本研究は、経済的に日本でのメタンハイドレート資源MH21研究コンソーシアムと経済産業省の国立メタンハイドレート搾取プログラムによってサポートされていました。著者らは、実験とその支援のためのT.前川とS.後藤に感謝したいと思います。 （村岡、M.、Susuki、N.、山口、H.、辻、T.、山本、Y.、エネルギー燃料、29（3）、2015年、1345年から1351年からの許可を得て転載数字、2015、DOI： 10.1021 / ef502350n）。著作権（2015年）アメリカ化学会。

注：この研究は、高圧可燃性のメタンガスと大高圧容器を使用するように、関連するすべての物質安全データシートを参照してください。ヘルメット、安全メガネ、安全靴を着用してください。温度制御システムが停止した場合、容器内の圧力は、MHの分解と共に増加します。事故を防止するために、安全弁システムの使用が強く、自動的に大気中にメタンガスを解放することをお勧めします。安全バルブシステムは、電力供給なしで動作することができます。 砂-水-メタンガスサンプル9の調製<ol><li>振動台上に高圧容器を置きます。 </li><li>砂ボトルに水のボトルと4000グラムのシリカ砂の中に、純水1.5 Lを注ぎます。正確にはそれぞれ、砂と水のボトルに砂と水の質量を量ります。 </li><li>水のボトルから2,110 cm 3程度の容積を有する高圧容器内の純水1Lに注ぎ水が半分内側容器を満たすまで。 </li><li>容器全体を振動させる振動台をオンにします。それぞれ、50 Hzから220 Wに振動速度と電源を設定します。ステップ1.5が完了するまで振動を適用します。容器を振動させることにより容器の底にドレイン線と焼結金属フィルター内の残留空気を除去します。 </li><li>約1g秒の一定の速度で容器に砂ボトルから3,300 gシリカ砂を流動-1容器全体を均一な充填を確実にするために振動させながら水面付近に保持された漏斗を使用して。 </li><li>水は容器の縁に到達したときの振動を停止します。 </li><li>こぼれるから水を防ぐために、容器の縁に一時的な壁としてリングを置きます。 </li><li> 50 Hzから220 W.で再び容器を振動させます</li><li>砂が容器（高さ140ミリメートル）の縁に到達すると、振動をオフにします。 </li><li>目を使用して、一時的な壁と過剰間隙水を除去電子ドレンライン。バックウォーターボトルに過剰間隙水を注ぎます。 </li><li> 50 Hzから1秒間300 Wで一度か二度、容器を振動させることにより砂を梱包し、必要に応じてより多くの砂を追加します。 </li><li>砂と水のボトルに砂と水の質量を秤量します。砂と水のボトルでの質量差から容器に砂と水の質量を計算します。この実験では、容器内の砂と水の質量はそれぞれ、3385グラムと823.6グラムでした。容器内の水の質量を合計 Wとして示されます。 </li><li>ステンレス製の蓋付きの高圧容器を覆い、順番に対角線上の対のボルトを締めます。 </li><li>実験のために意図されたテーブルに振動台から高圧容器を移動します。 </li><li>温度を制御するための断熱材を有する高圧容器を覆います。 </li><li>高圧力容器に高圧配管と冷却水の流れラインを接続します。 </li&gt; <li>入力と出力のガスパイプラインのバルブを開きます。分800ミリリットルの割合で10 Lのメタンを換気-1余分な水は、大気圧下で罠に排出しなくなるまで。砂放電容器の底部に固定された焼結金属フィルタによって阻止されます。親水性シリカ砂は、水分子を吸着するので、残留水は、砂表面上に残ります。 </li><li>容器内のガス量を決定するために、 トラップ wは 、トラップ中の水の質量を量ります。 トラップ ワット -残留水の質量、 ワット 解像度 、 総 ワット のres = ワット方程式を用いて容器内を決定します。この場合には、 ワット 解像度とワット トラップはそれぞれ360.6グラムと463.0グラムでした。 </li><li> V 砂はトンの容積であるV 砂 / V セル 、 -式Ѱ= 1を使用してサンプルの空隙率を決定します砂の密度に砂の質量の比によって決定される、彼は砂（ すなわち 、ρsは 2,630キロメートル-3 =）、およびV 細胞が容器の内部容積です。サンプルの空隙率Ѱは0.39でした。 </li><li>出力ガスラインのバルブを閉じます。室温（ すなわち 、31.6℃）で約12.1メガパスカルに容器内のメタンの間隙水圧を高めるために、メタンを注入します。 </li><li>入力ガスラインのバルブを閉じます。 </li><li>データロガーを使用して実験中に容器内の圧力と温度の記録を開始します。データのサンプリング間隔は5秒です。総実験時間は約3000分です。 </li></ol> 2. MH合成と過冷却サンプル9の熱的性質」の測定<ol><li>冷却液を循環させることにより、室温から2.0℃に容器を冷却するための冷却装置の電源をオンにします。チラートンからクーラント循環をしてみましょうそこから容器の蓋に、容器の底部O、および最終的に戻ってチラーへ。容器内の温度変化率は約0.001°C秒-1でした。 </li><li> TPSアナライザソフトウェアを使用して、測定パラメータを設定します。デザイン＃7577をセンサにセンサタイプを設定します。 5秒にmWの30への出力電力W 0と測定時間を設定します。センサの種類やサンプルの状態が変化した場合に適切なパラメータを変更する必要があることに注意してください。 