Bu çalışma mali Japonya&#39;da Metan hidrat Kaynakları MH21 Araştırma Konsorsiyumu ve Ekonomi, Ticaret ve Sanayi Bakanlığı tarafından Milli Metan hidrat Sömürü Programı tarafından desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar deneyler ile yardım için T. Maekawa ve S. Goto teşekkür etmek istiyorum. . (Muraoka, M., Susuki, N., Yamaguchi, H., Tsuji, T., Yamamoto, Y., Enerji yakıtlar, 29 (3), 2015, 1345-1351, 2015, DOI izni ile yayımlanmaktadır rakamlar: 10,1021 / ef502350n). Telif Hakkı (2015) American Chemical Society.

Not: Bu çalışma, yüksek basınçlı yanıcı metan gazı ve büyük bir yüksek basınçlı kap kullanır gibi ilgili tüm malzeme güvenlik bilgi formlarını danışın. Bir kask, koruyucu gözlük ve emniyet çizme giymek. Sıcaklık kontrol sistemi durursa, kap içinde basınç MH ayrışma ile artar. Kazaları önlemek için, bir güvenlik vanası sisteminin kullanılması şiddetle otomatik olarak atmosfere metan gazı serbest bırakmak için tavsiye edilir. Emniyet valf sistemi, elektrik güç kaynağı olmadan çalışabilir. Kum-su-metan gaz Örnekleri 9 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Titreşimli masada yüksek basınçlı kap yerleştirin. </li><li> Kum şişe bir su şişesi ve 4.000 g silis kumu saf 1.5 L su doldurun. Doğru sırasıyla, kum ve su şişeleri kum ve su kitleleri tartın. </li><li> Bir su şişesinin 2,110 cm3 bir iç hacme sahip, yüksek basınçlı bir kap içinde, saf suyun 1 L dökünsu yarım iç gemi doldurana kadar. </li><li> Tüm gemiyi titremesini titreşimli masanın açın. titreşim hızı ve sırasıyla 50 Hz ve 220 W, güç kaynağını ayarlayın. Adım 1.5 tamamlanmasına kadar titretmeyin. damar titreşimli kabın alt boşaltma hattı ve sinterlenmiş metalik filtre artık havanın çıkarın. </li><li> Yaklaşık olarak 1 g san sabit bir oranda -1 tüm damar düzgün ambalaj sağlamak için, titreşim yaparken, su yüzeyine yakın tutulan bir huni kullanılarak en damar içine kum şişe 3.300 g silis kumu dökün. </li><li> Su kabının jant ulaştığında titreşim durdurun. </li><li> su dökülmesini önlemek için geminin kenarında geçici duvar gibi bir halka yerleştirin. </li><li> 50 Hz ve 220 W tekrar gemiyi titreşimle </li><li> kum kabına (yükseklik 140 mm) jant ulaştığında, titreşim kapatın. </li><li> th kullanarak geçici duvar ve aşırı boşluk suyu çıkarıne drenaj hattı. su şişesinin içine aşırı boşluk suyu geri dökün. </li><li> 50 Hz ve 1 saniye 300 W bir veya iki kez gemi titreşimli kum paketi ve gerekirse daha fazla kum ekleyin. </li><li> Kum ve su şişeleri kum ve su kitleleri tartılır. Kum ve su şişeleri kitle farklarından geminin kum ve su kitleleri hesaplayın. Bu deneyde, bir kap içinde kum ve su kütleleri sırasıyla 3.385 g 823,6 gram idi. Bir kap içinde su kütlesi, toplam ağırlık olarak ifade edilir. </li><li> paslanmaz çelik kapaklı yüksek basınçlı kap Kapak ve sırayla çapraz karşısında çiftlerin sıkın. </li><li> deney amaçlı tabloya titreşimli tablodan yüksek basınçlı kap taşıyın. </li><li> sıcaklığını kontrol etmek için, ısı yalıtkan, yüksek basınçlı bir kap kapağı. </li><li> yüksek basınçlı, yüksek basınçlı boru hattı ve soğutma suyu akış hatları bağlayın. </li&gt; <li> giriş ve çıkış gaz boru hattı vanalarını açın. Atmosfer basıncı altında tuzağına çok su deşarj kadar dk -1 800 ml &#39;lik bir oranda 10 L metan havalandırın. Kum boşaltma kabın altındaki sabit bir sinterlenmiş metalik filtre ile önlenir. hidrofil silis kumu su moleküllerini adsorbe çünkü artık su kum yüzeyinde kalır. </li><li> Bir kap içinde gaz miktarını belirlemek için, tuzak W, tuzak su kütlesinin tartılır. Toplam ağırlık res w = denklem kullanılarak kabında kalan su, w res kütlesini belirlemek - tuzak w. Bu durumda, W Res ve W tutucu, sırasıyla 360,6 g 463,0 g idi. </li><li> V kum t hacmi V kum / V hücre, - formül Ѱ = 1 kullanılarak örnek gözeneklilik belirlemeKum yoğunluğu (yani, ρ s 2.630 kg m 3 =), ve V, hücre kum kütle oranı ile belirlenir O kum kabının iç hacmi. numunenin gözenekliliği Ѱ 0.39 idi. </li><li> çıkış gaz hattının vanasını kapatın. Oda sıcaklığında (yani, 31.6 ° C), yaklaşık 12.1 MPa kabı içinde metan gözenek basıncı artırmak için metan enjekte edilir. </li><li> Giriş gaz hattının vanasını kapatın. </li><li> Logger&#39;i kullanarak deney sırasında geminin basınç ve sıcaklık kaydetmeye başlayın. Veri örnekleme aralığı 5 saniyedir. toplam deneysel süresi yaklaşık 3.000 dk. </li></ol> 2. MH Sentezi ve süpersoğutmalı Numune 9 Isıl Özellikleri &#39;Ölçüm <ol><li> Soğutma sıvısı sirküle edilerek 2.0 ° C oda sıcaklığı ile kabın soğutma soğutucu açın. chiller t soğutucu sirkülasyonunu sağlayınızoradan nihayet geri soğutucu geminin kapağına, ve kabın dibine, o. Kap içinde sıcaklık değişimi oranı yaklaşık 0.001 ° C sn -1. </li><li> TPS analizör yazılımı kullanılarak ölçüm parametrelerini ayarlayın. Tasarım # 7577 sensör sensör türünü ayarlayın. Çıkış gücü W 0 sn ila 5 mW ve ölçüm süresi 30 olarak ayarlayın. sensör tipi veya numune koşulları değişirse uygun parametreler değiştirilmesi gerektiğini unutmayın. 