This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

odunsu bitkileri doğru BTA uyarılması için aşağıda açıklanan protokol (Bellaterra, İspanya) &quot;Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona&quot; hayvan bakım kuralları takip ve koyun ve keçi için Hayvan ve İnsan Deneyleri Etik Komitesi (CEEAH tarafından onaylanmıştır, 770 başvuruyor ve 998 sırasıyla). LiCİ Doz hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> damıtılmış su içinde a / h (ağırlık / hacim) LiCİ çözeltisi% 25 w sağlayın. Alternatif olarak, temiz musluk suyu kullanın. LiCl nedenle toz kimyasal tutarken dikkat çekmek için gerekli olan son derece higroskopiktir. <ol><li> LiCI 250 g tartılır ve damıtılmış su (LiCİ konsantre çözelti) içinde çözülür. Reaksiyon ekzotermik olduğu için çözelti, işleme devam etmeden önce, oda sıcaklığına geri dönene kadar bekleyin. Bir hacimli şişe içinde çözelti dökün ve 1,000 ml getirmek için damıtılmış su ilave edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Her hayvan (birey için çözümün hacmi hesaplayındoz). <ol><li> 225 mg LiCl / kg BW koyun 10 ve 200 mg LiCl / kg BW kendi vücut ağırlığını (BW) elde edilir ve LiCI mL denklemi 1. uzun vadeli kalıcılık için önerilen doz, aşağıdaki her bir hayvan için gerekli hesaplamak için hayvanları tartmak keçiler 17. Bununla birlikte, otlak için kullanılan diğer dozlar, Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. g / L olarak / LiCl konsantrasyonu = LiCI (L) [Denklem Hacmi (kg BW g / kg BW LiCl doz x). 1] Örneğin: Koyun = 60 kg BW; Doz = 225 mg LiCl / kg BW; LiCİ çözeltisi konsantrasyon = 250 g / L (60 kg x 0.225 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0.054 L = 54 mL Keçi = 35 kg BW; Doz = 200 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı; LiCİ çözeltisi konsantrasyon = 250 g / L (35 kg x 0.200 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0.028 L = 28 mL </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> LiCl dozu </td><td> Mazorra ve ark. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> Burritt ve ark. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> Düşük </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> Orta </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> Yüksek </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tablo 1:. LiCl doz LiCl dozaj aralığı Aralığı (mg / kg vücut ağırlığı, BW) besleme nefrete teşvik etmek farklı yazarlar tarafından kullanılan. 2. Hayvan Seçimi ve Tesisler <ol><li> yetişkin, daha önce hedef beslemesi yedim hamile olmayan ve kuru hayvanlar, seçin. </li><li> daha iyi bir davranış kontrol etmek için, aynı zamanda en fazla 20 hayvanlara CTA neden yoktur. Başlangıçta, sadece 5 hayvanlara CTA neden olur. </li><li> Hedef yem alımı ayrı ayrı kaydedilebilir bir yerde hayvanları ayrılamadı. tüm besin ihtiyaçlarını kapsayan bir bazal diyet ile bir kez Günde bir hayvanları beslemek ve su ve bir mil ücretsiz erişim sağlamakneral blok. Vücut hücreleri yerine Na 9 Li kullanabilirsiniz çünkü, LiCl toksik etkilerini önlemek için yeterli tuz alımının emin olunuz. </li><li> tesisler hayvanlara yeni iseniz, çevre ve bazal diyet ile aşina olmak için onlara adaptasyon süresi 1 hafta veriyorum. </li></ol> 3. Kaçınma İndüksiyon <ol><li> Önceki akşam (gün -1) bazal diyet çıkarın ve hayvanlar ertesi gün 12 heyecanla hedef beslemesini yemek sağlamak için hedef besleme libitum sunuyoruz. </li><li> Ertesi gün (gün 