1.5℃まで1℃から温度を上昇させるためにパラメータを設定します。 </li><li>次の式で、SUPΔT、過冷却度を計算します。 ΔTSUP = T EQ（P） - T。 （3） T 当量 （P）は、圧力Pの関数としてMHの平衡温度でありますTの 当量 （P）CSMGemソフトウェア1を使用して計算されます。0、PおよびTはそれぞれ、圧力および温度計を用いて測定し、容器内の圧力および温度です。 </li><li> ΔTの SUPが 2℃以上であるの後に同時にTPS分析器を用いて熱伝導率、熱拡散率、及び容積比熱を測定します。 </li><li>各測定後の熱特性アナライザに接続されたTPSプローブを切り替えます。実験9時に手動TPSプローブとアナライザの間にケーブルを切り替えます。接続図を参照し9の図S2に示します。各センサ用のスイッチングシーケンスはnoです。 6→2→7→5→1→9→4→3→8→6 ...。シーケンスは、測定に影響を与えるから残留熱を防ぐために可能な限り設定されているセンサとの間の距離に基づいています。データごとに3-5分を収集します。 </li><li> ＃＆まで測定を繰り返し916; T（商標） 2°Cが再び達します。この実験では、ΔTの SUPは、最初は時間と共に増加します。 ΔTの SUPが最大値に達した後、圧力がMHの形成を減少するため、ΔTの SUPを徐々に0℃に低下します。 ΔTの SUPは、前式（3）を使用して、TPS測定に2°C以上であるかどうかをチェックします。 </li><li>温度プロファイルは、MHの溶融によって影響されないことを確認してください。 MHは、測定中に溶けた場合はMHの溶融は吸熱反応であるため、温度が増加することはありません。測定中の温度プロファイルを確認し、結果のセクションで説明されています。 </li><li> TPSの技術を使用して、すべての温度プロファイルデータのための熱的特性」解析を行います。 </li></ol>サンプル9,11の彩度を変更する3.計算注意：時間tの関数として試料中MHに対する飽和、水、及びガスの程度は、気体の状態方程式を用いて計算されます。使用される計算の詳細と方程式は、以前11に記載されています。 <ol><li>時刻tにおけるメタンガスの体積V ガス 、Tを計算します <img alt="式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq4.jpg" /> Qは、容器内のガスの初期体積であり、V MH、T - 1は、時刻tにおけるMHの体積である- 1、及びR VHW水とMHの体積比です。 <img alt="式（5）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq5.jpg" /> 式5、nはMHの水和数（〜6）、ρMHであり、ρ 水それぞれMHと水の密度に対応し、 ワット MHとワット 水は MHと水、Rの分子量を表しますespectively。 </li><li> トンに1 - トンから形成されたMHの量ΔMtの （モル）を計算します <img alt="式6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq6.jpg" /> Rは気体定数であり、Pは、メタンガスの圧力であり、 およびZ T（T ガス 、T、P ガス 、t）は時刻tにおけるメタンの圧縮係数です。 Z tの 12、13を計算するため、リーとケスラーによって変更された私たち9と坂本ら 11は 、ベネディクト・ウェッブ・ルビン（BWR）の式を使用しています。この計算には、式（3から7.1） -参照13の7 - （3から7.4）BWR式13とリー・ケスラー定数のが表3で使用されています。 </li><li>体積変化ΔV MHを計算し 、 <suトンからMHのb&gt;のトン- 1トンへ <img alt="式（7）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq7.jpg" /> ここで、P sの 101325 Paでの基準圧力であり、T sは 273.15 Kの基準温度であり、Z Sは P sで圧縮係数であり、T S（Z 秒 〜1）、およびV CH4はメタンガス体積の比でありますMHの単位体積[Nmで3メートル -3]。 165.99 [Nmで3メートル -3]のV CH4値を使用します。 </li><li>容積V MH、時刻tにおけるMHのトンを計算します <img alt="式8" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq8.jpg" /></li><li>水Vの 水の量を計算し、時刻tでの圧力容器でT <img alt="式9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq9.jpg" /&gt; ここで、V 水は、1水の初期量です。 </li><li>式を使用して計算を繰り返します。時刻tにおける4-9 = 2、3、...は、水、メタン、およびMH 11の彩度の変化を決定します。初期条件は、= 1、 すなわち 、V ガス 、1 = Q Tです。時刻tにおけるPおよびTは、データログ9から取り出されます。計算結果は、次のセクションで示されています。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