1.5 ° C 1 ° C den sıcaklığını artırmak için parametreleri ayarlayın. </li><li> Aşağıdaki denklem ile süper-, DT sup, derecesini hesaplama: DT sup = T eq (P) - T. (3) T eşdeğer (P) basıncı P bir fonksiyonu olarak MH denge sıcaklığı T eşdeğer (P) CSMGem yazılımı 1 kullanılarak hesaplanır.0 P ve T, sırasıyla basınç ve sıcaklık ayarları kullanılarak ölçülmüştür kap içindeki basınç ve sıcaklık vardır. </li><li> Eşzamanlı olarak DT sup fazla 2 ° C sonra TPS analizörü kullanılarak ısıl iletkenlik, ısıl yayılım ve hacimsel özgül ısı ölçer. </li><li> Her ölçümden sonra termal özellikleri analizörü bağlı TPS probu geçin. Deney 9 sırasında TPS prob ve elle analizörü arasındaki kabloları geçiş. Bağlantı şeması referans 9 Şekil S2 gösterilmiştir. Her bir sensör için anahtarlama sırası hayır. 6 → 2 → 7 → 5 → 1 → 9 → 4 → 3 → 8 → 6 .... dizisi ölçümleri etki kalan ısı önlemek için mümkün olduğu kadar ayarlanır sensörler arasındaki mesafe, temel alır. verileri her 3-5 dakikada toplayın. </li><li> # &amp; Kadar ölçümler tekrarlayın916 T destek 2 ° yine C&#39;yi ulaşır. Bu deneyde, Δ T destek ilk zaman ile artmaktadır. DT destek en yüksek değerine ulaşır sonra basınç MH oluşumu azalır, çünkü DT destek yavaş yavaş 0 ° C&#39;ye düşer. DT sup denklemi 3 ile TPS ölçümlerine önce daha büyük 2 ° C olup olmadığını kontrol edin. </li><li> sıcaklık profili MH erime etkilenmez emin olun. MH ölçümleri sırasında erirse MH erime endotermik reaksiyon olduğu için, sıcaklık artış olmayacak. ölçümler esnasında sıcaklık profilini kontrol edin ve sonuçları bölümde ele alınmıştır. </li><li> TPS tekniği kullanılarak tüm sıcaklık profili verileri için termal gayrimenkullerin &#39;analiz gerçekleştirin. </li></ol> Numune 9,11 Doygunluk Değişim 3. Hesaplama Not:Zaman t bir fonksiyonu olarak örnek MH, su için doyma, gaz derecesi gazın durum denklemi kullanılarak hesaplanır. Kullanılan hesaplama ayrıntıları ve denklemler daha önce 11 tarif edilmiştir. <ol><li> T zamanında metan gazı hacmi V gazı, t hesaplamak <img alt="denklem 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq4.jpg" /> Q, bir kap içinde gazın başlangıçtaki hacminin, V MH t - 1 zamanı t MH hacmi - 1, ve R VHW su ve MH hacim oranıdır. <img alt="Denklem 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq5.jpg" /> Denklem 5, n, MH hidrasyon sayısına (~ 6), ρ MH ve ρ, su, sırasıyla MH ve su yoğunluğuna karşılık gelir ve w MH w su MH su, r moleküler kütlesi ifadeespectively. </li><li> T oluşan miktar ΔM t (mol) MH hesaplayın - 1 t <img alt="Denklem 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq6.jpg" /> R, gaz sabitidir, P, metan gazının basıncı olduğu ve Z&#39;nin t (t, gaz, T, P, gaz, t) t anında metan kompresyon katsayısıdır. Z t 12, 13 hesaplamak için, Lee ve Kesler tarafından modifiye Biz 9 ve Sakamoto ve diğ. 11, Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) denklemi kullanılmıştır. Bu hesaplama için, formül (3-7,1) - referans 13 7 - (3-7,4) BWR denklem 13 ve Lee-Kesler sabitleri Tablo 3 kullanılır. </li><li> Hacim değişikliği Δ V MH hesaplamak <sut MH b&gt; t - 1 t <img alt="Denklem 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq7.jpg" /> burada pS 101.325 Pa referans basınç, T s 273,15 K, referans sıcaklığı, Z, S pS sıkıştırma katsayısı ve T nin (Z, S ~ 1), ve V, CH4 metan gazı hacminin oranının MH birim hacim [Nm 3 m -3]. 165.99 Bir V CH4 değeri [Nm 3 m -3] kullanın. </li><li> T zamanında MH t, hacim V MH hesaplayın <img alt="Denklem 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq8.jpg" /></li><li> T anındaki basınç kabında su V su hacmini, t hesaplayın <img alt="Denklem 9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq9.jpg" /&gt; burada V su, 1 suyun başlangıçtaki hacmidir. </li><li> Yöntemler kullanılarak hesaplamalar tekrarlayın. T zamanında 4-9 = 2, 3, ..., su, metan ve MH 11 doyma değişimini saptamak için. Başlangıç ​​koşulu t = 1, yani V gazı, 1 = Q. T zamanında P ve T veri günlükleri 9 alınır. Hesaplama sonuçları aşağıdaki bölümde gösterilmiştir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sloan, E. D., Koh, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 3rd ed. , (2007).</li><li>Hatzikiriakos, S. G., Englezos, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+global+warming+and+methane+gas+hydrates+in+the+earth.">The relationship between global warming and methane gas hydrates in the earth.</a> Chem. Eng. Sci. 48 (23), 3963-3969 (1993).</li><li>Yamamoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+and+introduction:+pressure+core-sampling+and+analyses+in+the+2012-2013+MH21+offshore+test+of+gas+production+from+methane+hydrates+in+the+eastern+Nankai+Trough.">Overview and introduction: pressure core-sampling and analyses in the 2012-2013 MH21 offshore test of gas production from methane hydrates in the eastern Nankai Trough.