Biz mali destek için Scott Beyaz Hastanesi Araştırma Hibeler Programı kabul ve Texas A &amp; konfokal lazer mikroskobu kullanımı için Tıp Entegre Görüntüleme Laboratuvarı M Sağlık Bilim Merkezi Koleji. Biz el yazması düzenleme ile yardım için Sayın Glen Cryer kabul etmiş sayılırsınız.

Endotel Hücreleri 1. Tohum <ol><li> Yetişkin Sprague Dawley sıçanların RBMEC en birincil kültürleri elde etmek (ya da ticari bunları elde). </li><li> 100 cm-fibronektin (50 ug / ml), sıçan beyin endotelyal hücre büyüme ortamı kullanılarak kaplanmış petri kaplarına RBMECs geliştirin. Birleşme sağlandığı ulaşılana kadar her iki günde bir ortam değiştirme. </li><li> % 80-90 konfluense ulaştıktan sonra, hafifçe döndürülerek, 5 ml fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) hücreleri yıkamak. Hücreler daha sonra 37 ° C&#39;ye dengelenmiş sıcak% 0.25 tripsin etilendiamintetraasetik asit (EDTA) çözeltisi, 1 ml, maruz bırakılmasıyla ayrılır. </li><li> Hücreler ayrılmış ve dağılana kadar 2-5 dakika süreyle 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe hücreleri. NOT: hücreleri ayırmak için kültür çanak dokunun. Mikroskop altında görüntüle hücreleri tabak yüzeyinden hücrelerin tamamen ayrılmasını teyit etmek için. </li><li> Tripsin etkisiz hale getirmek için bir petri 5 ml komple ortam ekleyin.Müstakil hücreleri ihtiva eden ortam üzerinden pipet ve bir 15 ml&#39;lik santrifüj tüpüne toplayın. . </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 220 xg&#39;de endotel hücreleri ihtiva eden ortam santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Süpernatantı aspire ve sonra otomatik hücre sayacı veya hemasitometre kullanarak sayılır edilecek pipet Hücreleri yavaşça yukarı karıştırılarak ve aşağı 3-5 ml taze sıçan beyin endotel hücre büyüme ortamına cells.Suspend pelet içeren pelet korumak. </li><li> Oyuk başına 10,000-15,000 hücreler arasında değişen bir çekirdek yoğunluğuna sahip / oyuk, 8 iyi steril oda slayt sistemi önceden kaplanmış fibronektin (50 ug / mi) içine 0.7 cm 2 hücre süspansiyonu aktarın. Kaynaşma elde edilene kadar 37 ° C&#39;de hücreler büyümek Not: Deney için gerekli olan western blot veya başka deneyler için hücreler 10 cm hücre kültür tabaklarında veya özel yemekler yetiştirilebilir. </li></ol> 2. Oksijen ve In Vitro Glukoz Yoksunluk-reoksijenizasyonModel Not: Aşağıdaki protokol Zulueta ve ark adapte edilmiştir. 1997; Zhu, H ve ark., 2012 8,9. <ol><li> Içinde RBMECs üzerinde OGD-R etkilerini (Şekil 1) incelemek için hipoksi hücre kültür sistemi kullanın. Kurulum ve üreticinin talimatlarına göre, deney başlamadan önce hipoksi hücre kültür sistemi kalibre. </li><li> 37 ° C inkübatör konfluent odası slaytlar (adım 1.8) sökün. Deoksijene ile oda slayt tam orta yerine, glükoz, Dulbecco Modifiye Eagle Ortamı (DMEM), 37 ° C &#39;de 2 saat süre ile% 95, N2 ve% 5 CO2 ile hipoksi odasına yerleştirilir, OGD durumu temsil ettiği. </li><li> 37 ° C&#39;de% 95 O2,% 5 CO2 ile tekrar inkübatör hücreleri taşı ve taze sıçan beyin endotel hücre komple ortam ile sağlanır ve 37 ° C de bir 1 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. NOT: Bu adım, bir reoksijenizasyon durumu temsil eder. </li><li> Immunofloresan lokalizasyonu ve rodamin Phalloidin etiketleme odası slaytlar kullanın (Bölüm 3). </li></ol> Rodamin phalloidin kullanma ZO-1 ve f-aktin Etiketleme 3. İmmünofloresan Yerelleştirme <ol><li> Iyi 1 saat opti-MEM / azaltılmış serum medya / 100 ul RBMEC mono tabakaları içeren odası slaytlar Açığa. Fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS, pH 7.0-7.2), 100 ul oda slaytlar 3 kez yıkayın. </li><li> (PH 7.0-7.2), 15 dakika boyunca PBS (pH 7.0-7.2)% 4 paraformaldehit 100 ul kullanarak hücreleri saptamak ve PBS içinde 3 kez daha özel oda slaytlar yıkayın. </li><li> Başka bir 15 dakika boyunca PBS içinde% 0.5 Triton X-100, 100 ul, (pH 7.0-7.2) kullanılarak hücrelerin geçirgenliği. Bir saat süreyle PBS içinde% 2 sığır serum albümini (BSA) 100 ul ile bloke edin. ZO-1 ya da f-aktin için bu adımda ya da leke / etiket hücrelerden sonra. <ol><li> Immunofloresan sta için150, 4 ° C &#39;de N / O% 2 BSA-PBS içinde hazırlandı: ining 1 ZO-1&#39;e karşı anti-tavşan primer antikor ile hücrelerin inkübe edin. PBS&#39;de hücreleri (pH 7.0-7.2) 3 kez yıkayın. Flüoresein izotiyosiyanatla (FITC), 100 ul ile inkübe oda sıcaklığında 1 saat için bir anti-tavşan ikincil antikoru etiketli. </li><li> Rodamin Phalloidin etiketleme için, bloke sonra, 20 dakika boyunca,% 2 BSA-PBS içinde hazırlanan, 1:50 dilüsyonda rodamin Phalloidin 100 ul hücreleri maruz kalmaktadır. </li><li> Immunofloresan boyama ve PBS rhodamine Phalloidin etiketleme, (pH 7.0-7.2) hücreleri yıkayın. DAPI anti-solmaya reaktif içeren montaj medyayı kullanarak odaları monte edin. </li></ol></li><li> 60 X suya daldırma lens kullanarak hücrelerin görselleştirmek ve hücreler konfokal mikroskop altında tek bir optik düzlemde taranır. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Işemi-reperfüzyon yaralanması için bir in vitro model olarak OGD-R de nöronlar 10,11 çalışmak için kurulmuştur. Geçirgenlik ve TJ bütünlük 9 beyin endotel hücreleri ve değişiklikler üzerinde OGD&#39;ye etkisini gösteren çalışmalar da vardır. Ancak, bizim çalışmamız aşağıdaki iskemik inme meydana in vivo koşullarda iskemik reperfüzyon hasarı daha yakından temsilidir OGD&#39;ye etkisi yanı sıra yeniden oksijenasyonunu gösterir. <p class="jove...