測定にMHの生成熱の影響を推定しました。 図3b及び形成H = 52.9 kJのモル-1 MH 14のためのエンタルピーに示すように、MHの形成熱はS Hの変化率の生成物から推定しました。従って、最高温度変化が0.00081°C秒-1でした。これは、5秒の時間間隔の間に1℃から1.5℃の間TPSセンサの温度上昇ΔTcよりはるかに低かったです。詳細評?...

ガスハイドレートは、ケージ1のゲスト分子を含む水素結合水分子のケージ構造を含む結晶性化合物です。海底や永久凍土地域におけるメタンハイドレート（MHS）、大量の興味深い将来のエネルギー資源であるが、地球規模の気候条件2に影響を与えることがあります。 2013年3月には、日本の石油、ガス、および金属鉱物資源機構（株）は、「減圧法」3,4を用いて、東部南海トラフにおける天然MH-ベアリング堆積物からガスを抽出するために、世界初の海洋産出試験を実施しました。 ガスハイドレートは、メタン1、水素5、CO 2 1,6、およびオゾン7のようなガスを保存することができます。したがって、メタンと水素水和物は潜在的なエネルギー貯蔵や輸送媒体として検討されています。大気中に放出されたCO 2排出量、CO 2 sequesを低減するために、深海堆積物中のCO 2ハイドレートが6を検討されている使用してtration。オゾンは、現在、浄水、食品殺菌に使用されます。それは7化学的に不安定であるため、オゾン保全技術の研究が行われています。水和物中のオゾン濃度は、オゾン水や氷7よりもはるかに高いです。 自然MH-ベアリング堆積物や水和物ベースの技術からのガス生産を開発するためには、ガスハイドレートの熱特性を理解することが不可欠です。しかし、ガスハイドレート堆積物の熱特性データとモデル研究は、8が不足しています。 「減圧法は、「水和物の安定性以下の細孔の圧力を減少させることによって堆積物の細孔空間内MHを解離するために使用することができます。このプロセスでは、堆積物の孔空間成分は、水、MH、およびガスに水から、およびMH変わります。熱的特性」の測定MHの融解熱は、測定に影響を与える可能性があるため、後者の条件では困難です。この問題を解決するために、村岡らは MH形成9の間に過冷却状態での熱的特性」の測定を行いました。 このビデオプロトコルでは、我々は過冷却合成砂 - 水 - ガス-MHサンプルの測定方法を説明します。 図1は、人工メタンハイドレート堆積物の熱特性を測定するための実験を示しています。参照9に示すように、セットアップは同じです。システムは、主に、高圧容器、圧力及び温度制御、及び測定システムの熱特性を含みます。高圧容器を140 [mm]の内径および140ミリメートルの高さを有する円筒形ステンレス鋼で構成されています。削除デッドボリュームとその内部容積は2110センチメートル3であり、その圧力限界は15 MPaです。 transie<html> NT面光源（TPS）技術は、熱特性10を測定するために使用されます。 2.001ミリメートルの個々の半径を有するナインTPSプローブは、容器の内側に配置されています。 9プローブ9のレイアウトは、文献9の図2に示されています。 TPSプローブは、ケーブルで熱特性」アナライザに接続し、実験中に手動で切り替えられます。容器内のTPSセンサ接続図、および設定の詳細は、図S1、2、および基準9における支援情報の3に示されています。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956fig1.jpg" /> 図1：人工メタンハイドレート堆積物の熱特性を測定するための実験装置の図を参照9から変更されています。3956fig1large.jpg &quot;ターゲット=&quot; _空白 &quot;&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。 TPSの方法は、各サンプルの熱特性を測定しました。この方法の原理は文献10に記載されています。この方法では、時間依存性の温度上昇は、ΔTaveが 、あります<img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq1.jpg" />どこ<img alt="式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53956/53956eq2.jpg" /> 0は、センサからの出力電力であり、Wは 、式1において、Rはセンサプローブの半径であり、λは、試料の熱伝導率であり、αは熱拡散率であり、tは、電力供給を開始してからの時間でありますセンサプローブに。D（τ）は無次元時間依存する関数です。τ </EM&gt;（αT/ R）1/2で与えられます。式2において、mは TPSプローブの同心リングの数であり、I 0は、修正されたベッセル関数です。試料の熱伝導率、熱拡散率、比熱を同時に電​​力がセンサプローブに供給されるように、温度上昇に印加される反転分析によって決定されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1353">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">TPS thermal probe, Hot disk sensor</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Hot Disk AB Co., Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">#7577</td>
			<td style="width:392px;">Kapton sensor type, sensor radius 2.001 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Hot disk thermal properties analyzer</td>
			<td>Hot Disk AB Co., Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">TPS 2500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Toyoura standard silica sand</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Toyoura Keiseki Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Methane gas ,99.9999%</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Tokyo Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Grade 6N, Volume 47L, Charging pressure 14.7MPa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Water Purification System,Elix Advantage 3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Merck Millipore., U.S.</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>5 M&#937; cm (at 25&#176;C) resistivity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Vibrating table, Vivratory packer</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Sinfonia Technology Co. Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">VGP-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Chiller, Thermostatic Bath Circulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">THOMAS KAGAKU Co., Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">TRL-40SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Coorant, Aurora brine</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Tokyo Fine Chemical Co.,Ltd., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>ethylene glycol 71wt%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Temparature gage</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Nitto Kouatsu., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Pt 100, sheath-type platinum resistance temperature detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:444px;">Pressure gage</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Kyowa Electronic Instruments., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">PG-200 KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Data logger</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">KEYENCE., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">NR-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:444px;">Mass flow controller</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">OVAL Co., Japan</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">F-221S-A-11-11A</td>
			<td>Maximum flow 2000 Nml/M, maximum design pressure 19.6 MPa</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for measuring the thermal properties of a supercooled synthetic sand-water-gas-methane hydrate sample

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future energy resources and energy storage media. To develop a method for gas production from natural MH-bearing sediments and hydrate-based technologies, it is imperative to understand the thermal properties of gas hydrates.
The thermal properties' measurements of samples comprising sand, water, methane, and MH are difficult because the melting heat of MH may affect the measurements. To solve this problem, we performed thermal properties' measurements at supercooled conditions during MH formation. The measurement protocol, calculation method of the saturation change, and tips for thermal constants' analysis of the sample using transient plane source techniques are described here.
The effect of the formation heat of MH on measurement is very small because the gas hydrate formation rate is very slow. This measurement method can be applied to the thermal properties of the gas hydrate-water-guest gas system, which contains hydrogen, CO2, and ozone hydrates, because the characteristic low formation rate of gas hydrate is not unique to MH. The key point of this method is the low rate of phase transition of the target material. Hence, this method may be applied to other materials having low phase-transition rates.

図2aは、MHの溶融に影響されない温度プロファイルを示している。ΔTcは 、熱定数&#39;測定に温度変化である。 図2bは、MHの溶融に影響された温度プロファイルを示しています。これらの式は、安定したサンプルの条件を仮定することによって導出されるので、 図2b中のプロファイルは式1および2を介して分析するこ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample at JoVE.com

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

過冷却合成砂 - 水 - ガス・メタンハイドレート試料の熱特性を測定するためのプロトコル

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

protocol-for-measuring-thermal-properties-supercooled-synthetic-sand

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.8K ビュー.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

ビデオ: Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

最適化された負の染色：電子顕微鏡による小型·非対称蛋白質構造を調べるためのハイスループットプロトコル

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

環境学

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5&#8217; mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work11, and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy.

This work describes a novel method for selectively targeting subcellular organelles in plants, assayed using the BioRad Gene Gun.

ギブソンアセンブリと遺伝子銃を用いてタバコの一過性の遺伝子発現

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately ...

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

の操作植物に誘導される土壌の不均一性のための実験プロトコール

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of phages infecting Arthrobacter hosts has been limited, perhaps due to the low success rate of many previous isolation techniques, resulting in an underrepresented group of Arthrobacter phages available for study. The enrichment technique described here, unlike many others, uses a filtered extract free of contaminating bacteria as the base for indicator bacteria growth, Arthrobactersp. KY3901, specifically. By first removing soil bacteria the target phages are not hindered by competition with native soil bacteria present in initial soil samples. This enrichment method has resulted in dozens of unique phages from several different soil types and even produced different types of phages from the same enriched soil sample isolate. The use of this procedure can be expanded to most nutrient rich aerobic media for the isolation of phages in a vast diversity of interesting host bacteria.

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

We present an enrichment protocol for the isolation of bacteriophages infecting bacteria in the Arthrobacter genus. This enrichment protocol produces fast and reproducible results for the isolation and amplification of Arthrobacter phages from soil isolates.

の単離のための最適化された濃縮技術<em&gt;アルスロ</em&gt;バクテリオファージ種土壌サンプルの分離株から

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana1. Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) is a well-established technique for studying the feeding behavior of stylet-bearing insects. Here we show a new application of EPG as a non-invasive tool for the acquisition of intracellular electrophysiology recordings of sieve elements (SEs), the cells that form the phloem vasculature in plants.

師部ふるい要素に電気信号を取得し、測定するための電気浸透グラフ（EPG）の新しいアプリケーション

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

土壌コアLysimetersを収集し、構築するためのプロトコル

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

海面とサンプル分析にMicroplasticsサンプリングのためのプロトコル

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Thermal Scanning Conductometry (TSC) as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to follow the dynamically changing state of the ionogels, and to deliver more information and details about the subtle change of conductive properties with an increase or decrease in the temperature. Moreover, the method allows the performance of long term (i.e. days, weeks) measurements at a constant temperature to investigate the stability and durability of the system and the aging effects. The main advantage of the TSC method over classical conductometry is the ability to perform measurements during the gelation process, which was impossible with the classical method due to temperature stabilization, which usually takes a long time before the individual measurement. It is a well-known fact that to obtain the physical gel phase, the cooling stage must be fast; moreover, depending on the cooling rate, different microstructures can be achieved. The TSC method can be performed with any cooling/heating rate that can be assured by the external temperature system. In our case, we can achieve linear temperature change rates between 0.1 and approximately 10 &#176;C/min. The thermal scanning conductometry is designed to work in cycles, continuously changing between heating and cooling stages. Such an approach allows study of the reproducibility of the thermally reversible gel-sol phase transition. Moreover, it allows the performance of different experimental protocols on the same sample, which can be refreshed to initial state (if necessary) without removal from the measuring cell. Therefore, the measurements can be performed faster, in a more efficient way, and with much higher reproducibility and accuracy. Additionally, the TSC method can be also used as a tool to manufacture the ionogels with targeted properties, like microstructure, with an instant characterization of conductive properties.

Thermal Scanning Conductometry TSC as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels

The kinetics of the cooling process defines the properties of ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. This manuscript describes the usage of thermal scanning conductometry (TSC), which obtains full control over the gelation process, along with in situ measurements of the samples' temperature and conductivity.

熱ゲルの勉強および導電性理学の相挙動を制御するための一般的な方法として、Conductometry (TSC) をスキャン

The thermal scanning conductometry protocol is a new approach in studying ionic gels based on low molecular weight gelators. The method is designed to ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

コーヒーのベリーの穴あけ器の科学的なモニタリングのためのハワイ プロトコル: コーヒー生態系世界のモデル

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole grain composition and processing characteristics vary among maize hybrids and can impact the quality of the final processed product. Therefore, in order to produce healthier processed food products from maize, it is necessary to know how to optimize processing parameters for particular sets of germplasm to account for these differences in grain composition and processing characteristics. This includes a better understanding of how current processing techniques impact the nutritional quality of the final processed food product. Here, we describe a microscale protocol that both simulates the processing pipeline to produce cornflakes from large flaking grits and allows for the processing of multiple grain samples simultaneously. The flaking grits, the intermediate processed products, or final processed product, as well as the corn grain itself, can be analyzed for nutritional content as part of a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This procedure was developed specifically for incorporation into a maize breeding research program, and it can be modified for other grain crops. We provide an example of the analysis of insoluble-bound ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid content in maize. Samples were taken at five different processing stages. We demonstrate that sampling can take place at multiple stages during microscale processing, that the processing technique can be utilized in the context of a specialized maize breeding program, and that, in our example, most of the nutritional content was lost during food product processing.

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Here, we present a microscale protocol for processing grain samples and for incorporating this microscale approach into a high-throughput analytical pipeline. This is a higher throughput adaptation of currently available protocols.

マイクロ スケール プロトコル処理解析パラメーターとトウモロコシ (Zea mays l.) で栄養の資質の高いスループット

Maize is an important grain crop in the United States and worldwide. However, maize grain must be processed prior to human consumption. Furthermore, whole ...