</a> Mar. Petrol. Geol. 66 (Pt 2), 296 (2015).</li><li>Fujii, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geological+setting+and+characterization+of+a+methane+hydrate+reservoir+distributed+at+the+first+offshore+production+test+site+on+the+Daini-Atsumi+Knoll+in+the+eastern+Nankai+Trough,+Japan.">Geological setting and characterization of a methane hydrate reservoir distributed at the first offshore production test site on the Daini-Atsumi Knoll in the eastern Nankai Trough, Japan.</a> Mar. Petrol. Geol. 66 (Pt 2), 310 (2015).</li><li>Mao, W. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+clusters+in+clathrate+hydrate.">Hydrogen clusters in clathrate hydrate.</a> Science. 297 (5590), 2247-2249 (2002).</li><li>Lee, S., Liang, L., Riestenberg, D., West, O. R., Tsouris, C., Adams, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CO2+hydrate+composite+for+ocean+carbon+sequestration.">CO2 hydrate composite for ocean carbon sequestration.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (16), 3701-3708 (2003).</li><li>Muromachi, S., Ohmura, R., Takeya, S., Mori, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clathrate+Hydrates+for+Ozone+Preservation.">Clathrate Hydrates for Ozone Preservation.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 114, 11430-11435 (2010).</li><li>Waite, W. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+properties+of+hydrate-bearing+sediments.">Physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments.</a> Rev. Geophys. 47 (4), (2009).</li><li>Muraoka, M., Susuki, N., Yamaguchi, H., Tsuji, T., Yamamoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+properties+of+a+supercooled+synthetic+sand-water-gas-methane+hydrate+sample.">Thermal properties of a supercooled synthetic sand-water-gas-methane hydrate sample.</a> Energy Fuels. 29 (3), 1345-1351 (2015).</li><li>Gustafsson, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+plane+source+techniques+for+thermal+conductivity+and+thermal+diffusivity+measurements+of+solid+materials.">Transient plane source techniques for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurements of solid materials.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 (3), 797-804 (1991).</li><li>Sakamoto, Y., Haneda, H., Kawamura, T., Aoki, K., Komai, T., Yamaguchi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Study+on+a+New+Enhanced+Gas+Recovery+Method+by+Nitrogen+Injection+from+a+Methane+Hydrate+Reservoir.">Experimental Study on a New Enhanced Gas Recovery Method by Nitrogen Injection from a Methane Hydrate Reservoir.</a> J. MMIJ. 123 (8), 386-393 (2007).</li><li>Lee, B. I., Kesler, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+generalized+thermodynamic+correlation+based+on+three-parameter+corresponding+states.">A generalized thermodynamic correlation based on three-parameter corresponding states.</a> AIChE J. 21 (3), 510-527 (1975).</li><li>Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M., Poling, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+3,+Unit+3,+7.">Chapter 3, Unit 3, 7.</a> The properties of gases and liquids. , 47-49 (1987).</li><li>Anderson, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enthalpy+of+dissociation+and+hydration+number+of+methane+hydrate+from+the+Clapeyron+equation.">Enthalpy of dissociation and hydration number of methane hydrate from the Clapeyron equation.</a> J. Chem. Thermodyn. 36 (12), 1119-1127 (2004).</li><li>Waite, W. F., deMartin, B. J., Kirby, S. H., Pinkston, J., Ruppel, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+conductivity+measurements+in+porous+mixtures+of+methane+hydrate+and+quartz+sand.">Thermal conductivity measurements in porous mixtures of methane hydrate and quartz sand.</a> Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (24), 82-1-82-4 (2002).</li><li>Kumar, P., Turner, D., Sloan, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+diffusivity+measurements+of+porous+methane+hydrate+and+hydrate-sediment+mixtures.">Thermal diffusivity measurements of porous methane hydrate and hydrate-sediment mixtures.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 109 (B1), (2004).</li><li>Huang, D., Fan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+and+modeling+thermal+conductivity+of+gas+hydrate-bearing+sand.">Measuring and modeling thermal conductivity of gas hydrate-bearing sand.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 110 (B1), (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ölçümü MH oluşumu ısı etkisi tahmin edildi. Şekil 3b ve oluşum H = 52.9 kJ mol -1 MH 14 için entalpisi gösterildiği gibi MH oluşumu ısı S h değişim oranı ürünlerinden tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, maksimum sıcaklık değişimi 0,00081 ° C sn -1. Bu 5 saniyelik bir zaman aralığı boyunca 1 ° C ile 1.5 ° C arası TPS sensörünün sıcaklık artışı DT C&#39;den daha düşük olmuştur. Ayrı...

Gaz hidratları kafes 1 konuk moleküllerin içeren hidrojen-bağlı su moleküllerinin kafes yapılarını ihtiva kristalin bileşiklerdir. Okyanus tabanı ve sürekli donmuş bölgelerindeki metan hidrat (MD&#39;nin) büyük miktarda ilginç gelecekteki enerji kaynaklarıdır ancak küresel iklim koşulları 2 etkileyebilir. Mart 2013&#39;te, Japonya Petrol, Gaz ve Metal Ulusal Şirketi &quot;basınç düşürme yöntemi&quot; 3,4 ile Doğu Nankai çukur içinde doğal MH taşıyan çökelleri gaz çıkarmak için dünyanın ilk denizaşırı üretim testi yapılmıştır. Gaz hidratlar, metan 1, hidrojen 5 CO 2 1,6 ve ozon 7 gibi gazları saklayabilirsiniz. Dolayısıyla, metan ve hidrojen nemlendirir potansiyel enerji depolama ve ulaştırma medya olarak incelenmiştir. CO, CO2 seques atmosfere salınan 2 emisyonlarını azaltmak içinCO derin okyanus çökelleri 2 hidratlar kullanılarak trasyon 6 çalışılmıştır. Ozon halen su arıtma ve gıda sterilizasyon kullanılır. , Kimyasal 7 kararsız olduğu için ozon koruma teknolojisinin çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Hidratlar ozon konsantrasyonu ozonlu su veya buz 7 çok daha yüksektir. Doğal MH taşıyan sedimanlar ve hidrat tabanlı teknolojiler gaz üretimini geliştirmek için, gaz hidratların termal özelliklerini anlamak için şarttır. Ancak, gaz hidrat taşıyan çökellerin termal özellikleri veriler ve model çalışmaları 8 azdır. &quot;Basınç düşürme yöntemi&quot; hidrat istikrar altında gözenek basıncı azaltarak sediment gözenek uzayda MH ayırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu süreçte, sediment gözenek alanı bileşenleri su ve MH su, MH, ve gaz değiştirin. Termal gayrimenkullerin ölçümMH erime ısı ölçümlerini etkileyebilir, çünkü ikinci durumun zordur. Bu sorunu çözmek için, Muraoka ve ark., MH formasyonu 9&#39;da aşırı soğutulmuş koşullar altında Isıl Özellikleri &quot;ölçüm yapıldı. Bu video protokolü ile, aşırı soğutulmuş sentetik kum-su-gaz-MH numunenin ölçüm yöntemi açıklamak. Şekil 1 yapay metan hidrat taşıyan sediment termal özelliklerini ölçmek için deney düzeneği gösterir. Referans 9&#39;da gösterildiği gibi ayar aynıdır. Sistem temel olarak bir yüksek basınç kabı, basınç ve sıcaklık kontrolü ve ölçüm sisteminin termal özelliklerini içermektedir. Yüksek basınçlı kap 140 mm bir iç çapa ve 140 mm yüksekliğe sahip silindirik paslanmaz çelikten oluşmaktadır; çıkarıldı ölü hacim ile iç hacim 2.110 cm3, ve basınç sınırı 15 MPa&#39;dır. transie<html> nt düzlemi kaynağı (TPS) tekniği termal özellikleri 10 ölçmek için kullanılır. 2.001 mm bireysel yarıçapı ile Dokuz TPS probları kabın içine yerleştirilir. Dokuz prob 9 düzeni referans 9, Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmiştir. TPS sondalar bir kablo ile termal gayrimenkullerin &#39;analizöre bağlı ve deney sırasında elle değiştirilir. Kap içinde TPS sensörü, bağlantı şemasına ve kurulum detayları referans 9 Şekil S1, 2 ve destekleyici bilgiler 3&#39;te gösterilmiştir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1:. Yapay metan hidrat taşıyan sediment termal özelliklerini ölçmek için deney düzeneği Şekil referansı 9 modifiye edilir.3956fig1large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız. TPS yöntemi, her numunenin termal özelliklerini ölçmek için kullanıldı. Yöntem, ilkeleri referans 10 de tarif edilmiştir. Bu yöntemde, zaman-bağımlı sıcaklık artışı, DT Ave, olduğu <img alt="denklem 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq1.jpg" /> nerede <img alt="denklem 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq2.jpg" /> 0 sensör çıkış gücü B Denklem 1 &#39;de, R sensoru probunun yarıçapı, λ numunesinin termal iletkenlik, α termik yayıcılığıdır olduğu ve t güç kaynağı başlangıcından zamanı sensör probu. D (τ) boyutsuz bir zamana bağlı fonksiyonu. τ ise </em&gt; (spa&#39;sında / r) 1/2 ile verilir. Denklem 2&#39;de, m TPS probunun konsantrik halkalar sayısıdır ve 0 değiştirilmiş Bessel fonksiyonudur. Numunenin termal iletkenlik, ısıl yayılım ve özgül ısı, aynı anda enerji sensoru probunun tedarik edilir, sıcaklık artışı uygulanan ters analizi ile tespit edilmiştir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1353">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">TPS thermal probe, Hot disk sensor</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Hot Disk AB Co., Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">#7577</td>
			<td style="width:392px;">Kapton sensor type, sensor radius 2.001 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Hot disk thermal properties analyzer</td>
			<td>Hot Disk AB Co., Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">TPS 2500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Toyoura standard silica sand</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Toyoura Keiseki Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Methane gas ,99.9999%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Tokyo Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Grade 6N, Volume 47L, Charging pressure 14.7MPa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Water Purification System,Elix Advantage 3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Merck Millipore., U.S.</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>5 M&#937; cm (at 25&#176;C) resistivity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Vibrating table, Vivratory packer</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sinfonia Technology Co. Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">VGP-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Chiller, Thermostatic Bath Circulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">THOMAS KAGAKU Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">TRL-40SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Coorant, Aurora brine</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Tokyo Fine Chemical Co.,Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>ethylene glycol 71wt%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Temparature gage</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Nitto Kouatsu., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Pt 100, sheath-type platinum resistance temperature detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Pressure gage</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Kyowa Electronic Instruments., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">PG-200 KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Data logger</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">KEYENCE., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">NR-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Mass flow controller</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">OVAL Co., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">F-221S-A-11-11A</td>
			<td>Maximum flow 2000 Nml/M, maximum design pressure 19.6 MPa</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for measuring the thermal properties of a supercooled synthetic sand-water-gas-methane hydrate sample

