Yazarlar ayrıca imalat ve cDNA ve shRNA vektörler neogenin için yapıları paylaşımı için Gürcistan Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi&#39;nden Dr. Xiong&#39;un grubu kabul etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma Kore Araştırma Vakfı tarafından finanse edilen Temel Bilimler Araştırma Programı (2013R1A1A4A01012572) hibe yoluyla ve Sahmyook Üniversitesi&#39;nden bir araştırma hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

NOT: Hayvan ıslahı ve bakımları için tüm prosedürler Sahmyook Üniversitesi, Seul, G. Kore IACUC düzenlemelerine göre yapılmıştır. 1. Süperovulasyon, Islahı ve Ovidukt İzolasyon <ol><li> aşağıdaki koşullar altında inbred C57BL / 6 fareleri bakımı: 22 ± 3 ° C, ~% 60 nem, 12 st ışık / karanlık çevrimi ve su ve gıda ad libitum verilmiştir. </li><li> 0.1 mL, 5 İÜ gebe kısrak serum gonadotropini (PMSG) intraperitoneal enjeksiyonu ile 3-5 haftalık dişi farelerin superovulasyon Uyarmaktadır / kafa 0.1 mL, 5 İÜ insan koryonik gonadotropinin bir intraperitoneal enjeksiyon (HCG) 48 saat sonra ve ardından /kafa. </li><li> Hemen hCG enjeksiyonu takiben, bir gecede aynı kafeste tutarak aynı gerginlik cinsel olgun erkeklerle superovulation kaynaklı kadın dostum. </li><li> Ertesi sabah, kadın genital sisteminin bir çiftleşme fişi veya vajinal fiş varlığı ile başarılı bir şekilde çiftleşme onaylayın. </li><li> Hamile kadın fareler kurbanCO 2 zehirlenme hCG enjeksiyonundan sonra servikal dislokasyon 18-20 saat izledi. </li><li> Cildi ve daha sonra ince makasla periton tabakayı keserek karın boşluğuna açın. </li><li> ince forseps ile rahim boynuzları Pick up ve vücut boşluğuna yavaşça rahim, yumurtalık, yumurtalık ve yağ yastığı uzak çekin. </li><li> fallop ve ince makas ile yumurtalık arasındaki alanı kesin. Ekli uterusun üst kısmının en az 1 cm bırakarak, forseps konumlandırmak ve yumurtalık yakın rahim kesti. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında M16 ortamı içeren 35 mm Petri kabı oviductal ampulla aktarın. Aynı çanak çeşitli farelerden fallop borularına havuz. </li><li> embriyoların alımı için bir stereomicroscope altında yemekler yerleştirin. </li></ol> 2. Alma ve 2-pronüklear Kültür (2-PN) Embriyolar <ol><li> , 30 veya 32 G derialtı iğne ucunu kesin bir künt ucu içine eziyet ve bir reçeteye iğne olarak kullanabilirsiniz. </li><li> kullanımince forseps kızarma iğne üzerine yumurta kanalının sonuna doğru kaydırın. Yavaşça bir yerde tutmak için çanak alt karşı kızarma iğne ucu basın. M16 ortamının 0.1 mi, bir Petri kabı içine 2-PN embriyolar serbest bırakmak için ~ sahip yumurta kanalının yıkayın. </li><li> steril bir cam pipet kullanarak yeni bir Petri kabı içine aktarabilirsiniz stereomicroscope altında kızardı M16 ortamdan kümülüs kitleleri çevreleyen birlikte 2-PN embriyoların kurtarın. </li><li> 5-10 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de Dulbecco&#39;nun fosfat tamponlu tuz (DPBS) içinde% 0.1-0.5 hyaluronidaz 1.0 ml enzimatik sindirme ile 2-PN embriyolardan kümülüs hücreleri ayırmak. </li><li> yumuşak bir cam pipet ve kümülüs hücrelerin fiziksel ayrılması ile pipetleme embriyolar denude. </li><li> embriyo başına taze fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) 30-50 ml arındırılır embriyolar üç kez yıkayın. </li><li> 10 mg / ml sığır serumu albümini (BSA, Fract ile takviye M16 ortamı bir 35 mm plastik Petri kabındaki embriyolar inkübeen az 4 saat, daha sonra genellikle mikroenjeksiyon gerçekleşinceye kadar bir nemlendirilmiş bir kuluçka makinesi içinde% 5 CO2 içinde 37 ° C&#39;de iyon V). </li></ol> 3. Embriyo revers transkripsiyon (RT) ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR) <ol><li> blastosist aşamasına kadar her aşamada en az 10 embriyo toplamak ve ters transkriptaz, RNaz inhibitörü, oligo dT primeri, rastgele 6mers dNTP karışımını içeren transkriptaz ön kanşım çözelti, ters 5x 4.0 ul bunları havuz ve reaksiyon tamponu PCR tüp. </li><li> W 95 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika inkübasyon ile takip 1 saat boyunca 42 ° C &#39;de hemen RT reaksiyon başlatılır 200 ° 30 saniye boyunca bir araya getirilmiş embriyolar 20 ul bir toplam hacme RNaz içermeyen damıtılmış H2O ilave edin ve sonikasyon. </li><li> Üretilen cDNA çözeltisi, her 5.0 uL, neogenin için primerler normal PCR yürütmek, CDX2, Sox2 Tead4, Nanog, Oct3 / 4 veya β-aktin (primer dizileri Tablo l&#39;de verilen </strong&gt; 1. PCR, 95 ° C&#39;de 15 saniye inkübasyondan 40 döngü oluşur (Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterilmektedir) tavlama sıcaklığında 30 saniye ve 72 ° C&#39;de 30 san. </li><li> % 2 agaroz jeli üzerinde elektroforez ile, ayrı PCR ürünleri ve etidyum bromid ile boyanarak UV ışığı altında jel görselleştirmek. </li><li> β-aktin seviyelerine karşı hedef gen ifadesini normalleştirmek. </li></ol> Embriyolar 4. İmmünositokimya <ol><li> PBS,% 0.01 BSA ihtiva eden bir kısa yıkama ile 3 kez ve ardından oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika boyunca PBS içinde% 4 paraformaldehit ile her aşamada embriyolar düzeltildi. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında% 0.1 Tween 20 ve% 0.1 Triton X-100 içeren PBS 1.0 ml 10 embriyo inkübe edilerek Permeabilize Hücre zarları. </li><li> PBS 1.0 ml geçirgen embriyolar inkübe spesifik olmayan engellemek için oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika boyunca,% 10 normal keçi serumu ile takviye edilmiştir. </li><li> Engellenen embriyolar zekâ inkübe1 H tavşan anti-neogenin antikorları: PBS içinde 100 seyrelti, gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de% 0.1 BSA içeren. </li><li> PBS damla 30 sn her biri için üç yıkamadan sonra, 1 Alexa 488-konjuge keçi anti-tavşan IgG veya Alexa 568-konjuge keçi anti-tavşan IgG ile ya embriyolar inkübe: PBS / BSA çözeltisi 500 seyreltme, gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de . </li><li> aktin filamanlarını görselleştirmek için, oda sıcaklığında, 1 saat süre ile, PBS içinde 1 ug / ml Phalloidin embriyolar inkübe edin. </li><li> PBS, oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca 1 ug / ml DAPI (4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindol, dihidroklorür) ihtiva eden 5 ml ekleyerek çekirdekleri leke. </li><li> Yıkama PBS ile üç kez kısaca embriyolar. </li><li> Bir bardak slayt embriyo transferine ve madeni yağ bir damla ile bunları kapatın. </li><li> Uygun dalga boyunda bir uyarma ile konfokal mikroskop ile 1,000X büyütmede görüntü al. </li></ol> Neogenin-RFP ve Neogenin-siRNA GFP Plazmidler 5. Hazırlık <ol><li> AltcDNA Kırmızı Floresan Protein (RFP), vektör ihtiva-eden neogenin-bayrak-RFP sonuçlanan içine fare neogenin kodlama klonlamak. </li><li> Emerald yeşil flüoresan protein (EmGFP), vektör ihtiva-eden pcDNA-EmGFP-miR-neogenin sonuçlanan içine neogenin hedef alan küçük bir saç tokası RNA alt-klonlanmıştır (Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi). </li><li> neogenin-bayrak RFP ve pcDNA-EmGFP-miR-neogenin plazmidler hem yükseltmek ve geleneksel yöntemlerle onları arındırmak. </li><li> Plazmidlerin nihai konsantrasyonlar ayarlama için, steril Tris-EDTA (TE) tampon / ml 1.0 ug. </li></ol> 2-PN Embriyolar içine Plazmidler 6. Mikroenjeksiyon <ol><li> Taze M16 medya ile, kısaca bir kez soyulmuş 2-PN embriyoların yıkayın. </li><li> çekirdeklerine gözlem için izin vermek için bir masa üstü santrifüjü içinde 1,000 x g&#39;de 10 dakika süre ile 2-PN embriyolar santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Bir Additi% 5 CO2 37 ° C&#39;de mineral yağ altında embriyo başına M16 ortamı 20-30 ul&#39;lik bir mikro damla embriyolar inkübeÖnal 1-2 saat. </li><li> borosilikat cam kapiller tüp çekerek enjeksiyon pipetler ve holding pipetler imalatı (OD = 1.2 mm; J = 0.94 mm) mekanik bir çekici ile. </li><li> Bir microgrinder ve microforger kullanarak künt ipuçları ve &lt;500 mikron ucu uzunluğu ve 1-2 mikron ucu iç çapı cilalı açıklıklar enjeksiyon pipetler Üretiyor. </li><li> 20 um&#39;lik bir iç çapa ve 100 um arasında bir dış çapa sahip kör ipuçları ve perdahlı açıklıklara sahip olacak şekilde pipetler tutarak imal. </li><li> 1.0 ug / ul plazmid solüsyonu yeterli bir miktarı ile yüklenebilir enjeksiyon pipetler (&gt; 200 nl). </li><li> Microinject ~ motorlu bir mikromanipülatör bağlı bir mikropüskürtücü kullanılarak ön çekirdek birine, her 2-PN embriyo için plazmid solüsyonu 10 uL; Bu işlem sırasında, bir tutma pipeti ile negatif bir basınç uygulayarak pozisyonda embriyolar tutun. </li><li> Mikroenjeksiyon sonra, l taze M16 medya ile 2-PN embriyolar 3 kere yıkayın1 dakika her zaman daha ess. </li><li> Kültür ortamı buharlaşmasını önlemek için bir mineral yağ damlası ile kaplanmış bir plastik kültür tabağına taze M16 ortamının bir damla 2-PN embriyolar. </li><li> Bir diferansiyel girişim kontrast altında 24 saat aralıklarla (DIC) 200X büyütme ters mikroskop embriyolar gözlemleyin. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yamanaka, Y., Ralston, A., Stephenson, R. O., Rossant, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+molecular+regulation+of+the+mouse+blastocyst.">Cell and molecular regulation of the mouse blastocyst.</a> Dev. Dyn. 235 (9), 2301-2314 (2006).</li><li>Sasaki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+trophectoderm+fate+specification+in+preimplantation+mouse+development.">Mechanisms of trophectoderm fate specification in preimplantation mouse development.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 52 (3), 263-273 (2010).</li><li>Nishioka, N., Yamamoto, S., Kiyonari, H., Sato, H., Sawada, A., Ota, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tead4+is+required+for+specification+of+trophectoderm+in+pre-implantation+mouse.">Tead4 is required for specification of trophectoderm in pre-implantation mouse.</a> Mech. Dev. 125 (3-4), 270-283 (2008).</li><li>Ovitt, C. E., Sch&#246;ler, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+biology+of+Oct-4+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.">The molecular biology of Oct-4 in the early mouse embryo.</a> Mol. Hum. Reprod. 4 (11), 1021-1031 (1998).</li><li>Stein, P., Schindler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Oocyte+Microinjection,+Maturation+and+Ploidy+Assessment.">Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (53), e2851 (2011).</li><li>Shin, M. R., Cui, X. S., Jun, J. H., Jeong, Y. J., Kim, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+mouse+blastocyst+genes+that+are+down+regulated+by+double-stranded+RNA-mediated+knockdown+of+Oct-4+expression.">Identification of mouse blastocyst genes that are down regulated by double-stranded RNA-mediated knockdown of Oct-4 expression.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70 (4), 390-396 (2005).</li><li>Khang, I., Sonn, S., Park, J. -. H., Rhee, K., Park, D., Kim, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+epithin+in+mouse+preimplantation+development:+Its+role+in+compaction.">Expression of epithin in mouse preimplantation development: Its role in compaction.</a> Dev. Biol. 281, 134-144 (2005).</li><li>Prieto, D., Aparicio, G., Machado, M., Zolessi, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+the+DNA-Specific+Stain+Methyl+Green+in+the+Fluorescent+Labeling+of+Embryos.">Application of the DNA-Specific Stain Methyl Green in the Fluorescent Labeling of Embryos.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (99), e52769 (2015).</li><li>Lee, J. H., Choi, S. S., Kim, H. W., Xiong, W. C., Min, C. K., Lee, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neogenin+as+a+receptor+for+early+cell+fate+determination+in+preimplantation+mouse+embryos.">Neogenin as a receptor for early cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos.</a> PLoS One. 9 (7), e101989 (2014).</li><li>Gordon, J. W., Scangos, G. A., Plotkin, D. J., Barbosa, J. A., Ruddle, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+transformation+of+mouse+embryos+by+microinjection+of+purified+DNA.">Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77 (12), 7380-7384 (1980).</li><li>Brinster, R. L., Chen, H. Y., Trumbauer, M. E., Yagle, M. K., Palmiter, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+efficiency+of+introducing+foreign+DNA+into+mice+by+microinjecting+eggs.">Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82, 4438-4442 (1985).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa etmek rakip mali çıkarlarını yok yok.

Mevcut protokol, fare embriyogenez sırasında erken hücre farklılaşmasında neogenin rolünü araştırmak için 2-PN fare embriyoları içine genetik materyallerin mikroenjeksiyon yeni yöntemler, cDNA veya shRNA ya göstermektedir. preimplantasyon embriyoların genetik modifikasyon, örneğin altında yatan moleküler mekanizmaları, ilk hücre soyu belirlenmesi hakkında önemli bilgiler ortaya çıkarmada güçlü bir tekniktir. Genetik modifikasyonlar gen fonksiyonu tespit etmek için en sık kullanılan yönte...

Pre-implantasyon embriyonik gelişim morula ve blastosist tek hücreli aşamasından, birçok farklı aşamaları ayrılabilir. Çok kanıt polarite ve pozisyon ipuçları ilkel trofoblast (TE) ve iç hücre kütlesinden (ICM) içine erken hücre kaderi belirlenmesinde rol oynadığını düşündürmektedir. Bununla birlikte, selüler sinyallere dönüştürülebilen nasıl ipuçları, doğası ve fizyolojik içerikleri burada bu sinyaller bilinmemektedir hücre soyu farklılaşmasını başlatma yeteneğine sahiptirler. Bu farklılaşmış hücreler daha sonra plasenta 1-3 embriyo oluşumu ve büyümesi için gerekli olan karakteristik yapıları ve fonksiyonları üzerine almaya başlayan, uzmanlaşma uğrarlar. Pre-implantasyon embriyoları siRNA veya hedef cDNA gibi modifike edilmiş genetik malzemenin doğrudan doğruya enjekte edilerek manipülasyon için özellikle uygundurlar ve bu nedenle belirli bir hedef molekülleri okumak için kullanılabilir. Genetik dair artan bir anlayış vardıromurgalı embriyolarının analizi embriyonik gelişim 4 anlayışımızı ilerleyen için kritik öneme sahiptir. zamanında bağlamında bir embriyo, bir vahşi tip gen veya mutant formunda hassas bir giriş gain- veya zarar fonksiyon-geninin büyük gelişimsel olarak düzenlenen genlerin çalışma kolaylaştırmıştır gerçekleştirmek için. Kaybı: ve kazanç fonksiyon-bağımsız erken memeli olmayan ve memeli embriyolara genetik materyallerin mikro-enjeksiyon için büyük boyutları ve büyük reseptivite 5 oldukça basittir. Mikroenjeksiyon tipik olarak viral vektörler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Özellikli bir avantaj olarak, viral vektörler ve transgenlerin fazla viral olmayan vektörler kullanılarak kolaylığı alınmıştır. Fare embriyoları bir hızlı kaybı: ya kazanç fonksiyon-sentezleme sistemi bize incelemek ve omurgalı embriyoloji 6,7 gen fonksiyonlarını anlamak için izin veren geliştirilmiştir. embriyoların floresan etiketleme büyük ölçüde MICR seçimini kolaylaştıracakoinjected veya genetik embriyolar manipüle ve aynı zamanda dolaylı olarak floresan yoğunluğu 8 göre mikro-enjekte siRNA veya cDNA ekspresyon seviyesini belirlemek için bir yöntem verin. Bu etiketleme, floresan protein cDNA, GFP veya RFP gerçekleştirmek için, birlikte enjekte füzyon konstruktları ya da ayrı ayrı ya da gibidir. GFP veya RFP floresans yoğunluğu bu kaybı: temin ya kazanç fonksiyon-başarılmıştır için siRNA veya yabancı DNA&#39;nın sentezlenmesi kapsamını ortaya koymaktadır. Burada, bize preimplantasyon fare embriyoları erken hücre farklılaşmasında önemli hücre dışı ipuçlarını ileten bir reseptör olarak neogenin tanımlamak için izin kaybı: ve kazanç-of fonksiyon tekniği için bir mikromanipülasyon protokol mevcut.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1507">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">M16 medium,</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">M7292 LOT# 11A832</td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Goat serum,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Dako (Glostrup, Denmark)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">X0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">PMSG</td>
			<td>Folligon, Intervet, Holland</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">G4877-1000IU LOT#SLBD0719V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Mineral olie</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">CG5-1VL LOT# SLBC6783V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">(Intervet, Holland)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">(invitrogen , 15596-026)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">SuperScript&#174; III Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">lifetechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">18080-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">PCR pre mixture</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">&#160;(Bioneer, Daejon, S. Korea)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">GenDEPOT , A0224-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Agarose (molecular grade)</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">161-3101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Paraformaldehyde Solution, 4% in PBS</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Affymetrix USA</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">19943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">polyclonal rabbit anti-neogenin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology, US</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">SC-15337</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Alexa fluor 488 labeled anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">A-11094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Alexa fluor 555 labeled anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">A-21428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Alexa Fluor&#174; 555 Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">A34055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Invitrogen, USA</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Recombinant Human RGM-C/Hemojuvelin</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">3720-RG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:496px;">all plasmid constructs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Prof. Wen Cheng Xiong at Georgia Health Sciences University (Agusta, GA).</td>
			<td style="width:232px;"></td>
			<td>the present studies were kindly provided by&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Neon&#174;&#160; Transfection System</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">lifetech</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">MPK10096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Stereo Microscrope</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">SMZ1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Micromainpulation system with Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Narishige ONM-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">MicroInjector</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Nikon Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">GASTIGHT #1750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Holder</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Nikon Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Narishige IM 16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Microfoge</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Nikon Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">Narishige MF-900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">grinder</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">EG400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Puller</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Sutter Instrumnet company</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">CO2 incubator</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">Thermo Scientific Forma</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">EW-39320-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Veriti&#174; 384-Well Thermal Cycler&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:519px;">lifetechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:232px;">4388444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

loss- and gain-of-function approach to investigate early cell fate determinants in preimplantation mouse embryos

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene modification in preimplantation embryos provides a means to study the underlying mechanisms of genes implicated in, for instance, cellular differentiation into the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Here, we describe a protocol that examines the role of neogenin as an authentic receptor for initial cell fate determination in preimplantation mouse embryos. First, we discuss the experimental manipulations that were used to produce gain and loss of neogenin function by microinjecting neogenin cDNA and shRNA; the effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by a strong correlation between the pair-wise expression levels of either red fluorescent protein (RFP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the immunocytochemical quantification of neogenin expression. Secondly, overexpression of neogenin in preimplantation mouse embryos leads to normal ICM development while neogenin knockdown causes the ICM to develop abnormally, implying that neogenin could be a receptor that relays extracellular cues to drive blastomeres to early cell fates. Given the success of this detailed protocol in investigating the function of a novel embryonic developmental stage-specific receptor, we propose that it has the potential to aid in exploration and identification of other stage-specific genes during embryogenesis.

Biz o neogenin geçici olarak erken 2-hücreli aşamada olduğu gibi ve kalıcı erken morula kadar görünen ama geç morula ve blastosist aşamaları (Şekil 2A) de eksik olma, preimplantasyon fare embriyoları erken gelişim aşamalarında ifade edilir keşfetti. Buna ek olarak, neogenin uzamsal dağılımı esas olarak dış hücrelerine sınırlandırılmıştır. RT-PCR analizi sonuçlarını 4-hücre aşamasında zirve ama tamamen sonra (Şekil 2b)</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos at JoVE.com

Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Bu protokolün amacı, bir kaybı: tanımlamak ve kazanç-of trofoektoderm ve preimplantasyon fare embriyoları iç hücre kütlesi farklılaşma yol açan bir sahne özgü reseptör olarak neogenin tanımlamak için de geçerlidir fonksiyonu yöntemi etmektir.

Preimplantasyon Fare Embriyolar Erken Hücre Kader Belirleyicileri Araştırma kaybı: ve Kazanç fonksiyon-Yaklaşımı

 Gene silencing and overexpression techniques are instrumental for the identification of genes involved in embryonic development. Direct target gene ...

loss-gain-function-approach-to-investigate-early-cell-fate

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.7K Görüntüleme.  Dankook University.  Bu protokolün amacı, bir kaybı: tanımlamak ve kazanç-of trofoektoderm ve preimplantasyon fare embriyoları iç hücre kütlesi farklılaşma yol açan bir sahne özgü reseptör olarak neogenin tanımlamak için de geçerlidir fonksiyonu yöntemi etmektir. 

Video: Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

Methods for Precisely Localized Transfer of Cells or DNA into Early Postimplantation Mouse Embryos

Manipulation and culture of early mouse embryos is a powerful yet largely under-utilized technology enhancing the value of this model system. Conversely, cell culture has been widely used in developmental biology studies. However, it is important to determine whether in vitro cultured cells truly represent in vivo cell types. Grafting cells into embryos, followed by an assessment of their contribution during development is a useful method to determine the potential of in vitro cultured cells. In this study, we describe a method for grafting cells into a defined site of early postimplantation mouse embryos, followed by ex vivo culture. We also introduce an optimized electroporation method that uses glass capillaries of known diameter, allowing precise localization and adjustment of the number of cells receiving exogenous DNA with both high transfection efficiency and low cell death. These techniques, which do not require any specialized equipment, render experimental manipulations of the gastrulation and early organogenesis-stage mouse embryo possible, allowing analysis of commitment in cultured cell subpopulations and the effect of genetic manipulations in situ on cell differentiation.

We demonstrate a method for grafting cultured cells into defined sites of early mouse embryos to determine their in vivo potential. We also introduce an optimized electroporation method that uses glass capillaries of known diameter, allowing the precise delivery of exogenous DNA into a few cells in the embryos.

Erken Postimplantation Fare Embriyolar içine Hücreleri veya DNA Kesinlikle lokalize Transferi Yöntemleri

Manipulation and culture of early mouse embryos is a powerful yet largely under-utilized technology enhancing the value of this model system. Conversely, ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for embryo collection, immunofluorescence, imaging on a confocal microscope, and image segmentation and analysis are described. This method allows quantitation of the expression of multiple nuclear markers and the spatial (XYZ) coordinates of all cells in the embryo. It takes advantage of MINS, an image segmentation software tool specifically developed for the analysis of confocal images of preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies. MINS carries out unsupervised nuclear segmentation across the X, Y and Z dimensions, and produces information on cell position in three-dimensional space, as well as nuclear fluorescence levels for all channels with minimal user input. While this protocol has been optimized for the analysis of images of preimplantation stage mouse embryos, it can easily be adapted to the analysis of any other samples exhibiting a good signal-to-noise ratio and where high nuclear density poses a hurdle to image segmentation (e.g., expression analysis of embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies, differentiating cells in culture, embryos of other species or stages, etc.).

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analysis of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for collection of blastocysts, whole-mount immunofluorescent detection of proteins, imaging of samples on a confocal microscope, and nuclear segmentation and image analysis are described.

Protein İfade Kantitatif Analiz Fare Preimplantasyon Embriyolar Lineage Şartname Eğitim için

This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse ...

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo development due to their similar developmental process. Although genetic factors are known to affect early embryonic development, the discovery of such factors has been a serious challenge. Microarray technology allows quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcript levels on a genome-wide basis. One of the main decisions that have to be made when planning a microarray experiment is whether to use a one- or two-color approach. Two-color design increases technical replication, minimizes variability, improves sensitivity and accuracy as well as allows having loop designs, defining the common reference samples. Although microarray is a powerful biological tool, there are potential pitfalls that can attenuate its power. Hence, in this technical paper we demonstrate an optimized protocol for RNA extraction, amplification, labeling, hybridization of the labeled amplified RNA to the array, array scanning and data analysis using the two-color analysis strategy.

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Microarray technology allows quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcripts on a genome-wide basis. Therefore, this protocol provides an optimized technical procedure in a two-color custom made bovine array using Day 7 bovine embryos to demonstrate the feasibility of using low amount of total RNA.

Transcriptome Profil<em&gt; In-vivo</emİki renkli Mikroarray Platformu Kullanma&gt; Üretilen Sığır pre-implantasyon Embriyolar

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo ...

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines retain the ability to either self-renew or differentiate under specific conditions. Due to these properties, mESC are a useful tool in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and tissue engineering studies. This article describes a simple protocol to obtain mESC lines with high derivation efficiencies (60-80%) by culturing blastocysts from permissive mouse strains on feeder cells in defined medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor. The protocol can also be applied to efficiently derive mESC lines from non-permissive mouse strains, by the simple addition of a cocktail of two small-molecule inhibitors to the derivation medium (2i medium). Detailed procedures on the preparation and culture of feeder cells, collection and culture of mouse embryos, and derivation and culture of mESC lines are provided. This protocol does not require specialized equipment and can be carried out in any laboratory with basic mammalian cell culture expertise.

This article describes a protocol to efficiently derive and culture pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage.

Fare Preimplantasyon embriyo kök hücre satırlarından türetme

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Üç boyutlu yüksek frekanslı Ultrasonografi romanı kullanımı için fare erken gebelik karakterizasyonu

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

Quantitative Whole-mount Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cardiac Progenitor Populations in Mouse Embryos

The use of ever-advancing imaging techniques has contributed broadly to our increased understanding of embryonic development. Pre-implantation development and organogenesis are two areas of research that have benefitted greatly from these advances, due to the high quality of data that can be obtained directly from imaging pre-implantation embryos or ex vivo organs. While pre-implantation embryos have yielded data with especially high spatial resolution, later stages have been less amenable to three-dimensional reconstruction. Obtaining high-quality 3D or volumetric data for known embryonic structures in combination with fate mapping or genetic lineage tracing will allow for a more comprehensive analysis of the morphogenetic events taking place during embryogenesis.
This protocol describes a whole-mount immunofluorescence approach that allows for the labeling, visualization, and quantification of progenitor cell populations within the developing cardiac crescent, a key structure formed during heart development. The approach is designed in such a way that both cell- and tissue-level information can be obtained. Using confocal microscopy and image processing, this protocol allows for three-dimensional spatial reconstruction of the cardiac crescent, thereby providing the ability to analyze the localization and organization of specific progenitor populations during this critical phase of heart development. Importantly, the use of reference antibodies allows for successive masking of the cardiac crescent and subsequent quantitative measurements of areas within the crescent. This protocol will not only enable a detailed examination of early heart development, but with adaptations should be applicable to most organ systems in the gastrula to early somite stage mouse embryo.

Here, we describe a protocol for whole mount immunofluorescence and image-based quantitative volumetric analysis of early stage mouse embryos. We present this technique as a powerful approach to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cardiac structures during development, and propose that it may be widely adaptable to other organ systems.

Nicel bütün Dağı ayirt analiz fare embriyo kardiyak progenitör nüfusun

The use of ever-advancing imaging techniques has contributed broadly to our increased understanding of embryonic development. Pre-implantation development ...

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.

This manuscript describes a protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro from mouse bone marrow, and to study the role of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in osteoclast formation.

Bir RANKL tabanlı Osteoklast kültür tahlil, fare mTORC1 Osteoklast oluşumunda rol araştırmak için ilik

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

Visualization of Cellular Electrical Activity in Zebrafish Early Embryos and Tumors

Bioelectricity, endogenous electrical signaling mediated by ion channels and pumps located on the cell membrane, plays important roles in signaling processes of excitable neuronal and muscular cells and many other biological processes, such as embryonic developmental patterning. However, there is a need for in vivo electrical activity monitoring in vertebrate embryogenesis. The advances of genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators (GEVIs) have made it possible to provide a solution for this challenge. Here, we describe how to create a transgenic voltage indicator zebrafish using the established voltage indicator, ASAP1 (Accelerated Sensor of Action Potentials 1), as an example. The Tol2 kit and a ubiquitous zebrafish promoter, ubi, were chosen in this study. We also explain&#160;the processes of Gateway site-specific cloning, Tol2 transposon-based zebrafish transgenesis, and the imaging process for early-stage fish embryos and fish tumors using regular epifluorescent microscopes. Using this fish line, we found that there are cellular electric voltage changes during zebrafish embryogenesis, and fish larval movement. Furthermore, it was observed that in a few zebrafish malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, the tumor cells were generally polarized compared to the surrounding normal tissues.

Here, we show the process of creating a cellular electric voltage reporter zebrafish line to visualize embryonic development, movement, and fish tumor cells in vivo.

Zebra balığı erken embriyo ve tümör hücresel elektrik aktivitesinin görselleştirme

Bioelectricity, endogenous electrical signaling mediated by ion channels and pumps located on the cell membrane, plays important roles in signaling ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Düğüm ve Notochordal plaka Gastrulating fare embriyo Tarama elektron mikroskobu ve bütün Dağı ayirt kullanarak görselleştirme

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization in Zebrafish Embryos and Tube Formation Assay in iPSC-ECs to Study the Role of Endoglin in Vascular Development

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in zebrafish during different developmental stages. To investigate the role of endoglin(eng) in vessel formation during the development of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia&#160;(HHT), morpholino-mediated targeted knockdown of eng in zebrafish are used to study its temporal expression and associated functions. Here, whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization (WISH) is employed for the analysis of eng and its downstream genes in zebrafish embryos. Also, tube formation assays are performed in HHT patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-differentiated&#160;endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs; with eng mutations). A specific signal amplifying system using the whole amount In Situ Hybridization &#8211; WISH provides higher resolution and lower background results compared to traditional methods. To obtain a better signal, the post-fixation time is adjusted to 30 min after probe hybridization. Because fluorescence staining is not sensitive in zebrafish embryos, it is replaced with diaminobezidine (DAB) staining here. In this protocol, HHT&#160;patient-derived iPSC lines containing an eng mutation are differentiated into endothelial cells. After coating a plate with basement membrane matrix for 30 min at 37 &#176;C, iPSC-ECs are seeded as a monolayer into wells and kept at 37 &#176;C for 3 h. Then, the tube length and number of branches are calculated using microscopic images. Thus, with this improved WISH protocol, it is shown that reduced eng expression affects endothelial progenitor formation in zebrafish embryos. This is further confirmed by tube formation assays using iPSC-ECs derived from a patient with HHT. These assays confirm the role for eng in early vascular development.

Presented here is a protocol for whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization analysis in zebrafish and tube formation assay in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to study the role of endoglin in vascular formation.

Zebrabalığı Embriyolarında Situ Hibridizasyon ve IPSC-EC'lerde Tüp Oluşumu Nda Endoglin'in Vasküler Gelişimdeki Rolünü İncelemek İçin Tam Montaj

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in ...