Finansman: Bu çalışma Vakfı Bertarelli hibe (DJL), bir MED-EL hibe (DJL) ve Sağlık Hibeler DC01089 bir National Institutes (MCB) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

NOT: Bütün deneysel prosedürler Halk Sağlığı Servisi İnsanca Bakım Politikası ve laboratuvar Hayvanların Kullanımı, dahil olmak üzere ulusal hayvan bakımı yönergeleri izleyin Massachusetts Göz Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi ve Kulak Revir ve Harvard Tıp Okulu, uygun yapılmaktadır Ilar Kılavuzu ve Hayvan Refahı Yasası. Deneysel işlemler sol DCN detay maruz aşağıda listelenen. Sağkalım ameliyat yaparken steril aletler kullanın. 1. İlköğretim Kraniyotomi ve Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Pozlama <ol><li> Anestezi <ol><li> Bir intraperitonal uygulama yoluyla ksilazin 20 mg / kg ve ketamin 100 mg / kg ile 18-24 g ağırlığında 8-12 haftalık, yaşlı bir fare, anestezisi. Izleme kalp hızı, solunum hızı, yanı sıra ayak tutam çekilme refleksi ile uygun anestezi onaylayın. Gözleri yerleştirin veteriner merhem anestezi altında iken kuruluğu önlemek için. Bir kez yeterli anestezi altında, tıraş saç örten tO cerrahi siteye engelsiz erişim sağlamak için kafa derisi. </li></ol></li><li> Cerrahi konumlandırma <ol><li> Bir burun kelepçe ile yerinde tutulan küçük bir hayvan steryotaksik tutucu, güvenli bir şekilde fare yerleştirin. </li><li> Burun kelepçe tamamen fare kafasını hareketsiz yeterli solunum ama yeterince sıkı sağlamak için yeterli gevşek olduğundan emin olun. Fare kafası gevşek ise, hayvan prosedürünün kraniotomi bölümü sırasında baş yuvasından dışarı düşmesi muhtemeldir. </li><li> Kalp hızı izleme sağlar standart moda, işitsel beyinsapı implantı elektrotları yerleştirin. Solunum hızı görselleştirme tarafından takip edilmelidir. Normal kalp hızı ve solunum hızı fare yaşına bağlı olarak değişecektir unutmayın. </li><li> Bir homotermik ısıtma battaniye yerleştirme yoluyla bir termometre yerleştirilir ve euthermia sağlanır. </li></ol></li><li> Cilt kesi ve kafatası interparietal ve oksipital kemikler maruz <ol><li> Bir Microsc altındaope, deri yoluyla dikey kesi doğrudan kepçesi arasında, orta hatta başlayan ve oksiputa kaudal kısmına uzanan yapmak. Orta hat cilt kesi ardından, yanal cildi yerinden. Kafatasının sol arka yönünü kapsayan kasları gözünüzde canlandırın. </li><li> Bir neşter veya iris makas ile kendi kemiklere, kas ekleri dezartikülasyon ile kas sol parietal, interparietal örten ve kafatasının oksipital kemikleri çıkarın. Kesme kas kenarları boyunca kanama küçük bir derecede dikkat edin. 10-15 saniye için bir pamuk uçlu bir aplikatör ile hafif basınç ile bu en aza indirin. </li></ol></li><li> Kranyotomi üstteki Cochlear Nucleus <ol><li> Sagital ve lambda sütür hatları (Şekil 1, Sol Panel) dahil olmak üzere ilgili dikiş hatları, tanımlayın. </li><li> Rongeurs kullanarak, lambda dikiş hattına orta hat sol interparietal kemik üzerinde opera, ~ 2 