본 연구는 재정적으로 일본의 메탄 하이드레이트 자원에 대한 MH21 연구 컨소시엄 경제, 무역, 산업 자원부에 의해 국립 메탄 하이드레이트 착취 프로그램에 의해 지원되었다. 저자는 실험과의 지원 T. 마에 카와와 S. 고토에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. . (무라오카, M., 스 스키, N., 야마구치, H., 츠지, T., 야마모토, Y., 에너지 연료, 29 (3), 2015 년 1,345에서 1,351 사이, 2015, DOI의 허가 재판 그림 : 10.1021 / ef502350n). 저작권 (2015) 미국 화학 학회.

참고 :이 연구는 고압의 가연성 메탄 가스와 대형 고압 용기를 사용하는 모든 관련 물질 안전 보건 자료를 참조하십시오. 헬멧, 보호 안경, 안전 장화를 착용 할 것. 온도 제어 시스템이 정지하는 경우, 용기 내의 압력 MH 해리 증가한다. 사고를 방지하기 위해, 안전 밸브 시스템의 사용을 강력하게 자동으로 대기로 메탄 가스를 방출 할 것을 권장한다. 안전 밸브 시스템은 전력 공급없이 작동 할 수있다. 모래 물 메탄 가스 샘플 9 1. 준비 <ol><li> 진동 테이블에 고압 용기를 배치했다. </li><li> 모래 병에 물 병 4,000g 실리카 모래에 순수한 물 1.5 L를 따르십시오. 정확하게 각각 모래와 물 병에 모래와 물의 질량을 단다. </li><li> 물병에서 2,110cm (3)의 내부 체적과 고압 용기에 순수한 물 1 L을 붓고물은 반 내부 용기를 채울 때까지. </li><li> 전체 선박 진동 진동 테이블 켭니다. 진동 속도를 각각 50 Hz에서 220 W, 전원 공급 장치를 설정한다. 단계 150의 완료까지 진동을 적용한다. 용기를 진동에 의해 용기의 바닥에 드레인 라인 소결 금속 필터의 잔여 공기를 제거한다. </li><li> 약 1g 초의 일정한 속도 -1 용기 전체가 균일 한 포장을 위해 진동하면서 수면 근처에 유지 된 깔때기를 사용시 상기 용기에 모래 병 3,300g 규사를 붓는다. </li><li> 물이 용기의 가장자리에 도달 할 때 진동을 멈춘다. </li><li> 유출 물을 방지하기 위해 용기의 가장자리에 임시 벽으로 반지를 놓습니다. </li><li> 50 Hz에서 220 W. 다시 용기를 진동 </li><li> 모래가 용기 (높이 140mm)의 가장자리에 도달하면 진동을 끄십시오. </li><li> 제를 사용하여 임시 벽 과잉 공극 물을 제거전자 배수관. 물 병에 초과 기공 물 등을 붓고. </li><li> 50 Hz에서 1 초 동안 300 W에 한 번 또는 두 번 용기를 진동에 의해 모래를 포장하고 필요한 경우 더 많은 모래를 추가합니다. </li><li> 모래와 물 병에 모래와 물의 질량을 단다. 모래와 물 병의 질량 차이의 용기에 모래와 물 질량을 계산합니다. 이 실험에서는, 용기 내의 모래와 물의 질량은 각각 3,385g 및 823.6 g이었다. 용기 내의 물의 총 질량을 w로 표시된다. </li><li> 스테인리스 뚜껑 고압 용기를 덮고 시퀀스 대각선 대향 쌍 볼트를 조인다. </li><li> 실험을위한 테이블에 진동 테이블로부터 고압 용기를 이동. </li><li> 온도를 제어하기위한 단열재로 고압 용기 커버. </li><li> 고압 용기에 고압 배관과 냉각수 흐름 선을 연결한다. </li&gt; <li> 입력 및 출력 가스 파이프 라인의 밸브를 엽니 다. 대기압 하에서 함정에 어떤 여분의 물 방전 될 때까지 분 -1 800 ML의 속도로 10 L 메탄을 환기. 모래 방전 용기의 바닥에 고정 된 소결 금속 필터에 의해 방지된다. 친수성 실리카 모래, 물 분자를 흡수하기 때문에, 잔류 물을 모래 표면에 남아있다. </li><li> 용기 내의 가스 부피를 결정하는 트랩 승 트랩 물의 질량을 단다. 총 승 입술 = w 수학 식을 이용하여 용기 내의 잔류 물 w 입술의 질량을 결정 - 트랩 승. 이 경우, w 입술과 w 트랩은 각각 360.6 g 및 463.0 g이었다. </li><li> V 모래가 t의 볼륨 모래 V / V 셀 - 화학식 Ѱ = 1을 사용하여 샘플의 다공성을 결정모래 밀도 (즉, ρ들 2,630kg의 분 -3 =) 및 V 셀 모래 질량의 비에 의해 결정된 그 모래 용기의 내부 체적이다. 샘플의 다공성 Ѱ는 0.39이었다. </li><li> 출력 가스 라인의 밸브를 닫는다. 실온 (즉, 31.6 ° C)에서 약 12.1 MPa의 용기로 메탄의 공극의 압력을 높이기 위해 메탄을 주입한다. </li><li> 입력 가스 라인의 밸브를 닫는다. </li><li> 데이터 로거를 사용하여 실험 기간 동안 용기 내의 압력 및 온도를 기록하기 시작한다. 데이터 샘플링 간격은 5 초이다. 전체 실험 시간은 약 3000 분이다. </li></ol> 2. MH 합성 및 과냉각 샘플 (9)의 열적 특성 &#39;측정 <ol><li> 냉각수를 순환시켜 2.0 ° C 실온에서 용기를 냉각하기위한 냉각 장치의 전원을 켭니다. 냉각기의 t에서 냉각수 순환하자거기에서 최종적으로 다시 냉각로 용기의 뚜껑과 용기의 하단 오. 용기 내의 온도 변화율은 약 0.001 ° C 초 -1였다. </li><li> 역방향 채널 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 측정 된 파라미터를 설정한다. 디자인 # 7577을 센서로 센서 유형을 설정합니다. 출력 전력 (W) 0 초 내지 5 mW의 상기 측정 시간 30을 설정한다. 센서 유형 또는 샘플 조건이 변경 될 경우 해당 매개 변수를 변경해야합니다. 1.5 ° C에 1 ° C에서 온도를 높이기 위해 매개 변수를 설정합니다. </li><li> 다음 식에 과냉각, ΔT 한모금의 정도를 계산한다 : ΔT 한모금 = T 이퀄라이저 (P) - T. (삼) T의 당량 (P)은 압력 (P)의 함수로서 MH의 평형 온도이고 T의 당량 (P)를 CSMGem 소프트웨어 (1)을 사용하여 계산됩니다.0, P 및 T는 각각 압력 및 온도 게이지를 사용하여 측정 용기 내의 압력 및 온도이다. </li><li> 동시에 ΔT의 SUP 초과 35 ° C의 후에 TPS 분석기를 사용하여 열전도율, 열 확산율 및 비열 체적을 측정한다. </li><li> 각 측정 후의 열 특성 분석 장치에 접속 된 TPS 프로브 스위치. 실험 9시 TPS 프로브 및 수동 분석기 사이의 케이블을 전환합니다. 결선도는도 9를 참조 S2에 나타낸다. 각 센서의 스위칭 시퀀스는 아니된다. 6 → 2 → 7 → 5 → 1 → 9 → 4 → 3 → 8 → 6 .... 시퀀스는 측정에 영향을 미치는 잔열을 방지하기 위해 가능한 한 설정 센서 사이의 거리에 기초한다. 데이터마다 3-5 분을 수집합니다. </li><li> # &amp;까지 측정을 반복(916), T 한모금 2 ° 다시 (C)에 도달한다. 이 실험에서, Δ T의 SUP는 초기 시간에 따라 증가한다. ΔT의 SUP가 최대 값에 도달 한 후, 압력 MH의 형성과 함께 감소하기 때문에, ΔT의 SUP 서서히 0 ℃로 감소한다. ΔT 한모금은 식 (3)을 사용하여 TPS 측정 이전보다 2 ° C인지 확인합니다. </li><li> 온도 프로파일은 MH 용해에 의해 영향을받지되어 있는지 확인합니다. MH가 측정 중에 녹아 경우 MH의 용융 흡열 반응이기 때문에, 온도가 증가하지 않습니다. 측정시 온도 프로파일을 확인하고 결과 섹션에 설명되어 있습니다. </li><li> 역방향 채널 기술을 사용하여 모든 온도 프로파일 데이터에 대해 열 특성 &#39;분석을 수행한다. </li></ol> 샘플 9,11의 채도 변경 3. 계산 노트 :시간 t의 함수로서 샘플 MH, 물에 대한 포화 가스의 정도는 가스의 상태 방정식을 이용하여 계산된다. 사용되는 계산 내용 및 방정식 이전 11 설명되어 있습니다. <ol><li> 시간 t에서의 메탄 가스 체적 V 가스, t를 계산 <img alt="식 (4)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq4.jpg" /> Q는 용기 내의 가스의 초기 부피이고, V MH, t - 1 시간 t에 MH의 체적은 - 1 및 R Vhw 물과 수소의 부피비이다. <img alt="식 (5)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq5.jpg" /> 식 (5), n은 MH의 수화 번호 (~ 6), ρ MH이며, ρ 물 각각 MH와 물,의 밀도에 대응하고, w MH 및 w ​​물은 