İskemi-Reperfüzyon (IR) hasarı, inme, miyokard enfarktüsü, travma, periferik damar hastalığı ve travmatik beyin hasarı 1,2 ile ilişkili çeşitli zayıflatıcı komplikasyon ve ölüm sık nedeni olarak bulunmuştur. Serebral damarlarda IR yaralanma inflamasyon ve ödem 3 giden bir erken ikincil yaralanma. Oksidatif ve enflamasyon, aşağıdaki metabolik stres sonucu ortaya çıkan ciddi komplikasyonların bir homeostatik serbest radikal oluşumuna yol açan bir denge, kan-beyin bariyerinin değişiklikler (BBB) ​​sıkı bağlantıları (TJs) ve mikrovasküler geçirgenliğin 4,5 kaybıdır. Şu anda, BBB üzerindeki IR yaralanma etkilerini incelemek için kullanılan in vivo modellerde orta serebral arter tıkanıklığı (MCAO), mikroembolizm ve transgenik veya nakavt hayvanları kapsar. Hossmann 6 tartıştığı Ancak, her biri kendi dezavantajları ve sınırlamaları vardır. MCAO modeli effec incelemek için kullanılırRedoks stres ts, BBB kavşak iletişimde değişiklikler ve beyin ve bağışıklık hücreleri arasındaki etkileşimler. Ancak, bu tür içinde hassas mikrocerrahi prosedürleri ve zorluklar için ihtiyaç olarak çeşitli teknik sorunlar mevcut. Serebral iskemi incelemek için transgenik ya da nakavt hayvanların kullanımı enfarktüs oluşumu gen bağımlı moleküler etkileri, vasküler anatomi değişiklikler ve değişen vücut ağırlıkları 6 gibi zorlukları olabilir iken mikroembolisinden anında BBB yıkar. Bu nedenle, iskemi in vitro modeller ilaçlar için mekanistik çalışmalar yapmak nedeniyle uygulanabilirlikleri esas olarak son zamanlarda ilgi artmaktadır bulduk. Ancak, in vitro çalışmaların sonuçları tam bir in vivo çalışma temsil etmeyebilir ve dikkatli 6 yorumlanması gerekir. Endotelyal hücre tek tabakalarında ve mikrovasküler geçirgenliğin düşük oksijen konsantrasyonları gibi karşı etkisi olmuşturOgawa 7 tarafından incelenmiştir. Fare beyni mikrovasküler endotelyal hücreleri (RBMECs), in vitro BBB geliştirmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu protokol sunulan oksijen glikoz mahrumiyet ve reoksijenizasyonun (OGD-R) tekniği Zulueta ark ve Zhu ve ark 8,9 ile çalışmalarda adapte edilmiştir. Biz% 0 O 2,% 5 CO2 ve% 95 N 2 içeren bir hipoksi / anoksi odasına yerleştirerek OGD-R beyin endotel hücrelerini gözler önüne serdi. Hücreler daha sonra sırasıyla immunofloresan lokalizasyonu ve rodamin Phalloidin etiketleme kullanarak TJ bütünlüğü ve stres lif oluşumu değişiklikler açısından değerlendirildi. Zonula okludinler-1 (ZO-1) için immünofloresan boyama ZO-1 gibi, TJ bütünlüğünü saptamak için gerçekleştirilir TJ proteine ​​bağlı önemli bir iskele membrandır. Rodamin Phalloidin etiketleme hücre iskeletinin içinde ipliksi aktin (f-aktin) belirler ve endotel hücreleri aktin stres lif oluşumu açık bir göstergesidir. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Bu yöntemin amacı, BBB endotel hücre TJ bütünlüğü ve F-aktin stres lif oluşumu çalışmak için in vitro bir model olarak İR OGD-R geliştirilmesi hakkında fikir temin edilmesidir. Sonuçlar TJ protein kaderi hakkında bilgi vermek, ZO-1 ve OGD-R aşağıdaki stres lif oluşumu olacaktır. Bu ilişkileri anlamak OGD-R aşağıdaki tetiklemeli olan altta yatan moleküler mekanizmaları belirlemek ve OGD-R tedavisi sonrasında BBB kesintileri artırmak için potansiyel terapötik stratejiler geliştirmek için bir fırsat sağlayacaktır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="917">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:371px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Comments/Description</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:371px;">Proox model 110</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Biospherix</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Model 110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:371px;">DMEM, no glucose</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gibco, Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">11966-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:371px;">Rhodamine Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">R415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:371px;">ZO-1 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:129px;">617300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nunc Lab Tek II-CC 8&#160;well sterile, glass&#160;slides&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:129px;">177402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FITC-tagged anti-rabbit secondary antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Santa cruz</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">sc-2090</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:371px;">DPBS 1X</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">SH 30028.03</td>
			<td>Any other PBS available can be used</td>
		</tr>
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oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation as an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion injury model for studying blood-brain barrier dysfunction

İskemi-Reperfüzyon (IR) hasarı, iskemik inmelerin ile ilişkili morbidite ve mortalite önemli ölçüde katkıda bilinmektedir. İskemik serebrovasküler kazalar tüm inmelerin% 80&#39;ini oluşturmaktadır. IR yaralanma yaygın bir nedeni serbest radikallerin oluşumunu tetikleyen dokuya kan, besin, oksijen akut / kronik tıkanıklığı sonrası sıvıların hızlı girişi olduğunu. İskemik inme, kan-beyin bariyerinin (KBB) disfonksiyonu ve vazojenik beyin ödemi takip eder. Yapısal olarak, endotel hücreleri arasında sıkı bağlantıları (TJs), kan-beyin bariyeri (BBB) ​​bütünlüğünü muhafaza edilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. IR hasarı spesifik olmayan, inflamatuar yanıt giden bir erken ikincil yaralanma. Inflamasyon aşağıdaki Oksidatif ve metabolik stres BBB geçirgenliği ve sıkı kavşak (TJ) bütünlüğünün bozulması da dahil olmak üzere ikincil beyin hasarı tetikler. Bizim protokol bir in vitro sunar &lt;/ Em&gt; sıçan beyin endotel hücre TJ bütünlüğü ve stres lif oluşumu üzerine oksijen glikoz mahrumiyet ve reoksijenizasyonun (OGD-R) örneği. Şu anda, in vivo modellerde çeşitli deneysel IR yaralanma etkilerini incelemek için kullanılır; ancak onlar böyle mekanik ilişkileri okuyan ameliyatlar, gen bağımlı moleküler etkileri ve zorluk performans teknik zorluklar gibi çeşitli sınırlamalar var. Bununla birlikte, in vitro modeller bu sınırlamaları birçok üstesinden yardımcı olabilir. sunulan protokol potansiyel terapötik stratejiler sağlamak için çeşitli moleküler mekanizmaları ve mekanik ilişkileri incelemek için kullanılabilir. Ancak, in vitro çalışmaların sonuçları in vivo çalışmalar, standart farklı olabilir ve dikkatle yorumlanmalıdır.

Fibronektin önceden kaplanmış Nunc II haznesi slaytlar üzerinde kültürlenmiş hücreler, bir Biospherix ProOx modeli 110 odası içinde yerleştirilmesi ile OGD-R tabi tutuldu. Rodamin falloidin leke etiketi kullanılarak F-aktin stres lif oluşumu gösteren, Şekil 2 ve sitoskeletal montaj gösterildiği gibi, Şekil 3 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi OGD-R hücreleri tabi tutulduktan sonra, bunlar immünofloresan tekniği kullanılarak ZO-1 kavşak boyama için işlemden geçirilirle...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction at JoVE.com

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

Bir oksijen-Glukoz Yoksunluk ve reoksijenizasyonun<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; İskemi-Reperfüzyon Modeli incelenmesi Kan-Beyin Bariyeri Disfonksiyon için

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

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Medicine

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

17.8K Görüntüleme.  Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine. Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells. 

Video: Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused by whole-body hypoperfusion.5,6 Successful reproduction of whole-body hypoperfusion in rodent models has been fraught with 
difficulty.7-9,9,10 Models which employ focal ischemia have repeatedly demonstrated results which do not translate to the clinical setting, and larger 
animal models which allow for whole body hypoperfusion lack access to the full toolset of genetic manipulation possible in the mouse.11,12 However, in recent 
years a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation has emerged which can be adapted to model AKI.13 This model reliably reproduces 
physiologic, functional, anatomic, and histologic outcomes seen in clinical AKI, is rapidly repeatable, and offers all of the significant advantages of a murine surgical 
model, including access to genetic manipulative techniques, low cost relative to large animals, and ease of use. Our group has developed extensive experience 
with use of this model to assess a number of organ-specific outcomes in AKI.14,15

A powerful model for perioperative and critical care related acute kidney injury is presented. Using whole body hypoperfusion induced by cardiac arrest it is possible to nearly replicate the histologic and functional changes of clinical AKI.

Normotermik Kardiyak Arrest ve Kardiyopulmoner Resusitasyon: İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarı Fare Modeli

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

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Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and finding new sources for implantable cells are the focus of recent research4,5. Investigating the effectiveness of cell therapies is not an easy task and new tools are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the treatment process6. We designed an experimental protocol of ischemia/reperfusion in order to allow the observation of cellular connections and even subcellular mechanisms during ischemia/reperfusion injury and after stem cell transplantation and to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were placed onto cell culture plates7,8. Ischemia was simulated with 150 minutes in a glucose free medium with oxygen level below 0.5%. Then, normal media and oxygen levels were reintroduced to simulate reperfusion. After oxygen glucose deprivation, the damaged cells were treated with transplantation of labeled human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by adding them to the culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred in clinical trials because they are easily accessible with minimal invasive surgery, easily expandable and autologous. After 24 hours of co-cultivation, cells were stained with calcein and ethidium-homodimer to differentiate between live and dead cells. This setup allowed us to investigate the intercellular connections using confocal fluorescent microscopy and to quantify the survival rate of postischemic cells by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy showed the interactions of the two cell populations such as cell fusion and formation of intercellular nanotubes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 3 clusters of damaged cells which can be plotted on a graph and analyzed statistically. These populations can be investigated separately and conclusions can be drawn on these data on the effectiveness of the simulated therapeutical approach.

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

We demonstrate how to set up an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model and how to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy on postischemic cardiac cells.

Bir Kök Hücre Nakli In vitro Simüle İskemi / Reperfüzyon Modeli

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and ...

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

Farelerde Akut Böbrek Hasarı ve Post Yaralanma Fibrozis iskemi-reperfüzyon Model

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

Bir olarak beyin mikrovasküler endotel hücreleri (cend) olarak gerin<em&gt; In Vitro</emKan Beyin Bariyer&gt; Travmatik Beyin Hasarı Modeli

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier (BBB): A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport

The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm&#183;cm2 on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 &#177;&#160;0.11 x 10-3 cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.

Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier BBB: A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport

The aim of the present study was to validate the reproducibility of an in vitro BBB model involving a rat syngeneic co-culture of endothelial cells and astrocytes. The endothelial cell monolayer presented high TEER and low LY permeability. Expression of specific TJ proteins, functional responses to inflammation and functionality of transporters and receptors were assessed.

Ayarlama-up bir<em&gt; In Vitro</emSıçan Kan-beyin bariyerinin&gt; Model (BBB): BBB geçirimsizliği ve Reseptör aracılı Ulaştırması Bir Odak

The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Bağırsak İskemi-reperfüzyon Hasarı Murin Modeli

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

Yöntem bir Vitro kan - beyin bariyerini modeli domuz beyin endotel hücreleri temel alan kurulması için geliştirilmiş

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via recanalization of the coronary artery is the most effective strategy for reducing the size of ischemic myocardium. The coronary microvasculature cannot be visualized and imaged&#160;in vivo, but there are several invasive and noninvasive techniques that can be used to assess parameters which depend directly on coronary microvascular function. The endothelial function after ischemia reperfusion can be assessed also at the level of the coronary circulation via the coronary flow reserve (CFR).&#160;In this study, peak velocity of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured in rats in vivo via Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography during resting and stress challenge (induced by Dobutamine). A normal heart can increase its coronary blood flow up to four times above the resting values during stress induction. Following ischemia reperfusion, we found a significantly diminished CFR, which can be used as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction. CFR has opened a window on the importance of microvascular dysfunction and has been shown to predict cardiovascular risk independent of whether the severe obstructive disease is present.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR), is defined as the ratio of maximal coronary blood flow to the resting coronary blood flow. We present a protocol for evaluating CFR in rats via ultrasound, which offers the opportunity to predict cardiovascular risk factors in the absence of obstructive coronary disease.

Farelerde miyokardiyal Iskemi reperfüzyon sonrası koroner akış rezervi değerlendirilmesi

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Rekonstrüktif Mikrocerrahide İskemi-Reperfüzyon Hasarı Nın İnceleştirilmesinde Klinik Öncesi Sıçan Modeli

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Delayed Intramyocardial Delivery of Stem Cells after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Murine Model

There is significant interest in the use of stem cells (SCs) for the recovery of cardiac function in individuals with myocardial injuries. Most commonly, cardiac stem cell therapy is studied by delivering SCs concurrently with the induction of myocardial injury. However, this approach presents two significant limitations: the early hostile pro-inflammatory ischemic environment may affect the survival of transplanted SCs, and it does not represent the subacute infarction scenario where SCs will likely be used. Here we describe a two-part series of surgical procedures for the induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury and delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This method of stem cell administration may allow for the longer viability and retention around damaged tissue by circumventing the initial immune response. A model of ischemia reperfusion injury was induced in mice accompanied by the delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (3.0 x 105), stably expressing the reporter gene firefly luciferase under the constitutively expressed CMV promoter, intramyocardially 7 days later. The animals were imaged via ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging for confirmation of injury and injection of cells, respectively. Importantly, there was no added complication rate when performing this two-procedure approach for SC delivery. This method of stem cell administration, collectively with the utilization of state-of-the-art reporter genes, may allow for the in vivo study of viability and retention of transplanted SCs in a situation of chronic ischemia commonly seen clinically, while also circumventing the initial pro-inflammatory response. In summary, we established a protocol for the delayed delivery of stem cells into the myocardium, which can be used as a potential new approach in promoting regeneration of the damaged tissue.

Stems cells are continuously investigated as potential treatments for individuals with myocardial damage, however, their decreased viability and retention within injured tissue can impact their long-term efficacy. In this manuscript we describe an alternative method for stem cell delivery in a murine model of ischemia reperfusion injury.

Bir Murine Modelinde İskemi Reperfüzyon Yaralanması Sonrası Kök Hücrelerin Gecikmiş İntramiyokardiyal Teslimi

There is significant interest in the use of stem cells (SCs) for the recovery of cardiac function in individuals with myocardial injuries. Most commonly, ...