mm kaudal yapmak. Bu bölge DCN üzerler. </li><li> Following kraniotomi, beyincik üzerinde uzanan dura ince bir tabaka gözlemlemek. Bir neşter bıçak kullanarak, dura çıkarın. (Şekil 1, Orta Panel). Not: dura çıkarılması kanama küçük olmasına neden olabilir. Dura kaldırmak için neşter bıçak kullanarak Bu süreç beyin yüzeyinin ve DCN ve karanlık tanımlanmasına havuz olacak beyincik aspirasyon sırasında kan kaybı miktarını azaltmak için tasarlanmıştır. Fare toplam kan hacmi% 15 daha&gt; ~ 1.5 ml geçmemelidir değildir. Kanama, bu miktarı aşarsa, fare sıvı takviyesi ile birlikte sağlanmalıdır. </li><li> Pamuk uçlu aplikatör ile beyincik kaplayan pıhtılaşmış kan çıkarın. İsteğe bağlı olarak, yavaşça kan kanı temizlemek için beyincik üzerine bir diş noktası kullanarak tuzlu damla. </li></ol></li><li> Serebellar Aspirasyon <ol><li> DCN karşısında olduğu kadar 5 Fransız emme kullanarak, DCN örten sol beyincik lateral-en bölümünü aspireual (Şekil 1, Sağ Panel). Sol beyincik yaklaşık 1/4 1/3 çıkarın. DCN bitişik ana dönüm superior semisirküler kanalın ampulla olduğunu. NOT: beyincik Aspirasyon protokolünün önemli bir adımdır. O kanamaya neden olur, bu gibi emme birden paslar ile bir tek denemede oluşur ve eğer beyinciğin Yönetmen aspirasyon en başarılı yapılır. Aspirasyon yardımcı olmak için, beyincik yüzeyine biraz uzak olacak CN, beklenen derinlikte mikroskop odak düzlemi ayarlanır. CN odak düzlemi ayarlanması görselleştirme geliştirmek ve keskin bir görüntü sağlayacaktır. </li><li> DCN aşağıdaki aspirasyon, daha kanama, beyin omurilik sıvısı (BOS) birikmesi ve beyincik deplasman bekleniyor. Kan pıhtılaşmasını önlemek için hızla Kraniotomi içine steril serum fizyolojik 0.5 cc aşılamak. Bir diş alanına ve emme ile hafifçe vurma bir kombinasyonu daha sonra olabilirDCN doğrudan görüntülenmesi için bir yol temizlemek için kullanılır. Doğrudan DCN yüzeyine temas etmeyin. </li></ol></li></ol> Virüs-aracılı Gen Transferi ve Cerrahi Kurtarma 2. Basınç Mikroenjeksiyon <ol><li> DCN örten kan ve CSF serbest olan ve net bir şekilde görülebilir sonra, 2 dakikalık bir süre boyunca, 10 ul Hamilton şırıngası kullanılarak DCN içine basınç microinjections olun. </li><li> Ucu artık DCN yüzeyinin altında görünür oluncaya kadar bir micromanipulator ile iğne tanıtın. </li><li> En iyi performans için, künt travma en aza indirmek ve bir ince DCN içinde enjeksiyon hacmi, lokalize, 45 ° olarak, sığ konik böyle bir 33 veya 34 gauge iğne (34 gauge iğne ile bir gaz geçirmez şırınga kullanın) kullanın ve sığ beyin yapısı (&lt;300 mikron kalınlığında). NOT: Diğer mikroenjeksiyon aletleri kullanılan dayalı olabilir. İdeal olarak, enjeksiyon enstrüman bazı hafif ben izin vermek için esnek olmalıdırd eğer doğrudan DCN hedef için gerekli. Fare nedeniyle solunum prosedür boyunca hafifçe hareket gibi Ayrıca, enstrüman hareketinin küçük miktarlarda dayanacak kadar sağlam olmalıdır. </li></ol> 3. Cerrahi Kurtarma <ol><li> Hemen ardından enjeksiyon, cilt yeniden yaklaştığı ve fare standart kurtarma prosedürüne göre kurtarmak için izin verir. Kalan beyincik ve skar dokusu beyincik aspirasyonu nedeniyle boşluğunda dolduracaktır. Yeterli bilinç sternum yatma korumak için sağlanıncaya kadar sürekli hayvanları izlemek. Kalp hızı, solunum sayısı, hem de besleme becerisi izleyin. NOT: Tamamen iyileşene kadar hiçbir hayvan ameliyatı geçirmiş diğer hayvanlarla bir kafese geri döner. </li><li> Bir fare operasyon sonrası çevrelerinde yürümeye başlarsa büyük olasılıkla zor bir zaman besleme olurdu gibi (&lt;olguların% 5), cilt kesi kapatılması sonra genellikle 2-4 saat, hemen, fare kurban. TOnun yan etkisi nedeniyle beyincik aspirasyon muhtemeldir. Hayvan postoperatif ağrı için izlenmelidir, ve uygun uyuşturucu kurumsal standartlara dayalı hayvan konfor sağlamak için verilmelidir. Antibiyotikler, gerekli enfeksiyon durumunda kanıtı olabilir. </li></ol> 4. İkincil Kraniyotomi ve Cochlear Nucleus Pozlama <ol><li> Şifa ve virüs aracılı gen transferi inkübasyon 2-4 hafta sonra, önceden enjekte fare ve adımı tekrarlayın 1,1-1,5 Optimal inkübasyon süresi aktarılan genin tipine göre değişir yeniden uyutmak. </li><li> Cımbız, neşter ve rongeurs bir kombinasyonu ile Kraniotomi sitesi üzerinden skar dokusu çıkarın. </li><li> Kraniotomiye görselleştirmek sonra, DCN örten beyincik ve skar dokusu kalan bir arada tanımlamak. Örten beyincik / (önceki serebellar aspirasyon benzer) skar dokusu aspire 5 Fransız emiş kullanın. </li><li> Aspirasyon ardından, daha kanama, BOS b bekliyoruzuild-up ve beyincik kalan bitleri. Hızla kan pıhtılaşmasını önlemek için Kraniotomi içine tuzlu tanıtmak. DCN doğrudan görselleştirme yolunu temizlemek için yumuşak diş nokta dabbing ve emme bir arada kullanın. </li><li> DCN yüzeyini gözlemlemek. DCN artık erişilebilir olduğu gibi Optogenetik-tabanlı fizyolojisi deneyleri. Bir Optogenetik tabanlı deney sürmek için, bir fiber optik (Şekil 2), örneğin, hafif bir uyarıcı, tanıtılması. </li></ol> 5. Histoloji <ol><li> Deneylerin sonucu takiben, ketamin dozu ile fare euthanize. % 4 paraformaldehid tarafından takip normal tuzlu su ile fare serpmek. </li><li> 2 saat kafatası ve post-fix gelen beyin sapı ayıklayın. 24-48 saat süreyle% 30 sukroz içinde beyin sapı cryoprotect. Bölüm 60 mikron bölümleri kullanarak standart bir kriyostat kullanarak beyin sapı. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu kağıt, merkezi işitme sisteminin manipülasyonu için fare modelinde DCN doğrudan görselleştirme tekniği anlatılmaktadır. Doğrudan görselleştirme özetlenen yaklaşım stereotaksik yaklaşımlar ana alternatif üzerinde önemli avantajlar sağlar. Stereotaksik yaklaşımlar doğrudan görselleştirme göze değil oysa Öncelikle, DCN doğrudan görselleştirme, beyin sapı sitenin hemen onay veriyor. Virüs-aracılı gen transferi durumunda olduğu gibi, inkübasyon sürelerini uzun süreli gerektirecek d...

Virus-mediated gene transfer to reverse hearing loss has largely been focused on the peripheral auditory system.1 Targeting the cochlea, investigators have examined a host of delivery routes, including osmotic minipump infusion2, vector-transgene complex-soaked Gelfoam&#174;2 or gelatin sponge3, direct microinjection4; numerous gene transfer vectors, including adeno-associated viral vectors5,6, lentiviral vectors7, and cationic liposomes2; and the dissemination of gene transfer vectors beyond the target tissue2. Most recently, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-1 has been introduced in the cochlea in order to treat deafness in mice due to loss of vesicular glutamate transporter-3.8 Further, the application of optogenetics in peripheral auditory system has recently been described.9
Few studies, however, have examined gene transfer to the central auditory system. The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the brainstem contain second order neurons of the auditory pathway. While gene transfer techniques in the cochlear nucleus (CN) may be utilized for a host of investigations, gene transfer of opsins, light-sensitive proteins, to the DCN may also be utilized to enable optogenetics-based experimental techniques. Following virus-mediated gene transfer delivery of an opsin, such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the neurons of the DCN becomes sensitive to light stimuli. Optogenetic gene transfer has been previously attempted in several brainstem regions, including the rat retrotrapezoid nucleus, mouse locus coeruleus, monkey superior colliculus, and mouse ventral tegmental area.10-14
Recently, investigators have examined the use of optogenetics in the DCN.15,16 The DCN is the location of placement of auditory brainstem implants in humans, making it an attractive part of the auditory system to study for translational studies on auditory neuroprostheses. However, given the location of the DCN, surgical exposure is challenging. The technique described herein provides a protocol for maximal exposure of the DCN via posterior fossa approach to enable viral vector gene transfer and optogenetics-based experiments in a murine model. Previous studies used stereotactic microinjection into the DCN with channelrhodopsin-2.16 Stereotaxic injections, however, are potentially less accurate than injections made by direct visualization, especially in a nucleus as small and deep along the brainstem as the DCN. Transgenic mice expressing tissue specific proteins in the CN are also an attractive option and would obviate the need for gene transfer. Our protocol for exposure of the DCN would also work in transgenic mice as the DCN would need to be directly exposed for optical stimulation. This technique for surgical exposure of the DCN is adapted from previous protocols involving recordings from the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus in mice and rat models.15,17-20
The overall goal of the protocol is to provide direct exposure to the CN to allow for gene transfer techniques. More specifically, the approach is compatible with both acute and survival surgery and the preparation can be repeated in the same animal for subsequent neurophysiological testing. The direct exposure of the DCN protocol has implications for optogenetics- and virus-mediated gene transfer-based experimentation in other nuclei of the brainstem.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereotaxic holder</td><td>Stoelting</td><td>51500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homeothermic blanket</td><td>Harvard</td><td>507214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade #11</td><td>Fine Surgical Tools</td><td>10011-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iris scissor</td><td>Fine Surgical Tools</td><td>14084-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 French suction</td><td>Symmetry Surgical</td><td>2777914</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dental Points</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>100-8170</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone rongeur</td><td>Fine Surgical Tools</td><td>16020-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 &amp;micro;l Hamilton syringe</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>7633-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>34 gauge, needle</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>207434</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rongeurs</td><td>Fine Surgical Tools</td><td>16021-14</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