수소와 물, R의 분자량을 나타낸다espectively. </li><li> t에서 형성되는 금액 ΔM의 t을 (몰) MH의 계산 1 - t에 <img alt="식 (6)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq6.jpg" /> R은 기체 상수이고, P는 메탄 가스의 압력이고, Z의 t는 (T 가스, t는 P 가스, t)는 시간 t에서의 메탄의 압축 계수이다. Z의 t (12, 13)을 계산하기 위해, 리와 케슬러에 의해 수정 된 우리 (9)와 사카모토 등. (11)는 베네딕토 - 웹의-루빈 (BWR) 식을 사용하고 있습니다. 이 계산을 위해, 식 (3-7.1) - 참조 13 7 - (3-7.4)에 BWR 식 (13)와 리 - 케슬러 상수를 표 3에 사용된다. </li><li> 볼륨 변화 Δ V MH를 계산 <sut에서 MH의 B&gt; t 1 - t에 <img alt="식 (7)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq7.jpg" /> 위치는 P의 101325 파의 기준 압력이며, T s는 273.15 K의 기준 온도이고, Z (S)은 P (S)에서 압축 계수이고, T S (Z S ~ 1) V CH4는에서 메탄 가스 볼륨의 비율 MH의 단위 체적 [Nm의 3m -3]. 165.99의 V CH4 값 [Nm의 3m를 -3]를 사용하세요. </li><li> 시간 t에서의 MH T, 체적 V를 계산 MH <img alt="식 (8)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq8.jpg" /></li><li> 시간 t에서의 압력 용기 내의 물 V 물의 양, t를 계산 <img alt="식 (9)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq9.jpg" /&gt; 여기서 V 물 1 물의 초기 볼륨이다. </li><li> 식을 사용하여 계산을 반복합니다. 시간 t에서 4-9 = 2, 3, ..., 물, 메탄, 및 MH (11)의 채도 변화를 결정한다. 초기 조건은 t = 1, 즉 V 가스, Q = 1이다. 시간 t에서 P와 T는 데이터 로그 (9)에서 가져옵니다. 계산 결과는 다음 절에 나와 있습니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+conductivity+measurements+in+porous+mixtures+of+methane+hydrate+and+quartz+sand.">Thermal conductivity measurements in porous mixtures of methane hydrate and quartz sand.</a> Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (24), 82-1-82-4 (2002).</li><li>Kumar, P., Turner, D., Sloan, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+diffusivity+measurements+of+porous+methane+hydrate+and+hydrate-sediment+mixtures.">Thermal diffusivity measurements of porous methane hydrate and hydrate-sediment mixtures.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 109 (B1), (2004).</li><li>Huang, D., Fan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+and+modeling+thermal+conductivity+of+gas+hydrate-bearing+sand.">Measuring and modeling thermal conductivity of gas hydrate-bearing sand.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 110 (B1), (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