0) günü, sabah Orts çıkarın ve 30 dakika boyunca her bir hayvana bir hedef besleme 200 g sunmaktadır. bundan sonra Orts tartılır. </li><li> hayvanlar fazla 20-30 gr tüketmek durumunda tüketiminden sonra en fazla 1 saat bekleyen değil, pratikte mümkün olduğunca en kısa sürede bir sağanak tabancası ile (ml 1.2 hesaplanan) LiCl gelen hesaplanan hacim yönetmek. hayvanlara oranla daha az 20-30 gr tüketmek durumunda, bu işlemi ertesi gün tekrarlayın. duonların doğuştan neophobic besleme davranışı e, hayvanlar hedef beslemesini 10,17,25-27 tüketen başlamak için fazla 1 gün ihtiyacı olabilir. </li><li> LiCI uygulamasından sonra, bazal diyet önermeden önce 2 saat bekleyin. </li><li> gün 1 ila 3 günlük yem ve su alımını (bir kontrol listesinde ağırlıkça veya tarafından), solunum hızı ve hayvan davranışlarını kayıt hayvanlara hedef beslemesini sunmak ve şiddetli hastalık olası işareti tespit etmek için periyodik olarak kontrol yok. Onlar düştü baş ve kulakları, hareketsizlik, ishal, artan solunum hızı sunmak ve LiCl yönetimi 9-11,20,25 izleyen günlerde su ve diyet alımı azalmış olabilir. </li></ol> 4. Kaçınma Doğrulama <ol><li> gün 4, LiCI yönetimi, tekrar adım 3.2 sonra 5, 6 ve 7. </li><li> hayvanlar &lt;10 gr (veya &lt;4 sokması) hedef yem tüketmek durumunda, bir durum bağlı olabilir sıfır (yok tüketim) ve 10 g arasında CTA belirlendiğine eşiğini dikkateHedef bitki (toksik ya da değil). </li><li> herhangi bir hayvan&gt; 10 g tüketir, yeni bir LiCl dozunu ve adım 4.1 tekrarlayın. Hayvan ikinci dozdan sonra hedef bitki tüketen devam ederse, CTA grubundan onu ortadan kaldırmak. Sosyal kolaylaştırma (örneğin anne, kardeşler ve yakın arkadaşları) hayvancılık CTA davranışını değiştirebilir. Onlar olmayan önlenen hayvanlar 28 ile otlatmak zaman hedef tesisine önlenebileceğini hayvanların kolayca tekrar tüketmek. </li></ol> 5. Mera Yönetimi Not: LiCI dozu BTA tamamen başlıca idrar yoluyla, bir kaç gün içinde atılır ikna etmek için kullanılır. <ol><li> Li yaygın organik üründe olası kontaminasyonu önlemek amacıyla, yerkabuğunun dağıtılan rağmen, mahsul (Li farmakokinetik kurulan temizleme süresi) 11 hayvanlar geçmeden önce 9-11 gün bekleyin. </li><li> ekin toprak örtüsü boyunca bol ve lezzetli olduğundan emin olundönemi otlatma hedef beslemesi örnekleme hayvanların önlemek için. olmayan tedavi ayrı tedavi hayvanlarını otlatmak. </li><li> hayvanlar çim yüksekliğinin muntazam bir kontrol elde etmek için tüm yüzey bir sınırlandırılmaktadır arsa otlatmak için izin verin. taşınabilir elektrikli veya metalik çitler kullanmak veya belirli bitki çizgileri arasındaki hayvanları otlatmak için çoban kullanarak arsa sınırlandırmak. </li><li> Toprak örtüsü kıt hale gelmeden önce (çim yüksekliği 5 cm) 29 hayvan kaldırarak, bir komplo aşırı otlatma kaçının. </li></ol> 6. CTA yeniden kurulması <ol><li> Her yıl, hayvanlar kırpma otlatmak dönmek için izin vermeden önce, adımı 4 tekrarlayın. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Hedef besleme, hayvan önce yenen asla ve yeri doldurulamaz bir besin öğesi içermeyen bir bitkidir ise CTA kolayca küçükbaş kurulmuştur. Önceki temas zor söz konusu besleme 7,33 kendi algısını değiştirmek için yapar sürece Hayvanlar toksik olmayan bir besleme ile pozitif post-içmeğe ilişkisi var. LiCl kırıklık veya gastrointestinal rahatsızlık 34 üreten kusturucu sistemini uyarır, çünkü koşul tat kaçınma üretilir. LiCI tüketen hayvanlar, solunum oranları artmış...