direct visualization of the murine dorsal cochlear nucleus for optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway

Tutuklama veya işitme kaybı ters virüs aracılı gen transferi kullanımı soruşturma büyük ölçüde çevresel işitme sisteminin küme olmuştur. Birkaç çalışma, merkezi işitme sistemine gen transferi inceledik. işitsel yolun ikinci dereceden nöronları içeren beyin sapı dorsal koklear nükleus (DCN), gen transferi için potansiyel bir sitedir. Bu protokol, posterior fossa yaklaşımı ile kemirgen DCN doğrudan ve maksimal maruz kalma bir tekniktir gösterilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, akut ya da hayatta kalma cerrahi sağlar. DCN doğrudan görselleştirme sonra, deney bir ana bilgisayar, bir mavi ışık lazer bağlanmış bir fiber optik ile koklear nükleus ve daha sonra stimülasyon içine opsins püskürtülmesi de dahil olmak üzere uygulanabilir. Böyle elektrik stimülasyonu ve nöral enjektör iz gibi diğer nörofizyoloji deneyler de mümkün bulunmaktadır. Visualiza düzeyiyon ve uyarılma süresi elde deneyler geniş bu yaklaşım uygulanamaz hale.

Kısmi Serebellar Aspirasyon Koklear Nucleus Erişim gösterir Kafatası örten deri ve kas gibi koronal ve lamda sütür hatları gibi, kafatası yüzey işaretlerini, kaldırıldıktan sonra, Kraniotomi yaklaşık lokalizasyonu göstermektedir. Rongeurs ile kraniyotomi ardından, beyincik görüntülenmiştir. Serebellumun küçük bir kısmı dikkatlice aspire enjekte edilebilir CN, (Şekil 1) görselleştirme gösterir. Mavi Iş?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Visualization of the Murine Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus for Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Pathway at JoVE.com

Direct Visualization of the Murine Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus for Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Pathway

The goal of this protocol is to outline a surgical approach to provide direct access to the dorsal cochlear nucleus in a murine model.

İşitsel Yolu ve optogenetic Stimülasyon için Murin Dorsal Koklear Çekirdek Doğrudan Görselleştirme

Investigation into the use of virus-mediated gene transfer to arrest or reverse hearing loss has largely been relegated to the peripheral auditory system. ...

direct-visualization-murine-dorsal-cochlear-nucleus-for-optogenetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.2K Görüntüleme.  Harvard Medical School. The goal of this protocol is to outline a surgical approach to provide direct access to the dorsal cochlear nucleus in a murine model. 

Video: Direct Visualization of the Murine Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus for Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Pathway

Canalostomy As a Surgical Approach to Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ears of Adult and Neonatal Mice

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) has been shown to be a useful approach to local drug delivery into the inner ear. The goal of this article is to describe, in detail, the surgical techniques involved in canalostomy in both adult and neonatal mice. As indicated by fast-green dye and adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with the green fluorescent protein gene, the canalostomy facilitated broad distribution of injected reagents in the cochlea and vestibular end-organs with minimal damage to hearing and vestibular function. The surgery was successfully implemented in both adult and neonatal mice; indeed, multiple surgeries could be performed if required. In conclusion, canalostomy is an effective and safe approach to drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice and may be used to treat human inner ear diseases in the future.

Here we describe canalostomy procedure which allows local drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice through the semicircular canal with minimum damage to hearing and vestibular function. This method can be used to inoculate viral vectors, pharmaceuticals, and small molecules into the mouse inner ear.

Canalostomy yerel ilaç dağıtım yetişkin ve Neonatal farelerin iç kulaklarına bir cerrahi yaklaşım olarak

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) ...

Genetik

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

The sensory forebrain is composed of intricately connected cell types, of which functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated. Understanding the interactions of these forebrain circuits has been aided recently by the development of optogenetic methods for light-mediated modulation of neuronal activity. Here, we describe a protocol for examining the functional organization of forebrain circuits&#160;in vitro using laser-scanning photostimulation of channelrhodopsin, expressed optogenetically via viral-mediated transfection. This approach also exploits the utility of cre-lox recombination in transgenic mice to target expression in specific neuronal cell types. Following transfection, neurons are physiologically recorded in slice preparations using whole-cell patch clamp to measure their evoked responses to laser-scanning photostimulation of channelrhodopsin expressing fibers. This approach enables an assessment of functional topography and synaptic properties. Morphological correlates can be obtained by imaging the neuroanatomical expression of channelrhodopsin expressing fibers using confocal microscopy of the live slice or post-fixed tissue. These methods enable functional investigations of forebrain circuits that expand upon more conventional approaches.

We describe a method for characterizing the functional topography and synaptic properties of forebrain circuits using an optogenetic approach to photostimulate neuronal populations&#160;in vitro.

Optogenetically Hedeflenen Önbeyin Devreler Lazer tarama photostimulation

The sensory forebrain is composed of intricately connected cell types, of which functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated. Understanding the ...

Nörobilim

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti. 

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the inner ear (fig 1). Hair cells in the developing cochlea, which are the mechanosensory cells of the auditory system, are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three (in the base and mid-turns) to four (in the apical turn) rows of outer hair cells that span the length of the organ of Corti. Hair cells transduce sound-induced mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural impulses that the brain can interpret. Most cases of sensorineural hearing loss are caused by death or dysfunction of cochlear hair cells.
An increasingly essential tool in auditory research is the isolation and in vitro culture of the organ explant 1,2,9. Once isolated, the explants may be utilized in several ways to provide information regarding normative, anomalous, or therapeutic physiology. Gene expression, stereocilia motility, cell and molecular biology, as well as biological approaches for hair cell regeneration are examples of experimental applications of organ of Corti explants.
This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of the organ of Corti from neonatal mice. The accompanying video includes stepwise directions for the isolation of the temporal bone from mouse pups, and subsequent isolation of the cochlea, spiral ligament, and organ of Corti. Once isolated, the sensory epithelium can be plated and cultured in vitro in its entirety, or as a further dissected micro-isolate that lacks the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. Using this method, primary explants can be maintained for 7-10 days. As an example of the utility of this procedure, organ of Corti explants will be electroporated with an exogenous DsRed reporter gene. This method provides an improvement over other published methods because it provides reproducible, unambiguous, and stepwise directions for the isolation, microdissection, and primary culture of the organ of Corti.

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti.

This procedure describes a method for the isolation and culture of the murine organ of Corti with or without the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. We also demonstrate a method for the expression of an exogenous reporter gene in the organ of Corti explant by electroporation.

İlköğretim Kültür ve Corti murin Organ Plazmid Elektroporasyon.

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the ...

Biyoloji

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

Kemirgen Santral Sinir Sistemi vivo optogenetic Stimülasyon içinde

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

A Guide<em&gt; In vivo</emOptogenetically Belirlenen Kortikal inhibitör dan&gt; Tek birim Kayıt

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted deaf subjects1-6. Nonetheless, sound coding with current CIs has poor frequency and intensity resolution due to broad current spread from each electrode contact activating a large number of SGNs along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea7-9. Optical stimulation is proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation that promises spatially more confined activation of SGNs and, hence, higher frequency resolution of coding. In recent years, direct infrared illumination of&#160;the cochlea has been used to evoke responses in the auditory nerve10. Nevertheless it requires higher energies than electrical stimulation10,11 and uncertainty remains as to the underlying mechanism12. Here we describe a method based on optogenetics to stimulate SGNs with low intensity blue light, using transgenic mice with neuronal expression of channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)13 or virus-mediated expression of the ChR2-variant CatCh14. We used micro-light emitting diodes (&#181;LEDs) and fiber-coupled lasers to stimulate ChR2-expressing SGNs through a small artificial opening (cochleostomy) or the round window. We assayed the responses by scalp recordings of light-evoked potentials (optogenetic auditory brainstem response: oABR) or by microelectrode recordings from the auditory pathway and compared them with acoustic and electrical stimulation.

Cochlear implants (CIs) enable hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. However, poor frequency and intensity resolution limits the quality of hearing with CIs. Here we describe optogenetic stimulation of the auditory nerve in mice as an alternative strategy for auditory research and developing future CIs.

İşitsel Sinir optogenetic uyarılması

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a condition that typically involves damage to or loss of the delicate mechanosensory structures of the inner ear. Sophisticated in vitro and ex vivo assays have emerged in recent years, enabling the screening of an increasing number of potentially therapeutic compounds while minimizing resources and accelerating efforts to develop cures for SNHL. Though homogenous cultures of certain cell types continue to play an important role in current research, many scientists now rely on more complex organotypic cultures of murine inner ears, also known as cochlear explants. The preservation of organized cellular structures within the inner ear facilitates the in situ evaluation of various components of the cochlear infrastructure, including inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, neurites, and supporting cells. Here we present the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The careful preparation of these explants facilitates the identification of mechanisms that contribute to SNHL and constitutes a valuable tool for the hearing research community.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The technique can be utilized as an in vitro screening tool in hearing research.

Yenidoğan Murin Koklear Explant Tekniği<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; İşitme Araştırmalarında Tarama Aracı

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

Tıp

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

In vitro slice electrophysiology techniques measure single-cell activity with precise electrical and temporal resolution. Brain slices must be relatively thin to properly visualize and access neurons for patch-clamping or imaging, and in vitro examination of brain circuitry is limited to only what is physically present in the acute slice. To maintain the benefits of in vitro slice experimentation while preserving a larger portion of presynaptic nuclei, we developed a novel slice preparation. This &#8220;wedge slice&#8221; was designed for patch-clamp electrophysiology recordings to characterize the diverse monaural, sound-driven inputs to medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons in the brainstem. These neurons receive their primary afferent excitatory and inhibitory inputs from neurons activated by stimuli in the contralateral ear and corresponding cochlear nucleus (CN). An asymmetrical brain slice was designed which is thickest in the rostro-caudal domain at the lateral edge of one hemisphere and then thins towards the lateral edge of the opposite hemisphere. This slice contains, on the thick side, the auditory nerve root conveying information about auditory stimuli to the brain, the intrinsic CN circuitry, and both the disynaptic excitatory and trisynaptic inhibitory afferent pathways that converge on contralateral MOC neurons. Recording is performed from MOC neurons on the thin side of the slice, where they are visualized using DIC optics for typical patch-clamp experiments. Direct stimulation of the auditory nerve is performed as it enters the auditory brainstem, allowing for intrinsic CN circuit activity and synaptic plasticity to occur at synapses upstream of MOC neurons. With this technique, one can mimic in vivo circuit activation as closely as possible within the slice. This wedge slice preparation is applicable to other brain circuits where circuit analyses would benefit from preservation of upstream connectivity and long-range inputs, in combination with the technical advantages of in vitro slice physiology.

Integration of diverse synaptic inputs to neurons is best measured in a preparation that preserves all pre-synaptic nuclei for natural timing and circuit plasticity, but brain slices typically sever many connections. We developed a modified brain slice to mimic in vivo circuit activity while maintaining in vitro experimentation capability.

In Vitro Kama Dilimi In Vivo Nöronal Devre Bağlantısı Nın TaklitI Için Hazırlık

In vitro slice electrophysiology techniques measure single-cell activity with precise electrical and temporal resolution. Brain slices must be relatively ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective neural modulation or monitoring. As specific types of neuronal cells can be genetically modified to express opsin proteins, optogenetics enables optical stimulation or inhibition of the selected neurons. There have been several technological advances in the optical system for optogenetics. Recently, it was proposed to combine the optical waveguide for light delivery with electrophysiological recording to simultaneously monitor the neural responses to optogenetic stimulation or inhibition. In this study, an implantable optrode array (2x2 optical fibers) was developed with embedded multichannel electrodes. 
A light-emitting diode (LED) was employed as a light source, and a microfabricated microlens array was integrated to provide sufficient light power at the tip of the optical fibers. The optrode array system comprises the disposable part and the reusable part. The disposable part has optical fibers and electrodes, while the reusable part has the LED and electronic circuitry for light control and neural signal processing. The novel design of the implantable optrode array system is introduced in the accompanying video in addition to the procedure of the optrode implantation surgery, optogenetic light stimulation, and the electrophysiological neural recording. The results of in vivo experiments successfully showed time-locked neural spikes evoked by the light stimuli from hippocampal excitatory neurons of mice.

Here, we present the fabrication method of an optrode system with optical fibers for light delivery and an electrode array for neural recording. In vivo experiments with transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 show the feasibility of the system for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recording.

Eşzamanlı Optogenetik Modülasyon ve Elektriksel Nöral Kayıt için Optrode Dizisi

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

Preparing Wedge Brain Slices to Visualize Auditory Neurons

Source: Fischl, M. J. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61664">In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2020)
This video demonstrates the process of preparing wedge-shaped brain slices in a laboratory setting. Using a vibratome, a wedge-shaped slice from a mouse&#39;s brain is crafted with varying thickness. This slice contains the auditory nerve root positioned on the thicker end, while the hearing-related neurons are located on the thinner end.

İşitsel Nöronları Görselleştirmek için Kama Beyin Dilimlerinin Hazırlanması

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Brain ...

İşitsel Yolu ve optogenetic Stimülasyon için Murin Dorsal Koklear Çekirdek Doğrudan Görselleştirme

Özet

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