측정에 MH의 형성 가열의 효과는 추정되었다. 도 3b 및 형성 H = 52.9 킬로 몰 -1 MH 14의 엔탈피 같이 MH의 형성은 열 S (H)의 변화율의 생성물로부터 추정되었다. 결과적으로, 최고 온도 변화는 0.00081 ° C 초 -1였다. 이 5 초의 시간 간격 동안 1 ° C와 150 ° C 사이의 TPS 센서의 온도 증가를 ΔT C보다 훨씬 낮았다. 자세한 추정 및 논의?...

가스 수화물은 케이스 1에서 게스트 분자를 함유하는 수소 결합 물 분자의 케이지 구조를 포함하는 결정 성 화합물이다. 바다의 바닥과 영구 동토 지역에서 메탄 하이드레이트 MHS () 많은 양의 흥미로운 미래 에너지 자원이지만 세계 기후 조건이 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 2013 년 3 월, 일본 석유, 가스 및 금속 국립 공사는 &quot;감압 방법&quot;3,4를 사용하여 동부 난카이 트로프 자연 MH-베어링 퇴적물에서 가스를 추출 할 수있는 세계 최초의 해외 생산 테스트를 실시했다. 가스 하이드레이트는 메탄 (1), 수소 (5), CO 2 1,6, 오존 (7) 등의 가스를 저장할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 메탄 및 수소 하이드레이트는 에너지 저장 및 운송 매체로 공부하고 있습니다. 이산화탄소를, CO 2 seques 대기로 방출 배출을 줄이기 위해CO에게 깊은 바다 퇴적물에서 2 수화물을 사용 tration 6을 공부하고있다. 오존은 현재 정수 식품 멸균에서 사용된다. 화학적으로 불안정하기 때문에 7 오존 보존 기술의 연구가 진행되고있다. 수화물의 오존 농도는 오존의 물 또는 얼음 (7)보다 훨씬 더 높다. 천연 MH 담 퇴적물 수화물 기반 기술에서 가스 생산을 개발하기 위해서는 가스 수화물의 열 특성을 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 그러나 가스 하이드레이트 함유 퇴적물의 열적 특성 데이터와 모델 연구 (8)는 부족하다. 은 &quot;감압 방법&quot;수화물 안정성 아래 공극의 압력을 감소시킴으로써 침전물 공극 공간에서 MH를 해리 할 수​​있다. 이 과정에서 침전물의 기공 공간 성분은 물과 MH 워터, MH, 및 가스로 변경. 열 특성 &#39;측정MH의 용융 열이 측정에 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에, 후자 조건 어렵다. 이 문제를 해결하기 무라오카 등 알. MH 형성 9시 과냉각 상태의 열적 특성 &#39;측정을 수행 하였다. 이 비디오 프로토콜, 우리는 과냉각 합성 모래 물 가스-MH 샘플의 측정 방법을 설명합니다. 도 1은 인공 메탄 하이드레이트 함유 침전물의 열 특성을 측정하기위한 실험 구성도이다. 참조 9와 같이 설정은 동일합니다. 이 시스템은 주로 고압 용기, 압력​​ 및 온도 제어 및 측정 시스템의 열 특성을 포함한다. 고압 용기는 140mm의 내경과 140mm의 높이 원통형 스테인레스 강으로 구성되고; 삭제 데드 볼륨의 내부 체적은 2,110cm 3이고, 그 압력 한계가 15 MPa로한다. transie<html> NT 평면 소스 (TPS) 기술은 열적 특성 (10)을 측정하는 데 사용된다. 2.001 mm의 개별 반경 나인 TPS 프로브는 용기 내부에 배치됩니다. 아홉 프로브 (9)의 배치는 참조 9도 2에 도시되어있다. 역방향 채널 프로브 케이블로 열 특성 &#39;분석기에 연결되고 실험 중에 수동으로 전환된다. 용기 내의 TPS 센서 결선도 및 설치의 세부 사항은 참조 9도 S1, 2, 지원 정보 (3)에 나타낸다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 인공 메탄 하이드레이트 함유 침전물의 열 특성을 측정하기위한 실험 장치의 그림을 참조하여도 9에서 수정된다.3956fig1large.jpg &quot;대상 =&quot;_ 빈 &quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오. 역방향 채널의 방법은 각각의 샘플의 열 특성을 측정하기 위해 사용되었다. 방법의 원리는 기준 (10)에 기재되어있다. 이 방법에서, 시간에 따른 온도 증가, ΔT 아베이고, <img alt="식 (1)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq1.jpg" /> 어디에 <img alt="식 (2)" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq2.jpg" /> 0은 센서로부터의 출력 w는 수학 식 1에서, R은 상기 센서 프로브의 반경, λ는 샘플의 열전도율은, α가 열확산이다이고, t는 전원 공급의 개시로부터 시간 센서 프로브. D (τ) 무 차원 시간 의존 함수. τ이다 </EM&gt; (αT / R) 1/2로 주어진다. 수학 식 2에서, m은 TPS 프로브의 동심원의 개수이고, I는 0 변형 베셀 함수이다. 샘플의 열전도율, 열 확산율 및 비열 동시에 전력이 센서 프로브에 공급되는 온도 상승에인가 역전 분석에 의해 결정된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1353">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">TPS thermal probe, Hot disk sensor</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Hot Disk AB Co., Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">#7577</td>
			<td style="width:392px;">Kapton sensor type, sensor radius 2.001 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Hot disk thermal properties analyzer</td>
			<td>Hot Disk AB Co., Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">TPS 2500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Toyoura standard silica sand</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Toyoura Keiseki Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Methane gas ,99.9999%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Tokyo Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Grade 6N, Volume 47L, Charging pressure 14.7MPa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Water Purification System,Elix Advantage 3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Merck Millipore., U.S.</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>5 M&#937; cm (at 25&#176;C) resistivity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Vibrating table, Vivratory packer</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sinfonia Technology Co. Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">VGP-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Chiller, Thermostatic Bath Circulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">THOMAS KAGAKU Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">TRL-40SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Coorant, Aurora brine</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Tokyo Fine Chemical Co.,Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>ethylene glycol 71wt%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Temparature gage</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Nitto Kouatsu., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Pt 100, sheath-type platinum resistance temperature detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Pressure gage</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Kyowa Electronic Instruments., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">PG-200 KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Data logger</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">KEYENCE., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">NR-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Mass flow controller</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">OVAL Co., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">F-221S-A-11-11A</td>
			<td>Maximum flow 2000 Nml/M, maximum design pressure 19.6 MPa</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for measuring the thermal properties of a supercooled synthetic sand-water-gas-methane hydrate sample

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future energy resources and energy storage media. To develop a method for gas production from natural MH-bearing sediments and hydrate-based technologies, it is imperative to understand the thermal properties of gas hydrates.
The thermal properties' measurements of samples comprising sand, water, methane, and MH are difficult because the melting heat of MH may affect the measurements. To solve this problem, we performed thermal properties' measurements at supercooled conditions during MH formation. The measurement protocol, calculation method of the saturation change, and tips for thermal constants' analysis of the sample using transient plane source techniques are described here.
The effect of the formation heat of MH on measurement is very small because the gas hydrate formation rate is very slow. This measurement method can be applied to the thermal properties of the gas hydrate-water-guest gas system, which contains hydrogen, CO2, and ozone hydrates, because the characteristic low formation rate of gas hydrate is not unique to MH. The key point of this method is the low rate of phase transition of the target material. Hence, this method may be applied to other materials having low phase-transition rates.

도 2a 의한 열 상수 &#39;측정 MH 용융. ΔT C로 온도 변화 인 영향을받지 않는 온도 프로파일을 도시한다.도 2b는 MH 융해의 영향을받는 온도 프로파일을 보여준다. 이러한 방정식 안정된 샘플 조건을 가정함으로써 유도되기 때문에도 2b에 프로파일은 식 1 및 2를 통해 분석 될 수 없다. <p class="jove_content" fo:keep...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample at JoVE.com

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

과냉각 합성 모래 - 물 - 가스 메탄 하이드레이트 샘플의 열적 특성을 측정하기위한 프로토콜

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

protocol-for-measuring-thermal-properties-supercooled-synthetic-sand

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JoVE Journal

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8.8K 조회수.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

비디오: Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

최적화 된 음의 염색 : 전자 현미경으로 작은 비대칭 단백질 구조 검사를위한 높은 처리량 프로토콜

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

연구

환경과학

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5&#8217; mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work11, and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy.

This work describes a novel method for selectively targeting subcellular organelles in plants, assayed using the BioRad Gene Gun.

깁슨 조립 및 유전자 총을 사용하여 담배 일시적인 유전자 발현

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately ...

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

조작 식물에 의한 토양의 이질성에 대한 실험 프로토콜

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of phages infecting Arthrobacter hosts has been limited, perhaps due to the low success rate of many previous isolation techniques, resulting in an underrepresented group of Arthrobacter phages available for study. The enrichment technique described here, unlike many others, uses a filtered extract free of contaminating bacteria as the base for indicator bacteria growth, Arthrobactersp. KY3901, specifically. By first removing soil bacteria the target phages are not hindered by competition with native soil bacteria present in initial soil samples. This enrichment method has resulted in dozens of unique phages from several different soil types and even produced different types of phages from the same enriched soil sample isolate. The use of this procedure can be expanded to most nutrient rich aerobic media for the isolation of phages in a vast diversity of interesting host bacteria.

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

We present an enrichment protocol for the isolation of bacteriophages infecting bacteria in the Arthrobacter genus. This enrichment protocol produces fast and reproducible results for the isolation and amplification of Arthrobacter phages from soil isolates.

의 분리를위한 최적화 된 농축 기법<em&gt; 박터</em&gt; 박테리오파지 생물 종 토양 샘플에서 격리 된 것

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana1. Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) is a well-established technique for studying the feeding behavior of stylet-bearing insects. Here we show a new application of EPG as a non-invasive tool for the acquisition of intracellular electrophysiology recordings of sieve elements (SEs), the cells that form the phloem vasculature in plants.

체관부 체 요소에 전기 신호를 획득 및 측정을위한 전기 침투 그래프 (EPG)의 새로운 응용 프로그램

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

토양 코어 Lysimeters를 수집 및 구축을위한 프로토콜

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

바다 표면 및 샘플 분석에 Microplastics 샘플링을위한 프로토콜

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Thermal Scanning Conductometry (TSC) as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to follow the dynamically changing state of the ionogels, and to deliver more information and details about the subtle change of conductive properties with an increase or decrease in the temperature. Moreover, the method allows the performance of long term (i.e. days, weeks) measurements at a constant temperature to investigate the stability and durability of the system and the aging effects. The main advantage of the TSC method over classical conductometry is the ability to perform measurements during the gelation process, which was impossible with the classical method due to temperature stabilization, which usually takes a long time before the individual measurement. It is a well-known fact that to obtain the physical gel phase, the cooling stage must be fast; moreover, depending on the cooling rate, different microstructures can be achieved. The TSC method can be performed with any cooling/heating rate that can be assured by the external temperature system. In our case, we can achieve linear temperature change rates between 0.1 and approximately 10 &#176;C/min. The thermal scanning conductometry is designed to work in cycles, continuously changing between heating and cooling stages. Such an approach allows study of the reproducibility of the thermally reversible gel-sol phase transition. Moreover, it allows the performance of different experimental protocols on the same sample, which can be refreshed to initial state (if necessary) without removal from the measuring cell. Therefore, the measurements can be performed faster, in a more efficient way, and with much higher reproducibility and accuracy. Additionally, the TSC method can be also used as a tool to manufacture the ionogels with targeted properties, like microstructure, with an instant characterization of conductive properties.

Thermal Scanning Conductometry TSC as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The kinetics of the cooling process defines the properties of ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. This manuscript describes the usage of thermal scanning conductometry (TSC), which obtains full control over the gelation process, along with in situ measurements of the samples' temperature and conductivity.

공부 하 고 전도성 물리의 위상 동작을 제어 하는 일반 방법 젤로 Conductometry (TSC)를 검색 하는 열

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

커피 베리 보어의 과학적 모니터링을 위한 하와이 프로토콜: 커피 Agroecosystems 전세계에 대 한 모델

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole grain composition and processing characteristics vary among maize hybrids and can impact the quality of the final processed product. Therefore, in order to produce healthier processed food products from maize, it is necessary to know how to optimize processing parameters for particular sets of germplasm to account for these differences in grain composition and processing characteristics. This includes a better understanding of how current processing techniques impact the nutritional quality of the final processed food product. Here, we describe a microscale protocol that both simulates the processing pipeline to produce cornflakes from large flaking grits and allows for the processing of multiple grain samples simultaneously. The flaking grits, the intermediate processed products, or final processed product, as well as the corn grain itself, can be analyzed for nutritional content as part of a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This procedure was developed specifically for incorporation into a maize breeding research program, and it can be modified for other grain crops. We provide an example of the analysis of insoluble-bound ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid content in maize. Samples were taken at five different processing stages. We demonstrate that sampling can take place at multiple stages during microscale processing, that the processing technique can be utilized in the context of a specialized maize breeding program, and that, in our example, most of the nutritional content was lost during food product processing.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Here, we present a microscale protocol for processing grain samples and for incorporating this microscale approach into a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This is a higher throughput adaptation of currently available protocols.

높은 처리량, 처리 파라미터 분석 및 옥수수 (지 시 메이 스 L.) 영양 자질에 대 한 미 프로토콜

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole ...