의 클론 전체 길이. </li><li> , 변형 JAK2-V617F 플라스미드 DNA 1 μg의 사용 XL-1 레드, E. 따라서이를 복제 중에 랜덤 돌연변이를 도입 할 수 있도록 DNA 복구 메카니즘에서의 결함이 콜라이 세포. 보다 구체적으로는, 50 혼합 - DNA 100 NG를 10 (DNA의 100 개 이상의 NG는 변환 효율을 감소)0 사전 냉장 폴리 프로필렌 튜브에서 적격 세포의 μL 부드럽게 매 5 분 소용돌이, 30 분 동안 얼음 위에서 배양 하였다. 좋은 라이브러리 커버리지를 들어, 유능한 세포의 4-6 튜브를 사용합니다. 참고 : DNA의 100 개 이상의 NG는 변환 효율을 감소 </li><li> 45 초의 열 쇼크를 위해 42 ℃에서 수조에 담금 튜브를 2 분 동안 얼음 위에서 배양한다. 이어서, SOC 배지 1 ㎖ (2.0 % 트립 톤, 0.5 % 효모 추출물, 0.05 %의 NaCl, 10 mM의 MgCl2를, 10 mM의 황산, 0.4 % D- 글루코스)를 추가한다. 90 분 동안 225-250 rpm으로 진탕하면서 37 ℃에서 인큐베이션 튜브. </li><li> 100 ㎍ / ㎖의 앰피 실린을 포함하는 4 개의 10cm LB 한천 플레이트에 각 튜브에서 플레이트 세포. 37 ° C에서 24 시간 - 16 접시를 품어. </li><li> 눈에 보이는 식민지 다음, 멸균 판 스크레이퍼로 판을 긁어를 수집합니다. 상업용 플라스미드 추출 키트를 이용하여 각 플레이트로부터 분리 된 플라스미드 DNA 풀 셀. 일반적으로 식민지가 작고로 18 ~ 24 시간이 걸릴 : 주볼이 느린 성장 균주이기 때문이다. 이 단계에서, 예를 Sau 3A1 또는 Taq1 또는 순서로 자주 커터 제한 효소에 의해 라이브러리의 돌연변이의 이질성을 평가. </li></ol> 레트로 바이러스 상층 액과 형질 3.2) 생산 <ol><li> 하루 트랜 플레이트 10 % FCS, 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신, 2 mM L- 글루타민을 함유하는 DMEM에서 100cm 접시 상 4 × 106 HEK 293T 세포의 전. </li><li> 다음 날, 매체를 교체하고 돌연변이 pMSCV-JAK2-V617F 라이브러리와 세포를 형질. 각 10cm 접시를 들어, 무 혈청 DMEM 미디어를 사용하여 400 μL의 총 부피에 트랜 스펙 션을 위하여 Fugene의 40 μL와 DNA의 10 μg의 (플라스미드 라이브러리의 5 μg의 및 레트로 바이러스 포장 플라스미드의 5 μg의, pCLEco)를 섞는다. 실온에서 20 분 동안 혼합 지질과 DNA를 부화. 20 분 후 HEK293T 세포의 상단에 현명한 DNA 지질 복잡한 드롭을 추가합니다. </li><li> 여섯 시간 후, 형질 감염 매체 w 변경i 번째 신선한 미디어는 바이러스 생산을 위해 37 ° C에서 48 시간 동안 접시를 품어. 배양 48 시간 후, 0.45 μm의 acrodisc 필터로 여과 바이러스 상층 액을 모은다. </li></ol> 체외에서 저항하는 클론의 3.3) 선택 <ol><li> 약제 내성 JAK2-V617F 돌연변이를 들어, 0.5-1 X10 (6)의 바이러스 역가를 갖는 바이러스 상층 액을 100㎖로 100,000,000 BAF3 세포를 형질 도입. 보다 구체적으로, 10 %의 혈청을 함유하는 RPMI 매체를 사용하여 300 ㎖의 전체 부피로 바이러스 상등액 100 ㎖, 및 polyberene에 24 ㎍ / ㎖ (ployberene의 최종 농도가 8 ㎍ / ㎖의 경우)로 108 세포를 혼합한다. 여러 여섯 잘 접시 (4-5 ml의 웰 당)이 셀 믹서를 배포합니다. </li><li> 25 ° C에서 90 분 동안 1,250 XG에서 접시를 원심 분리기. 원심 분리 후, 24 시간 동안 37 ℃에서 플레이트 배양한다. </li><li> 다음 날, 함께 세포 수영장과 Ruxolitinib과 매체가 부드러운 한천을 함유하는 혼합시에 도금X 잘 접시. 각각의 약물 농도를 들어, 50 ㎖ 튜브에서 Ruxolitinib 적당량 BAF3 형질 세포 (10-20000000 세포) 10 ㎖를 혼합한다. RPMI 20 % 혈청을 포함하여 40 ml의에 볼륨을 확인합니다. 여섯 잘 접시에 mixcarefully, 셀에 1.2 % 한천의 10 ML을 추가하고 판. </li><li> 2 주 동안 37 ° C에서 접시를 품어. 0.2 ml의 피펫 팁 및 하위 문화들을 3 ~ 4 일 동안 개별적으로 24 웰 플레이트를 사용하여 저항하는 식민지를 선택합니다. </li><li> 실온에서 450 분 동안 다섯 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포 내성 BAF3 수확. 상업용 게놈 DNA 분리 키트를 이용하여 게놈 DNA를 분리. PCR은 게놈 DNA를 사용하여 프라이머 (mJAK2FP-ATGGCCTGCCTTACAATGACAG 및 mJAK2RP-GGTTCTGGAAGTCTGCTTGG)과 고 충실도 PCR 시스템을 확장 긴 템플릿의 100 NG에서 전체 길이 JAK2의 cDNA를 증폭. </li><li> 아가로 오스 겔 전기 영동에 의해 PCR 생성물을 분리. JAK2 부호화 프레임을 나타내는 DNA 밴드의 3.4 kb의 절제 및 DNA를 분리상업용 겔 추출 키트를 사용. 시퀀스 8 내부 프라이머 (P1 - P8)을 사용하여 cDNA를 전 길이 상용 소프트웨어를 사용하여 암호화 서열에 걸친 서열 분석. </li></ol> 내성 돌연변이 4. 체외 검증 많은 세포 클론은, 저항의 각 변이 표현형의 기여를 주형으로 테스트 pMSCV-JAK2V-617F 플라스미드를 사용하여 부위 특이 적 변이에 의해 선택된 변이체를 생성하기 위해, 하나 이상의 돌연변이를 운반. <ol><li> 상용 돌연변이 유발 키트와 점 돌연변이를 만들 수 있도록 설계 올리고 뉴클레오티드를 사용 pMSCV-JAK2-V617F 플라스미드에 사이트 돌연변이 유발을 수행합니다. 염기 서열 돌연변이 클론의 ID를 확인합니다. </li><li> 레트로 바이러스와 BAF3 세포를 형질 도입은 선택이 1μg / ㎖에서 퓨로 마이신을 사용하여 다음 돌연변이 플라스미드를 사용했다. </li><li> 플레이트 (10) 4-BAF3 JAK2-V617F 세포를 96 웰 플레이트의 각 웰에 (10 % FCS와 RPMI 50 μL). 별도37 ° C에서 60 시간 동안 플레이트를 (0, 1, 3, 5, 10 및 20 μM 최종 농도) 및 LY는 부화 플레이트 웰에 걸쳐 ruxolitinib 함유 배지의 50 μL를 추가한다. </li><li> 2-4 시간 동안 37 ℃에서 배양하여 각 웰을 다음에 WST-1 시약 10 μl를 첨가하여 세포 생존율을 평가. 플레이트 판독기를 사용하여 A450 흡광도로 기록. 세중 플롯의 모든 분석을 수행는 INCB018424 농도에 대한 흡광도를 평균. 비선형 커브 피팅 알고리즘을 사용하여 최적의 S 자형 곡선을 수행합니다. 셀룰러 IC50 50 %의 세포 생존율에 얻어진 약물 농도 점수. </li><li> 다음에, ruxolitinib의 농도를 증가시키고, 37 ℃에서 4-6 시간 동안 배양하여 10 %의 혈청을 함유하는 RPMI 배지에서 여섯 웰 플레이트에서 JAK2 변이체를 발현하는 BAF3 플레이트 육백 만 세포. </li><li> 4 ° C에서 다섯 분 동안 450 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포를 수집합니다. 20 mM 트리스 - CL의 셀을 한 PBS와 시간,로 용해 워시 (PH 7.5), (50)mM의 염화나트륨, 1 % NP-40, 0.1 % SDS, 5mM의 EDTA, 1mM의 EGTA, 1 mM의 불소화 나트륨, 2 mM의 나트륨 바나 데이트, 5 % 글리세롤 프로테아제 억제제 칵테일 및 포스파타제 억제제가 보충. 5X 겔 로딩 완충액 (첨가하여 1 분간 세포 현탁액을 초음파 처리 350 mM의 트리스 -HCl [하여 pH 6.8], 500 mM의 DTT, 15 % SDS, 10 mM의 벤즈 아미 딘, 5 mM의 EDTA 5 mM의 EGTA, 5 mM의 나트륨 바나 데이트 , 단백질 분해 효소 칵테일, 50 % 글리세롤, 5 ~ 10 분 동안 70 ° C에서 0.001 % 브로 모 페놀 블루)과 변성. </li><li> 변성 조건에서 8 % SDS 폴리 아크릴 아미드 겔에서 단백질을 해결합니다. 마우스 단일 클론 항 phopsho의 STAT5와 면역 블 수행합니다. 말을 벗기고 토끼 다 클론 항 SATA5 항체 reprobed. 공급 업체의 권고에 따라 ECL 시약을 사용하여 밴드를 시각화. </li></ol> 생체 검증 5. <ol><li> 루시 페라 제와 체리를 표현 BAF3 세포를 형질 도입 (pMSCV 뤽 - 쉐어 만든 레트로 바이러스 형질 도입JAK2-V617F 및 내성 변종을 표현하는 바이러스와 공예 GW). JAK2와 저항 변이의 발현에 대한 퓨로 마이신 선택 살아남 셀을 선택합니다. </li><li> 꼬리 정맥 주사를 통해 6을 Balb / C 마우스에 PBS 200 μL에 JAK2-V617F 및 내성 변종을 들고 이백만 적극적으로 성장 BAF3 룩 / 체리 세포를 주입한다. </li><li> 세포 이식의 삼일 후, 2 주 동안 하루에 두 번 Ruxolitinib (100 ㎎ / ㎏)와 마우스를 주입. </li><li> 촬상 시스템으로 루시 페라 제의 생물 발광 계 촬상을 수행한다. . <ol><li> 요컨대, 멸균 증류수 300 mg을 25 ㎖, 작은 볼륨 및 저장소 분취 루시페린을 용해시켜 용액을 제조. 참고 : -80 ° C에서 저장 루시페린과 사용할 때까지 빛으로부터 보호합니다. </li><li> 각 마우스에서 125 ㎎ / ㎏을 달성하기 위해 IP에 의해 각 마우스에 250 μl를 주입한다. 함께 실드 박스에서 흡입 이소 플루 란 (1.5 % -2.0 %)을 사용하여 동일한 그룹에서 쥐를 마취. 일에 수의사 연고를 적용즉 안구 건조를 방지한다. 참고 : 마우스 걸리는 시간은 잠 (10 ~ 15 분) 피크에 루시페린 활동을 허용했다. 변화를 피하기 위해 그룹 간 일관된 시간을 유지합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 영상 실 단계로 즉시 마우스 이동 및 이미징 과정에서 1.5 % 이소 플루오 란에서 마취를 유지합니다. 순차 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 30, 60, 및 300 초의 노출 이미지 쥐. 이미지를 캡처하고 이미지 획득 및 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 생물 발광 강도를 정량. 이미지가 케이지에 다시 마우스를 반환 다음. </li><li> , 생체 키메라 수확 총 bonemarrow 세포하십시오. 경추 탈구 다음 5 분 동안 CO 2와 쥐를 안락사. 수확 뼈 골수를 수집하는 차가운 PBS 4 mL에 호감. 형광 현미경 하에서 퍼센트 체리 양성 세포를 FACS 분석을 이용하여 정량화. 각 샘플에서 이만 이벤트를 수집합니다. </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