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future energy resources and energy storage media. To develop a method for gas production from natural MH-bearing sediments and hydrate-based technologies, it is imperative to understand the thermal properties of gas hydrates.
The thermal properties' measurements of samples comprising sand, water, methane, and MH are difficult because the melting heat of MH may affect the measurements. To solve this problem, we performed thermal properties' measurements at supercooled conditions during MH formation. The measurement protocol, calculation method of the saturation change, and tips for thermal constants' analysis of the sample using transient plane source techniques are described here.
The effect of the formation heat of MH on measurement is very small because the gas hydrate formation rate is very slow. This measurement method can be applied to the thermal properties of the gas hydrate-water-guest gas system, which contains hydrogen, CO2, and ozone hydrates, because the characteristic low formation rate of gas hydrate is not unique to MH. The key point of this method is the low rate of phase transition of the target material. Hence, this method may be applied to other materials having low phase-transition rates.

Şekil 2a nedeniyle termal Sabitler &#39;ölçümü MH erime. DT c sıcaklık değişimini olduğu etkilenmez sıcaklık profilini gösterir. 2b MH eritme etkilenen sıcaklık profili göstermektedir. Bu denklemler istikrarlı örnek koşullarını varsayılarak elde edilir çünkü Şekil 2b profil Denklem 1 ve 2 ile analiz edilemez. <stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample at JoVE.com

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

Bir süpersoğutmalı Sentetik Kum-su-gaz-metan hidrat Örnek Termal Özelliklerini Ölçmek İçin Protokol

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

protocol-for-measuring-thermal-properties-supercooled-synthetic-sand

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.8K Görüntüleme.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

Video: Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

Optimize Negatif Boyama: Elektron Mikroskobu ile Küçük ve Asimetrik Protein Yapısı incelenmesi için Yüksek verim Protokolü

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

Çevre

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5&#8217; mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work11, and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy.

This work describes a novel method for selectively targeting subcellular organelles in plants, assayed using the BioRad Gene Gun.

Gibson Meclisi ve Gen Tabancası kullanarak Tütün geçici Gen İfadesi

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately ...

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

Kurgulama Bitki kaynaklı Toprak Heterojen Deneysel Protokol

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of phages infecting Arthrobacter hosts has been limited, perhaps due to the low success rate of many previous isolation techniques, resulting in an underrepresented group of Arthrobacter phages available for study. The enrichment technique described here, unlike many others, uses a filtered extract free of contaminating bacteria as the base for indicator bacteria growth, Arthrobactersp. KY3901, specifically. By first removing soil bacteria the target phages are not hindered by competition with native soil bacteria present in initial soil samples. This enrichment method has resulted in dozens of unique phages from several different soil types and even produced different types of phages from the same enriched soil sample isolate. The use of this procedure can be expanded to most nutrient rich aerobic media for the isolation of phages in a vast diversity of interesting host bacteria.