Odunsu bitki hatları arasında toprak örtüsünün kullanımı toprak erozyonu ve bozulmasını azaltır ve su, organik karbon ve azot retansiyonu 1-3 artar. Ayrıca, yer örtücü korur ve bitki zararlıları ve bunların doğal düşmanları arasındaki dengeyi destekleyen, biyoçeşitliliği artırır. Çiftçiler zirai ilaç ürünleri uygulamadan veya orak makinesi makinesi ile yabancı otların ortadan kaldırmak eğilimindedir; böylece bitkileri ve yeşil kapak arasında besin rekabeti azaltır. toprak örtüsü denetlemek için bir maliyet etkin bir şekilde küçükbaş otlatma kullanımı olacaktır. Hayvan otlatma ek bir fayda toprak sağlığı ve doğurganlık gelişmedir. Ancak, çiftçilerin nedeniyle genç yaprakları ve filizi tüketerek ekinlere zarar küçükbaş hayvan için bu uygulamayı hayata isteksizdir. potansiyel ürün zararını önlemek için sürünün ya da sürüye içinde koyun veya keçi koşullandırılmış tat kaçınma (CTA) ikna etmek için yararlıdır. BTA kolayca n kurulmuşturew nedeniyle küçükbaş hayvan doğuştan besleme neophobia davranışı 4,5 ile beslemeleri ve tanıdık yemler olumlu bir ile ilişkili olduğundan değiştirmek veya 6 işlemek için daha zordur durumu &quot;güvenlik öğrendi&quot;. Hayvanlar nedeniyle olumsuz sonrası içmeğe etkisi (koşulsuz uyaran) belirli bir beslemeyi (klimalı uyaran) reddetmek öğrenirler. Hayvan hedef bitki tüketir sonra oral olarak uygulanır; kabul edilebilir ve toksik olmayan bitkiler, lityum klorür (indüktör ajanı LiCİ) doğru CTA tetiklemek için karıştırılabilir. Diğerleri indüktör ajanlar (örn apomorfin, ciclosphosphamide, tiyabendazol) varken, LiCl nedeniyle genel hafif belirtileri ile kemoreseptor tetikleme bölgesi alanının uyarılması ve gastrointestinal sıkıntı 7,8 ile kusturucu sistemi üzerindeki etkisi en güçlü ve en kalıcı CTA gösterdi rahatsızlık. Lityum (Li), üst mide-bağırsak sisteminden absorbe edilir ve toplam vücut suyu alan 9 dağıtılır. hayvanlar can iki gün 7,10,11 gibi kısa bir iyileşme dönemi var. LiCİ bir jelatin kapsül 13,14 ya da bir ıslatma gun 15-17, ağız yolu ile, bir çözelti içinde, gıda 12,13 ile karıştırılarak uygulanabilir. LiCl çözeltisi yakıcı da, ağız ya da yemek borusu yaralanma yok ve tanımlanmıştır. LiCİ daha yüksek dozlar 16,18 ile daha iyi sonuçlar (daha kalıcı CTA) ile vücut ağırlığının her 100 ila 400 mg LiCI / kg (BW) aralığında kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, farklı tür ve ırkların yönelik bilinen bir dozaj etkileri göz önüne alındığında, bazı durumlarda, öldürücü etkisi 400 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı başlar. Etkili bir uzun vadede önerilen doz BTA keçiler için 200 mg / kg BW ve koyun 10,17,19 225 mg / kg BW başlar. Li dışkı (6.5 ± 1.3%) ve süt (2.8 ± 0.4%) 11 ardından ağırlıklı olarak idrar (92 ± 4%) üzerinden, ilk 4 gün sonrası idare içinde atılır bu dozajlarda, kullanılan. tamplazmada LiCl tek doz tahmini çekilme süresi sırasıyla koyun ve keçiler için 9 ve 11 gündür. Nedeniyle süt minimal Li atılımı, CTA doğal off-bahar 11,20 emzirme kurulmuş edilemez. Koyunlarda uzun vadeli CTA sebat alternatif yem kaynağı bir sonraki otlatma tek bir LiCl doz ile neredeyse tam bir kaçınma yeniden kurulmakta olan, 14,21 kullanılabilir tüm otlatma mevsimi (3-4 ay) boyunca rapor edilmiştir sezon (9 ay sonra) 14. Ayrıca, 2 ve 3 yıl CTA persistences hedef besleme toksik ama kabul edilebilir bitki 22,23 olan takviye dozları gerek olmadan, mera koşullarında sığırlarda rapor edilmiştir. Hayvan, toksik olmayan bir bitki karşı CTA koruması için alternatif bir besleme dikkate seçeneği kritiktir. Her bir hayvan sindirim di yol açmadan önlenen bitki fazla 10 g tüketirscomfort, CTA 24 tehlikeye girecekti.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="598">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Lithium Chloride PRS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Panreac</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">141392.1209</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Labelvage drencher 70 mL</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Labelvage</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">240040</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

Aşağıda açıklanan sonuçlar Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona yürütülen küçükbaş odunsu bitkileri doğru CTA çeşitli çalışmalar ile elde edilmiş olup, önerilen protokol kurmak için kanıt sağlar. keçi ve 200 ve koyunlarda 225 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı içinde 175 dozları 200 mg LiCl / kg vücut ağırlığı başarıyla tam tatbik yutmak olmayan iki hayvan hariç olmak üzere, tek bir uygulama i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Otlatma Zemin Küçükbaş Hayvan ile Woody Bitkilerinde Kapakları için ne Koúullanmıú tat kaçınma oluşturma

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

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JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K Görüntüleme.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Video: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences. For many scientists without formal training in atmospheric science, these techniques are relatively inaccessible. Surface renewal and other flux measurement methods require an understanding of boundary layer meteorology and extensive training in instrumentation and multiple data management programs. To improve accessibility of these techniques, we describe the underlying theory of surface renewal measurements, demonstrate how to set up a field station for surface renewal with eddy covariance calibration, and utilize our open-source turnkey data logger program to perform flux data acquisition and processing. The new turnkey program returns to the user a simple data table with the corrected fluxes and quality control parameters, and eliminates the need for researchers to shuttle between multiple processing programs to obtain the final flux data. An example of data generated from these measurements demonstrates how crop water use is measured with this technique. The output information is useful to growers for making irrigation decisions in a variety of agricultural ecosystems. These stations are currently deployed in numerous field experiments by researchers in our group and the California Department of Water Resources in the following crops: rice, wine and raisin grape vineyards, alfalfa, almond, walnut, peach, lemon, avocado, and corn.

Surface renewal is a micrometeorological method that is being used increasingly to determine energy fluxes, but its technical complexity makes it inaccessible to a broad audience. We describe the steps needed to set up and calibrate a surface renewal field station, to acquire and process data, and to correctly interpret results.

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

Çevre

A Small Volume Procedure for Viral Concentration from Water

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to identify optimal parameters for virus concentration. Viruses can be concentrated from water using filtration (electropositive, electronegative, glass wool or size exclusion), followed by secondary concentration with beef extract to release viruses from filter surfaces, and finally tertiary concentration resulting in a 5-30 ml volume virus concentrate. In order to identify optimal concentration procedures, two different electropositive filters were evaluated (a glass/cellulose filter [1MDS] and a nano-alumina/glass filter [NanoCeram]), as well as different secondary concentration techniques; the celite technique where three different celite particle sizes were evaluated (fine, medium and large) followed by comparing this technique with that of the established organic flocculation method. Various elution additives were also evaluated for their ability to enhance the release of adenovirus (AdV) particles from filter surfaces. Fine particle celite recovered similar levels of AdV40 and 41 to that of the established organic flocculation method when viral spikes were added during secondary concentration. The glass/cellulose filter recovered higher levels of both, AdV40 and 41, compared to that of a nano-alumina/glass fiber filter. Although not statistically significant, the addition of 0.1% sodium polyphosphate amended beef extract eluant recovered 10% more AdV particles compared to unamended beef extract.

An approach was developed for identifying optimal viral concentration conditions for small volume water samples using spikes of human adenovirus. The techniques described here are used to identify concentration parameters for other viral targets, and applied to large-scale viral concentration experimentation.

Sudan Viral Konsantrasyon için Küçük Bir Ses Prosedürü

Small-scale concentration of viruses (sample volumes 1-10 L, here simulated with spiked 100 ml water samples) is an efficient, cost-effective way to ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

Enterovirus Kültür ve RT-qPCR Su Norovirüs Oluşum EPA Metot 1615 Ölçüm. Virüs Örneklerinin I. Koleksiyonu

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to environmental changes and to finally reconstruct such changes. This is done by analyzing growth variations back in time and correlating various plant-specific parameters to (for example) temperature records. Integrating wood anatomical parameters in these analyses would strengthen reconstructions, even down to intra-annual resolution. We therefore present a protocol on how to sample, prepare, and analyze wooden specimen for common macroscopic analyses, but also for subsequent microscopic analyses. Furthermore we introduce a potential solution for analyzing digital images generated from common small and large specimens to support time-series analyses. The protocol presents the basic steps as they currently can be used. Beyond this, there is an ongoing need for the improvement of existing techniques, and development of new techniques, to record and quantify past and ongoing environmental processes. Traditional wood anatomical research needs to be expanded to include ecological information to this field of research. This would support dendro-scientists who intend to analyze new parameters and develop new methodologies to understand the short and long term effects of specific environmental factors on the anatomy of woody plants.

Here we present a protocol outlining how to sample wooden specimens for the overall assessment of their growth structures. Macro- and microscopic preparation and visualization techniques necessary to generate well-replicated and highly resolved wood anatomical and dendroecological dataset, are described are described.

Modern Ağaç halkası Araştırma A Teknik Perspektif - Dendroekolojik ve Ahşap Anatomik Zorluklar Üstesinden Nasıl

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

Enterovirüs Kültür ve RT-qPCR Su Norovirus Oluşum EPA Method 1615 Ölçümü. Bölüm III. RT-qPCR Virüs Algılama

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Küçük Kirleticilerin İmmünolojik Analizi Su Örneklerinin Otomatik Katı Faz Ekstraksiyon Basit Bir Yöntem

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

O Bentik Değişim<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; K<sub&gt; 2</subKüçük Çekirdek KUluçkalar Kullanma&gt; ve Çözünmüş Besinler

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array was used to collect data during an infiltration experiment conducted at a test site near the Tottori Sand Dune, Japan. The antenna array used in this study consists of 10 transmitting antennas (Tx) and 11 receiving antennas (Rx). For this experiment, the system was configured to use all possible Tx-Rx pairings, resulting in a Multi-Offset Gather (MOG) consisting of 110 Tx-Rx combinations. The array was left stationary at a position directly above the infiltration area and data were collected every 1.5 seconds using a time-based trigger. Common-Offset Gather (COG) and Common Mid-Point (CMP) data cubes were reconstructed from the MOG data during post-processing. There have been few studies that used time-lapse CMP data to estimate changes in velocity of propagation. In this study, electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity was estimated heuristically at 1-minute intervals from the reconstructed CMP data through curve fitting, using the hyperbola equation. We then proceeded to calculate the depth of the wetting front. The evolution of the wetting front over time obtain through this method is consistent with the observations from a soil moisture sensor which was placed at a depth below 20 cm. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the ability of such array GPR system to monitor a subsurface dynamic process like water infiltration accurately and quantitatively.

Here we present a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array for monitoring the dynamic process of subsurface water infiltration. A time-lapse radar image of the infiltration process allowed estimating the depth of the wetting front during the course of the infiltration process.

Hızlandırılmış çok kullanarak açık derinlik toplar infiltrasyon izleme toplanan ile dizi anten yere işleyen Radar

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system based on a ground-coupled, densely populated antenna array was used to collect data during an infiltration ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

Toz şarj ve ultraviyole radyasyon veya plazmasının maruz kalma ile yüzeylerde seferberlik deneysel yöntemleri

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

Bitki enfeksiyon Test: Sprey ve bitki patojeni Magnaporthe Grisea ile aşı yara-aracılı

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...