임상 적 재발과 표적 유전자의 약제 내성 돌연변이의 출현 : CML 치료에 글리벡의 임상 성공은 작은 분자 억제제에 의해 루즈 키나제를 표적으로의 가능성 만 대상으로 치료도 발견 제한뿐만 아니라 보여 주었다. 저항 돌연변이의 식별 더 나은 임상 관리 및 차세대 억제제의 개발에 도움이됩니다. 이 프로토콜은 표적 유전자에 약제 내성 돌연변이를 확인하는 방법을 설명한다. 이 방법은 E. ?...

단백질 키나제 겉보기 모든 세포 기능을 조절하는 세포 내 신호 전달 경로의 중요한 조절 효소이다. 키나제 매개 신호의 적절한 제어는 대부분 UPS에 의해 인산화 효소, 포스 및 성능 저하의 적절한 규제 (유비퀴틴 프로 테아 좀 시스템)에 의존 항상성 및 개발에 매우​​ 중요하다. 탈 조절 키나아제는 다양한 암의 중심 단계에있는 인간 숙주 질환 (1)의 연루. 인간 게놈은 직접 또는 간접적으로 결합 된 500 개 이상의 단백질 키나제, ~ 400에 인간이 질병을 인코딩한다. 이러한 관찰은 작은 분자 억제제 3-5로 키나아제의 치료 표적에 대한 개념을 지원했다. 만성 골수성 백혈병 (CML)의 치료에 이러한 글리벡과 같은 ABL 키나제 억제제의 데모는,이 방법 6,7에 대한 개념의 증거를 제공했다. 이러한 관찰뿐만 아니라 개미 혁명I-키나제 치료하지만 또한 골수 증식 성 신 생물 (MPN)과 진성 적혈구 베라 (PV) 환자에서 JAK2에서 발암 돌연변이의 발견으로 이어질 치료 타겟팅 다른 양성 질환의 유전 적 병변을 확인하기 위해 아이디어를 적용. 이 발견은 작은 분자 키나제 억제제 JAK2을 대상으로 MPNs 치료에 큰 관심을 생성합니다. 이제, JAK2 억제제 십여 임상 시험에 있고 그 중 하나는 골수 섬유증의 치료를 위해 최근에 승인되었다. 암의 작은 분자 억제제에 의한 발암 키나제의 표적화는 유망한 결과를 가지고 있지만, 또한 치료에 대한 내성을 발전에서 겪고있다. 사실, 지금까지, 환자는 대부분 약물 8-10을 대상으로 할 키나제 도메인에 돌연변이를 획득함으로써 이러한 글리벡, 게 피티 니브, 플라세보과 스 프라이 셀과 같은 키나제 억제제와 저항 돌연변이를 개발 한 처리. 유전자 돌연변이의 결과로서 저항 O 제한 강조F는 종양 키나제에 대한 단독 요법을 목표로하고, 더욱 성공적인 암 화학 요법의 개발에 다음 도전을 나타냅니다. 약물 내성의 기계적 및 기능적 결과는 선택과 약물 개발을위한 무료 화합물의 설계를위한 이론적 근거를 제공해야한다. 시험 관내 스크린을 통해 확인 된 돌연변이는 환자에서 발견되는 것들과 높은 상관 관계를 보여 주었다. 따라서, 임상 재발을 일으킬 가능성이 저항 패턴을 식별 전임상 또는 임상 개발 어시스트 주어진 약물 표적 쌍에 대한 약물 내성을 부여 돌연변이 시험 관내 스크리닝. 이러한 돌연변이 형태의 식별뿐만 아니라 약물 반응과 재발하지만보다 강력한 차세대 억제제의 설계를위한 필수적의 환자 모니터링에 도움이됩니다. 예, 다음 세대 BCR / ABL 억제제, 닐 로티 닙과 Ponatinib의 개발을위한 때문에 더 멕의 가능하게되었다hanistic 이해는 돌연변이 유발, 구조 및 기능 연구로부터 얻었다. 앞서 우리는 글리벡 11, 12, PD166326 (12), 및 AP24163 (13) 억제제에 대한 내성을 부여하는 돌연변이의 스펙트럼을 공개 BCR / ABL의 무작위 돌연변이 유발을 사용하여 우리의 화면의 결과를보고했다. 결과뿐만 저항 및 임상 질환 재발을 부여하는 돌연변이를 식별 할뿐만 아니라 약제 내성 및 키나제 기능을 관장 11,14 원리 기전 이해를 제공 하였다. 여기에서 우리는이 심사 전략의 광범위한 응용 프로그램을 사용하려면, 약물 표적 쌍으로 Ruxolitinib과 JAK2를 사용하여, 추가 방법 론적 세부 사항을 제공합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1074">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:344px;">name of Materials/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:453px;">Comments/ Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell and Tissue culture&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BaF3 Cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEK293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F-puro.GW</td>
			<td>A gift from Ross Levine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/Y931C.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/L983F.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/P58A.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-V617F-Cherry.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/Y931C-cherry.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-JAK2-V617F/L983F-cherry.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMSCV-Luciferase-puro.GW</td>
			<td>Made in house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>15-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>15-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penn/Strep</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Atlanta biological</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin EDTA 1X</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1XPBS</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>25-005-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Puromycin</td>
			<td>Gibco (life technologies)</td>
			<td>A11138-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protamine sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3369</td>
			<td>5mg/ml stock in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trapan Blue solution (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Cellgro (corning)</td>
			<td>25-950-CQC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">INCB018424 (Ruxolitinib)</td>
			<td>ChemieTeK</td>
			<td>941678-49-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">WST-1</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11644807001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.45uM acro disc filter</td>
			<td>PALL</td>
			<td>2016-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70um nylon cell stariner</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacterial Culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XL-1 red E.Coli cells</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech</td>
			<td>200129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SOC</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B90920s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A0166</td>
			<td>100mg/ml stock solution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>214050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Terrific broth</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>243820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>Genemate</td>
			<td>E-3119-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kits</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dneasy Blood&#38; tissue kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Expand long template PCR system</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>1168134001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wizard Sv gel and PCR clean up system</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A9282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pure Yield plasmid mini prep system</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A1222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR Cloning System with Gateway Technology with pDONR 221 &#38; OmniMAX 2 Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12535029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gateway&#160; LR Clonase Enzyme mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11791019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vivo-Glo Luciferin in-vivo Grade</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>P1043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1/2cc Lo-Dose u-100 insulin syringe 28 G1/2</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>329461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mortor pestle</td>
			<td>Coor tek&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">60316 and 60317</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflorane (Isothesia TM)</td>
			<td>Butler Schien</td>
			<td>29405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NAPCO series 8000 WJ CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Swing bucket rotor centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TC-10 automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-RAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is not necessary, one can use standard hemocytomemetr for cell counting</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for screening and validation of resistant mutations against kinase inhibitors

만성 골수성 백혈병 (CML)의 구동 암에서 BCR / ABL의 발견 사실 효과적으로 CML 환자의 치료에 의해 암에서 키나제를 표적의 가능성을 보여, 글리벡의 개발 결과. 이러한 결과는 EGFR, B-RAF, KIT 및 PDGFRs 같은 다양한 다른 악성 종양에 연루 종양 키나제를 표적으로하는 약물 개발에 혁명을. 그러나, 항 - 키나아제 요법 하나의 주요 단점은 타겟 렌더링 약제 내성 돌연변이의 출현을 감소 또는 약물에 대한 친 화성을 잃어버린 것이다. 차세대 억제제를 개발하는 데 도움이뿐만 아니라 개인화 된 약을 사용 임상 관리에 자극을 제공뿐만 아니라 내성 변종에 의해 사용되는 메커니즘을 이해. 우리는 차세대 BCR / ABL 억제제 개발 도왔다 BCR / ABL에 저항을 부여하는 돌연변이의 스펙트럼을 확인하는 레트로 바이러스 벡터 기반 스크리닝 전략을보고했다. Ruxoli 사용약물 표적 쌍으로 tinib과 JAK2, 우리가 JAK2 키나제의 무작위 돌연변이 라이브러리를 발현하는 마우스 BAF3 세포를 이용하여 체외 검사 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

유전 적 돌연변이의 출현 대상 방지 키나제 치료에 큰 도전을 포즈. 돌연변이 연구는 선택과 차세대 신약 개발의 디자인에서 쓸모있는 기계적인 기능적인 통찰력을 제공하는 외에, 또한 더 나은 임상 관리를 할 수 있으며 미래에 맞춤 치료에 더 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 이 실험에서, 우리는 JAK2-V617F 키나제에 ruxolitinib 저항 돌연변이 (그림 1)에 대한 검사를 표시합니다. 우리는 pMSCV - 체...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors at JoVE.com

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

키나제 억제제 치료에 대한 저항성 유전자의 출현은 효과적인 암 치료를위한 중요한 도전을 포즈. 새로 개발 된 약물에 대한 식별 및 내성 돌연변이의 특성은 더 나은 임상 관리 및 차세대 약물 설계에 도움이됩니다. 여기서 우리는 체외 검사 및 내성 돌연변이의 검증하기위한 우리의 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

키나제 억제제에 대해 내성 돌연변이의 검사 및 검증을위한 방법

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the ...

a-method-for-screening-validation-resistant-mutations-against-kinase

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.8K 조회수.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.  키나제 억제제 치료에 대한 저항성 유전자의 출현은 효과적인 암 치료를위한 중요한 도전을 포즈. 새로 개발 된 약물에 대한 식별 및 내성 돌연변이의 특성은 더 나은 임상 관리 및 차세대 약물 설계에 도움이됩니다. 여기서 우리는 체외 검사 및 내성 돌연변이의 검증하기위한 우리의 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 

비디오: A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This video protocol demonstrates a method used by the James laboratory to microinject DNA constructs into Anopheles stephensi embryos for the generation of transformed mosquitoes. Techniques for preparing microinjection needles, collecting and preparing embryos and performing the microinjection are illustrated.

Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes are vectors for malaria inhabiting India and throughout Asia. This video demonstrates the technique for performing microinjections of this species with transgenes that will confer resistance to the malaria to the mosquito. Much of the methodology demonstrated in this video is applicable to microinjection techniques of other mosquito species.

의 사출. stephensi의 태아는 말라리아 방지 모기를 생성하는

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

연구

생물학

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

잠재적인 파킨슨병의 유전자 검증을위한 C. 엘레간스 도파민 신경 세포의 변성 분석의 응용

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infect 10-15 other persons per year, making diagnosing active TB essential to both curing the patient and preventing new infections.  Furthermore, the emergence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) means that detection of drug resistance is necessary for stopping the spread of drug-resistant strains.  The microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility (MODS) assay is a low-cost, low-tech tool for high-performance detection of TB and MDRTB.  The MODS assay is based on three principles: 1) mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) grows faster in liquid media than on solid media 2) microscopic MTB growth can be detected earlier in liquid media than waiting for the macroscopic appearance of colonies on solid media, and that growth is characteristic of MTB, allowing it to be distinguished from atypical mycobacteria or fungal or bacterial contamination 3) the drugs isoniazid and rifampicin can be incorporated into the MODS assay to allow for simultaneous direct detection of MDRTB, obviating the need for subculture to perform an indirect drug susceptibility test. Competing current diagnostics are hampered by low sensitivity with sputum smear, long delays until diagnosis with solid media culture, prohibitively high cost with existing liquid media culture methods, and the need to do subculture for indirect drug susceptibility testing to detect MDRTB.  In contrast, the non-proprietary MODS method has a high sensitivity for TB and MDRTB, is a relatively rapid culture method, provides simultaneous drug susceptibility testing for MDRTB, and is accessible to resource-limited settings at just under $3 for testing for TB and MDRTB.

The microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility (MODS) assay is a low-cost, low-tech tool for high-performance detection of tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB). This video describes the MODS liquid media culture method.

MODS의 결핵의 진단 방법과 내성 결핵을 multidrug

Patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infect 10-15 other persons per year, making diagnosing active TB essential to both curing the patient and ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

조기 칙 태아 예 생체내 (새로운 문화)의 문화에 대한 방법

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a 2527 amino acid member of the ROCO family of proteins, possessing a complex, multidomain structure including a GTPase domain (termed ROC, for Ras of Complex proteins) and a kinase domain1. The discovery in 2004 of mutations in LRRK2 that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) resulted in LRRK2 being the focus of a huge volume of research into its normal function and how the protein goes awry in the disease state2,3. Initial investigations into the function of LRRK2 focused on its enzymatic activities4-6. Although a clear picture has yet to emerge of a consistent alteration in these due to mutations, data from a number of groups has highlighted the importance of the kinase activity of LRRK2 in cell death linked to mutations7,8. Recent publications have reported inhibitors targeting the kinase activity of LRRK2, providing a key experimental tool9-11. In light of these data, it is likely that the enzymatic properties of LRRK2 afford us an important window into the biology of this protein, although whether they are potential drug targets for Parkinson's is open to debate.
A number of different approaches have been used to assay the kinase activity of LRRK2. Initially, assays were carried out using epitope tagged protein overexpressed in mammalian cell lines and immunoprecipitated, with the assays carried out using this protein immobilised on agarose beads4,5,7. Subsequently, purified recombinant fragments of LRRK2 in solution have also been used, for example a GST tagged fragment purified from insect cells containing residues 970 to 2527 of LRRK212. Recently, Dani&euml;ls et al. reported the isolation of full length LRRK2 in solution from human embryonic kidney cells, however this protein is not widely available13. In contrast, the GST fusion truncated form of LRRK2 is commercially available (from Invitrogen, see table 1 for details), and provides a convenient tool for demonstrating an assay for LRRK2 kinase activity. Several different outputs for LRRK2 kinase activity have been reported. Autophosphorylation of LRRK2 itself, phosphorylation of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) as a generic kinase substrate and phosphorylation of an artificial substrate - dubbed LRRKtide, based upon phosphorylation of threonine 558 in Moesin - have all been used, as have a series of putative physiological substrates including &alpha;-synuclein, Moesin and 4-EBP14-17. The status of these proteins as substrates for LRRK2 remains unclear, and as such the protocol described below will focus on using MBP as a generic substrate, noting the utility of this system to assay LRRK2 kinase activity directed against a range of potential substrates.

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 is a large multidomain kinase, mutations in which are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Analysis of the kinase activity of this protein has proven to be a crucial tool in understanding the biology and dysfunction of this protein. In this paper, in vitro assaying of the kinase activity of LRRK2 and a selection of its mutants is described, providing an experimental system to examine phosphorylation of putative substrates and potential dysfunction of LRRK2 in disease.

LRRK2의 키나제 활동 시금 체외에서</em

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a 2527 amino acid member of the ROCO family of proteins, possessing a complex, multidomain structure including a ...

A Fluorescent Screening Assay for Identifying Modulators of GIRK Channels

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and endocrine tissue1,2. GIRK channels become activated following the binding of ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, etc.) to their plasma membrane-bound, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This binding causes the stimulation of G proteins (Gi and Go) which subsequently bind to and activate the GIRK channel. Once opened the GIRK channel allows the movement of K+ out of the cell causing the resting membrane potential to become more negative. As a consequence, GIRK channel activation in neurons decreases spontaneous action potential formation and inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. In the heart, activation of the GIRK channel inhibits pacemaker activity thereby slowing the heart rate.
GIRK channels represent novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment neuropathic pain, drug addiction, cardiac arrhythmias and other disorders3. However, the pharmacology of these channels remains largely unexplored. Although a number of drugs including anti-arrhythmic agents, antipsychotic drugs and antidepressants block the GIRK channel, this inhibition is not selective and occurs at relatively high drug concentrations3.
Here, we describe a real-time screening assay for identifying new modulators of GIRK channels. In this assay, neuronal AtT20 cells, expressing GIRK channels, are loaded with membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes such as bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] or HLB 021-152 (Figure 1). The dye molecules become strongly fluorescent following uptake into the cells (Figure 1). Treatment of the cells with GPCR ligands stimulates the GIRK channels to open. The resulting K+ efflux out of the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative and the fluorescent signal to decrease (Figure 1). Thus, drugs that modulate K+ efflux through the GIRK channel can be assayed using a fluorescent plate reader. Unlike other ion channel screening assays, such atomic absorption spectrometry4 or radiotracer analysis5, the GIRK channel fluorescent assay provides a fast, real-time and inexpensive screening procedure.

A real-time screening procedure for identifying drugs that interact with G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels is described. The assay utilizes membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes to measure GIRK channel activity. This technique is adaptable for use on a number of cell lines.

GIRK 채널의 변조기를 식별을위한 형광 검사 분석

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in ...

Conversion of a Capture ELISA to a Luminex xMAP Assay using a Multiplex Antibody Screening Method

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life science research and clinical diagnostics. However, ELISA has limitations. It is typically performed in a 96-well microplate, and the wells are coated with capture antibody, requiring a relatively large amount of sample to capture an antigen of interest . The large surface area of the wells and the hydrophobic binding of capture antibody can also lead to non-specific binding and increased background. Additionally, most ELISAs rely upon enzyme-mediated amplification of signal in order to achieve reasonable sensitivity. Such amplification is not always linear and can thus skew results.
In the past 15 years, a new technology has emerged that offers the benefits of the ELISA, but also enables higher throughput, increased flexibility, reduced sample volume, and lower cost, with a similar workflow 1, 2. Luminex xMAP Technology is a microsphere (bead) array platform enabling both monoplex and multiplex assays that can be applied to both protein and nucleic acid applications 3-5. The beads have the capture antibody covalently immobilized on a smaller surface area, requiring less capture antibody and smaller sample volumes, compared to ELISA, and non-specific binding is significantly reduced. Smaller sample volumes are important when working with limiting samples such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, etc. 6. Multiplexing the assay further reduces sample volume requirements, enabling multiple results from a single sample.
Recent improvements by Luminex include: the new MAGPIX system, a smaller, less expensive, easier-to-use analyzer; Low-Concentration Magnetic MagPlex Microspheres which eliminate the need for expensive filter plates and come in a working concentration better suited for assay development and low-throughput applications; and the xMAP Antibody Coupling (AbC) Kit, which includes a protocol, reagents, and consumables necessary for coupling beads to the capture antibody of interest. (See Materials section for a detailed list of kit contents.)
In this experiment, we convert a pre-optimized ELISA assay for TNF-alpha cytokine to the xMAP platform and compare the performance of the two methods 7-11. TNF-alpha is a biomarker used in the measurement of inflammatory responses in patients with autoimmune disorders.
We begin by coupling four candidate capture antibodies to four different microsphere sets or regions. When mixed together, these four sets allow for the simultaneous testing of all four candidates with four separate detection antibodies to determine the best antibody pair, saving reagents, sample and time. Two xMAP assays are then constructed with the two most optimal antibody pairs and their performance is compared to that of the original ELISA assay in regards to signal strength, dynamic range, and sensitivity.

An ELISA can be easily converted to a Luminex xMAP assay and, through the benefits of multiplexing, several antibodies can be screened simultaneously to identify an optimum antibody pair, resulting in increased sensitivity and dynamic range, while reducing assay cost.

멀티 플렉스 항체 검사 방법을 사용하여 Luminex xMAP 분석에 캡처 엘리사의 전환

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has long been the primary tool for detection of analytes of interest in biological samples for both life ...

RNA Catalyst as a Reporter for Screening Drugs against RNA Editing in Trypanosomes

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been made in identifying the components of the editosome complex that catalyze RNA editing. However, it is still not clear how those proteins work together. Chemical compounds obtained from a high-throughput screen against the editosome may block or affect one or more steps in the editing cycle. Therefore, the identification of new chemical compounds will generate valuable molecular probes for dissecting the editosome function and assembly. In previous studies, in vitro editing assays were carried out using radio-labeled RNA. These assays are time consuming, inefficient and unsuitable for high-throughput purposes. Here, a homogenous fluorescence-based &#8220;mix and measure&#8221; hammerhead ribozyme in vitro reporter assay to monitor RNA editing, is presented. Only as a consequence of RNA editing of the hammerhead ribozyme a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) oligoribonucleotide substrate undergoes cleavage. This in turn results in separation of the fluorophore from the quencher thereby producing a signal. In contrast, when the editosome function is inhibited, the fluorescence signal will be quenched. This is a highly sensitive and simple assay that should be generally applicable to monitor in vitro RNA editing or high throughput screening of chemicals that can inhibit the editosome function.

A highly sensitive ribozyme-based assay, applicable to high-throughput screening of chemicals targeting the unique process of RNA editing in trypanosomatid pathogens, is described in this paper. Inhibitors can be used as tools for hypothesis-driven analysis of the RNA editing process and ultimately as therapeutics.

Trypanosomes에서 RNA 편집에 대한 마약 검사에 대한 기자로 RNA 촉매

Substantial progress has been made in determining the mechanism of mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes. Similarly, considerable progress has been ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using episomal plasmids and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The advantages of this approach include: (1) the use of a minimal amount of peripheral blood as a source material; (2) nonintegrating reprogramming vectors; (3) a cost effective method for generating vector free iPSCs; (4) a single transfection; and (5) the use of small molecules to facilitate epigenetic reprogramming. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from routine phlebotomy samples and then cultured in defined growth factors to yield a highly proliferative erythrocyte progenitor cell population that is remarkably amenable to reprogramming. Nonintegrating, nontransmissible episomal plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYCL, LIN28A, and a p53 short hairpin (sh)RNA are introduced into the derived erythroblasts via a single nucleofection. Cotransfection of an episome that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) allows for easy identification of transfected cells. A separate replication-deficient plasmid expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is also added to the reaction mixture for increased expression of episomal proteins. Transfected cells are then plated onto a layer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) for continued reprogramming. As soon as iPSC-like colonies appear at about twelve days after nucleofection, HDAC inhibitors are added to the medium to facilitate epigenetic remodeling. We have found that the inclusion of HDAC inhibitors routinely increases the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSC colonies by 2 fold. Once iPSC colonies exhibit typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) morphology, they are gently transferred to individual iMEF-coated tissue culture plates for continued growth and expansion.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using an episome based reprogramming strategy and histone deacetylase inhibitors.

에피 솜과 HDAC 억제제를 사용하여 혈액에서 효율적인 유도 만능 줄기 세포 생성

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

후 전사적으로 규제 유전자의 화학 변조기에 대한 높은 처리량 검사

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...