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

We present an enrichment protocol for the isolation of bacteriophages infecting bacteria in the Arthrobacter genus. This enrichment protocol produces fast and reproducible results for the isolation and amplification of Arthrobacter phages from soil isolates.

Yalıtım için bir optimize Zenginleştirme Tekniği<em&gt; Arthrobacter</em&gt; Bakteriyofaj Türlerinin Toprak Numune İzolatlarının gelen

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana1. Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) is a well-established technique for studying the feeding behavior of stylet-bearing insects. Here we show a new application of EPG as a non-invasive tool for the acquisition of intracellular electrophysiology recordings of sieve elements (SEs), the cells that form the phloem vasculature in plants.

Floem Elek Elements Elektrik Sinyallerini Edinme ve Ölçüm Elektrik Penetrasyon Grafik (EPG) Yeni Bir Uygulama

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

Toprak Çekirdek lizimetereleri Toplama ve oluşturulması için bir protokol

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

Deniz Yüzey ve Numune Analizi Microplastics Örnekleme Protokolü

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Thermal Scanning Conductometry (TSC) as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to follow the dynamically changing state of the ionogels, and to deliver more information and details about the subtle change of conductive properties with an increase or decrease in the temperature. Moreover, the method allows the performance of long term (i.e. days, weeks) measurements at a constant temperature to investigate the stability and durability of the system and the aging effects. The main advantage of the TSC method over classical conductometry is the ability to perform measurements during the gelation process, which was impossible with the classical method due to temperature stabilization, which usually takes a long time before the individual measurement. It is a well-known fact that to obtain the physical gel phase, the cooling stage must be fast; moreover, depending on the cooling rate, different microstructures can be achieved. The TSC method can be performed with any cooling/heating rate that can be assured by the external temperature system. In our case, we can achieve linear temperature change rates between 0.1 and approximately 10 &#176;C/min. The thermal scanning conductometry is designed to work in cycles, continuously changing between heating and cooling stages. Such an approach allows study of the reproducibility of the thermally reversible gel-sol phase transition. Moreover, it allows the performance of different experimental protocols on the same sample, which can be refreshed to initial state (if necessary) without removal from the measuring cell. Therefore, the measurements can be performed faster, in a more efficient way, and with much higher reproducibility and accuracy. Additionally, the TSC method can be also used as a tool to manufacture the ionogels with targeted properties, like microstructure, with an instant characterization of conductive properties.

Thermal Scanning Conductometry TSC as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The kinetics of the cooling process defines the properties of ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. This manuscript describes the usage of thermal scanning conductometry (TSC), which obtains full control over the gelation process, along with in situ measurements of the samples' temperature and conductivity.

Eğitim ve iletken fiziksel aşama davranışını denetlemek için bir genel yöntem jelleri gibi Conductometry (TSK) tarama termal

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

Bilimsel kahve Berry matkap izleme Hawaii Protokolü: bir Model için kahve Agroecosystems dünya çapında

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole grain composition and processing characteristics vary among maize hybrids and can impact the quality of the final processed product. Therefore, in order to produce healthier processed food products from maize, it is necessary to know how to optimize processing parameters for particular sets of germplasm to account for these differences in grain composition and processing characteristics. This includes a better understanding of how current processing techniques impact the nutritional quality of the final processed food product. Here, we describe a microscale protocol that both simulates the processing pipeline to produce cornflakes from large flaking grits and allows for the processing of multiple grain samples simultaneously. The flaking grits, the intermediate processed products, or final processed product, as well as the corn grain itself, can be analyzed for nutritional content as part of a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This procedure was developed specifically for incorporation into a maize breeding research program, and it can be modified for other grain crops. We provide an example of the analysis of insoluble-bound ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid content in maize. Samples were taken at five different processing stages. We demonstrate that sampling can take place at multiple stages during microscale processing, that the processing technique can be utilized in the context of a specialized maize breeding program, and that, in our example, most of the nutritional content was lost during food product processing.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Here, we present a microscale protocol for processing grain samples and for incorporating this microscale approach into a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This is a higher throughput adaptation of currently available protocols.

Yüksek işlem hacmi, analiz işleme parametrelerini ve Mısır (Zea mays L.) beslenme nitelikleri için Microscale Protokolü

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole ...