The University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Metabolic Bone Disease performed the histologic processing and sectioning of surrogates. Southern Research (Birmingham, AL) provided support for the manufacture of the bioreactor system. Funding was provided by the United States Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program (BC121367).

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Burada 3D kültür için bir yöntem daha yakın modeller, insan meme kanseri rekapitülasyon 3D morfoloji gelişimine izin vermek için bir hacim içinde, hücre dışı matrisin (ECM) ile, insan da dahil olmak üzere stromal fibroblastlann doku çevresinde bileşenlerinin içerdiğini tarif edilmiştir . tarif edilen 3D kültür yöntemi ECM&#39;nin 3B hacmi içine dahil edilen birden çok hücre tipinde geleneksel 2B hücre kültürü daha insan hastalığının daha iyi temsil eder. Mimari dokusu, mikroçevresinin v...

Daha doğru bir şekilde in vivo olarak tümör mimarisi ve mikro-taklit üç boyutlu (3D) kültür modelleri hücreler ile bunların mikro çevreleri arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimler incelemek için ve aday terapilerinin etkinliğini test etmek için amaçlanmıştır çalışmaları için önemlidir. Tümör boyut etkiler oksijen ve besin eğimleri, ilaç maruziyeti, interstisyel basınç / kan akımı ve 3D mimarisi 1-4 tekdüzelik. Uygun bir stromal mikroçevresinin varlığı tümör boyutluluğu ve etkileri, hücre-ECM sinyalizasyon ve stromal hücreleri ve malign epitel hücreleri arasındaki parakrin sinyalizasyon katkıda bulunur. Tümör boyutluluk ve hücresel fonksiyonu üzerindeki mikro-etkileri de ilaç yanıtı 1,3,5-8 değiştiren her iki faktörün birlikte, kurulur. Buna ek olarak, hücresel büyüme kinetiği, metabolik oranları ve hücre sinyal affe bu faktörler ile, 3D, iki boyutlu (2D) kültür ve kültür arasındaki farklılıkhücresel yanıtı 1,3,8-10 cting. İn vitro olarak, tümör taşıyıcı mikro-Örnek ECM bileşenleri ve stromal hücre popülasyonları da dahil olmak üzere modüle edilebilir. Malign epitel hücreleri tümörün daha fazla yayılma 5,6,10 inhibe ECM ve kanserle ilişkili stromal hücreler tarafından ya da tümör progresyonunu teşvik etmek için sinerjik / koruyucu bir şekilde ya da bastırıcı bir şekilde etkilenmektedir. Her iki çerçevede, stroma ilaç dağıtım 1,6 azalma parakrin sinyalizasyonu ile ve / veya elde edilen tümör geçiş basıncı artırarak terapötik cevabı ve ilaç olarak etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle, klinik öncesi modellerin içine ECM ve stromal hücrelerin eklenmesi 2B kültüründe de model olamaz tümörün yönlerini özetlemek yardımcı olacaktır. Burada bir yöntem olup, ECM bileşenleri ve s de dahil olmak üzere, bir mikro-ortam rekapitülasyon dahil meme kanseri temsilciler, kurma3B hacimde tromal hücreler tarif edilir. Meme kanserinde, stromal hücre popülasyonu baskın kanserle ilişkili fibroblastlar (CAF), stromal ECM oluşan büyük ölçüde laminin ve kolajen tip IV dahil olmak üzere, bazal membran bulunan matris bileşenlerinin küçük bir oran ile kollajen tip I oluşmaktadır 1,4,11-13. Bu nedenle, göğüs karsinoması mikro bu bileşenlerin (yani, CAF, kolajen I ve bazal membran) suretler halinde dahil edilmiştir. Bu yöntem, bir katı, un perfüze 3D suretler (Şekil 1A) oluşturmak için ya da biyoreaktör sisteminde (Şekil 1B) ile vekil ile orta perfüzyon, uyarlanabilir kullanılabilir. Her iki yaklaşım da burada açıklanmıştır. Bu yöntem, aynı zamanda, tümör ile ilişkili makrofaj gibi stromal elemanları içerecek şekilde ya da uygun olduğu şekilde, hücresel ve ECM bileşenleri ayarlayarak diğer katı tümörler modellemek için modifiye edilebilir. <pMeme karsinoması vekil için sınıf = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Burada tarif edilen, MDA-MB-231 (231), meme kanseri hücre soyu, CAF daha önce insan göğüs karsinoma 14 izole kullanmışlardır ve bir ECM (% 90 kolajen I oluşan 6 mg / ml) ve% 10 büyüme faktörü indirgenmiş bazal membran malzemesi (BM). taşıyıcı ya da 8 oyuklu oda slayt (katı vekil) yetiştirilir veya biyoreaktör sistemi sürekli bir besin perfüzyon (perfüze vekil) temin etmek üzere kullanılır. ECM içeren bir hücre hacmine uygun herhangi bir perfüzyon biyoreaktör sistemi 15 kullanılabilir. Örnek olarak, bizim biyoreaktör sistemi doku suretler hazırlanmasını tarif etmektedir. Bu sistem, in-house geliştirilmiş ve ticari olarak mevcut değildir edildi. bizim odak burada 3D doku suretler hazırlanması ve analizi olduğundan, bizim biyoreaktör sistemi imalatı ve montajı özelliklerine ilişkin geniş detaya gitmiş değil. Ancak, ayrıntılı bir açıklamasıBu sistem ve gelişimi 16 yayımlanmıştır. Bu biyoreaktör sistemi içinde, bir polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS) akış kanalı PDMS köpük tarafından desteklenen vekil, ev için kullanılan (Calcagnile ve ark., 17 tarafından tarif edilenlere benzer yöntemler kullanılarak oluşturulan). Bu hacmi sürekli vekil oksijen ve besin kaynağı bir microphysiologic pompası vasıtasıyla ortamı ile perfüze 4 Mikrokanallarda (çapı her 400 mikron) tarafından nüfuz edilir. suretler uygun analiz tedavisi veya diğer manipülasyonlar yanıt olarak hücresel fonksiyonun ilgili önemli bilgileri elde etmek çok önemlidir. Suretler fiksasyon ve işlendikten sonra salgılanan ürünleri veya histolojik bölümlerde analiz için, konfokal mikroskopi veya non-invaziv görüntüleme diğer araçlar, koşullu ortam, ya da perfüzyon tahlil dolaylı hücresel analizi kullanılarak sağlam suretler doğrudan görüntüleme de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yöntemlerle analiz edilebilir içinparafin. histolojik bölümlerde değerlendirilebilir Bu tür bir parametre, hücre yoğunluğu. Bu hücre yoğunluğu ölçmek için bir yaklaşım sunmaktayız (yani, kesit alanı başına çekirdekli hücrelerin sayısı) hematoksilin ve eozin (H &amp; E) ile boyandı vekil histolojik kesitlerinin fotomikrograflarının uygulanan yarı-otomatik bir görüntü işleme teknikleri kullanılarak. Hücre yoğunluğu zamanla hücre sayısı nispi değişimin bir göstergesi olarak kullanılabilir ya da farklı büyüme koşulları ve tedavi kaynaklanır. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54004/54004fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. 3D ses ve biyoreaktör sistemi. Sürecin A) şematik katı 3D suretlerimi oluşturmak için. En: ECM (pembe), (sarı) epitel karsinoma hücreleri ve CAF (turuncu) içeren katı 3D hacmi karikatür; Alt:. 8-iyi odasının slayt içeren suretler üstten görünümü B) şematik sürecinin 3D suretlerimi perfüze üretir. En: cakanallı 3D hacmin rtoon orta perfüzyon ve içeren ECM (pembe), epitel karsinoma hücreleri (sarı) ve CAF (turuncu) için izin vermek; Orta: PDMS köpük (siyah ok) içeren PDMS akış kanalının görüntü hücresi + ECM enjekte ve çapı 400 mikron ölçme polimer kaplı paslanmaz çelik tel (pembe ok) tarafından nüfuz edilecek; Alt:., Suret ihtiva eden ve sürekli ortam perfüzyon için izin vermek için biyoreaktör sistemine bağlı PDMS akış kanalının görüntüsü (peristaltik pompa ve ortam haznesi gösterilmemiştir) C) kültürden sonra, katı ve perfüze suretler hem de işlem adımları görüntüleri. Sol: jel ve vekil işlem örneği içeren cryomold görüntü; Orta: Sabit ve işlenmiş vekil içeren bir parafin blok görüntü; Sağ:. Bir vekil bir H &amp; E boyalı histolojik kesiti olan bir cam slayt görüntüsü <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54004/54004fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">bir görmek için buraya tıklayınız</a>Bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonu.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagel Medium 1x (DMEM)</td><td>Corning CellGro</td><td>10-014-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Atlanta Biologicals</td><td>S11150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.25% Trypsin + 2.21&amp;nbsp;mM EDTA 1x</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-053-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Culture plates, 100&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>CellTreat Scientific Products</td><td>229620</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Culture plates, 35&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>CellTreat Scientific Products</td><td>229638</td><td>For PDMS foam formation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>9&quot; Glass pipette</td><td>Fisher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>13-678-20D</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>10 ml pipette</td><td>CellTreat Scientific Products</td><td>229210B</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>1,000 &amp;micro;l piptette tips</td><td>FisherBrand</td><td>02-717-166</td><td>Sterile Filtered</td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l pipette tips</td><td>FisherBrand</td><td>02-717-141</td><td>Sterile Filtered</td></tr><tr><td>10 &amp;micro;l pipette tips</td><td>FisherBrand</td><td>02-717-158</td><td>Sterile Filtered</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes</td><td>CellTreat Scientific Products</td><td>229410</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml conical tubes</td><td>CellTreat Scientific Products</td><td>229422</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>FisherBrand</td><td>05-408-129</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan blue</td><td>Corning Cellgro</td><td>25-900-CI</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard 184</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>24236-10</td><td>PDMS elastomer and curing agent. Used for our in-house bioreactor.</td></tr><tr><td>PDMS Foam</td><td></td><td></td><td>Made in-house for use in our in-house bioreactor.</td></tr><tr><td>High Concentration Bovine Collagen Type I</td><td>Advanced Biomatrix</td><td>5133-A</td><td>FibriCol ~10 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Growth Factor Reduced Matrigel (Basement Membrane)</td><td>Corning</td><td>354230</td><td>Basement membrane material</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S8761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Biology Grade Water</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP2819-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM 10x&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D2429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nunc Lab-Tek Chamber Slide System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>177402</td><td>8-well</td></tr><tr><td>Bioreactor</td><td></td><td></td><td>Made in-house.</td></tr><tr><td>Spring-Back 304 Stainless Steel&amp;mdash;Coated with PTFE polymer</td><td>McMaster-Carr</td><td>1749T19</td><td>Stainless steel wires to generate microchannels in our in-house&amp;nbsp; bioreactor system. 0.016&quot; Diameter</td></tr><tr><td>BioPharm Plus platinum-cured silicone pump tubing, L/S 14</td><td>Masterflex</td><td>EW-96440-14</td><td>For use in our in-house bioreactor system. Tubing ID: 1.6 mm, Hose barb size: 1/16 in.</td></tr><tr><td>2-Stop Tubing Sets, non-flared PVC, 1.52&amp;nbsp;mm ID</td><td>Cole-Parmer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EW-74906-36</td><td>For use in our in-house bioreactor system (with microperistalitic pump).&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Six Channel precision micro peristaltic pump</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>EW-74906-04</td><td>For use with our in-house bioreactor system</td></tr><tr><td>Tuberculin Syringes</td><td>BD Medical</td><td>309625</td><td>26 gauge 3/8 in. needle; Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting Tissue Forceps</td><td>FisherBrand</td><td>13-812-36</td><td>5.5 inch</td></tr><tr><td>Mini Tube Rotator</td><td>Boekel Scientific</td><td>260750</td><td>Equipment option for surrogate rotation. Used with carousel for 50 ml tubes (model number 260753)</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml tube carousel</td><td>Boekel Scientific</td><td>260753</td><td>Used with mini tube rotator</td></tr><tr><td>Bambino&amp;nbsp; Hybridization Oven</td><td>Boekel Scientific</td><td>230301</td><td>Equipment option for surrogate rotation</td></tr><tr><td>HistoGel Specimen Processing Gel</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>HG-4000-012</td><td>Specimen Processing Gel described in Step 5.2</td></tr><tr><td>Cryomold</td><td>Andwin Scientific</td><td>4566</td><td>15 mm x 15 mm x 5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Marking Dye</td><td>Cancer Diagnostics, inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>03000P</td><td>Can be used to mark surrogates,&amp;nbsp; allowing multiple samples to be included in one tissue cassette&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Hinged tissue cassettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FisherBrand</td><td>22-272-416</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formalin</td><td>Fisher</td><td>23-245-685</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GoldSeal Plain Glass Slides</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3048-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Fisher</td><td>X3P-1GAL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 200 proof (100%), USP</td><td>Decon Laboratories, Inc.</td><td>2805M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin</td><td>Thermo Scientific Richard-Allan Scientific</td><td>7211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clarifier</td><td>Thermo Scientific Richard-Allan Scientific</td><td>7401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bluing Solution</td><td>Thermo Scientific Richard-Allan Scientific</td><td>7301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin Y</td><td>Thermo Scientific Richard-Allan Scientific</td><td>7111</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytoseal XYL mounting media</td><td>Thermo Scientific Richard-Allan Scientific</td><td>83124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-548-5G</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and analysis of in vitro three dimensional breast carcinoma surrogates

Üç boyutlu (3D) bir kültür, iki boyutlu kültüründen in vitro hücre davranışını model fizyolojik olarak daha uygun bir yöntemdir. Meme karsinomu kapsayan karsinomları, fibroblastlar ve hücre dışı matrisin (ECM) de dahil olmak üzere kanser epitelyal hücreleri ve stromal bileşenleri içeren karmaşık 3D dokulardır. Ancak, meme kanserinin en in vitro modeller nedenle stroma atlama sadece kanser epitelyal hücrelerden oluşur ve in vivo olarak tümör 3D mimari. karsinom uygun 3D modelleme tümör biyolojisi, davranış ve tedaviye yanıtın doğru anlaşılması için önemlidir. Ancak, kültür ve 3D modelleri hacmi süresi kültürü içinde oksijen ve besin mevcudiyeti ile sınırlıdır. Burada, meme kanseri, epitelyal hücreleri ve stromal fibroblastlann stroma içeren bir şekilde kültüre edilebilir 3B meme kanseri vekil üretmek üzere ECM&#39;nin dahil edildiği bir yöntem ortaya koymaktadırKatı 3D yapı veya oksijen ve besin sağlamak için bir perfüzyon biyoreaktör sistemi kullanılarak. kurulum ve ilk büyüme döneminden sonra, suretler klinik öncesi ilaç testleri için de kullanılabilir. Seçenek olarak ise, bir vekil hücresel ve matris bileşenleri, biyolojik çeşitli sorular gidermek için modifiye edilebilir. kültürden sonra, suretler sabit ve ilgi parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesi için klinik göğüs karsinoma örneklerinin işleme benzer bir şekilde, parafin için işlenir. ImageJ ve CellProfiler görüntü analiz yazılım sistemleri suretler histolojik kesitlerinin fotomikrograflarının uygulanır, açıklanmıştır Bu tür bir parametre, bu hücre yoğunluğu değerlendirmesi alan başına çekirdekli hücrelerin sayısını belirlemek için. Bu, zaman içinde hücre sayısı değişikliği veya değişen büyüme koşulları ve tedavi sonucunda, hücre sayısındaki değişim bir göstergesi olarak da kullanılabilir.

7 gün yukarıda tarif yetiştirilen hem katı hem de perfüze 3D meme kanseri suretler hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra, suretler, tespit edilmiş parafine işlenmiş, kesit ve yukarıda tarif edildiği gibi, hematoksilin ve eosin ile boyandı. çekirdekli alan başına hücreleri (her ikisi de 231 hücre ve CAF) her vekil sayısı ölçüldü. Şekil 12&#39;de görülebileceği gibi, H &amp; E ile boyanmış bölümlerin temsil edici fotomikrografikler hücre yoğunluğu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Analysis of In Vitro Three Dimensional Breast Carcinoma Surrogates at JoVE.com

Preparation and Analysis of In Vitro Three Dimensional Breast Carcinoma Surrogates

We demonstrate a method to generate 3D breast cancer surrogates, which can be cultured using a perfusion bioreactor system to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Following growth, surrogates are fixed and processed to paraffin for evaluation of parameters of interest. The evaluation of one such parameter, cell density, is explained.

Hazırlama ve Analizler<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Üç Boyutlu Meme Kanseri Suretler

Three dimensional (3D) culture is a more physiologically relevant method to model cell behavior in vitro than two dimensional culture. Carcinomas, ...

preparation-analysis-vitro-three-dimensional-breast-carcinoma

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Preparation and Analysis of In Vitro Three Dimensional Breast Carcinoma Surrogates

10.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Alabama at Birmingham. We demonstrate a method to generate 3D breast cancer surrogates, which can be cultured using a perfusion bioreactor system to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Following growth, surrogates are fixed and processed to paraffin for evaluation of parameters of interest. The evaluation of one such parameter, cell density, is explained.

Video: Preparation and Analysis of In Vitro Three Dimensional Breast Carcinoma Surrogates

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less aggressive breast tumors, the 5-year survival rate of TNBC patients is 77% due to their characteristic drug-resistant phenotype and metastatic burden. Toward this end, murine models have been established aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies limiting TNBC tumor growth and metastatic spread. This work describes a practical guide for the TNBC orthotopic model where MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells suspended in a basement membrane matrix are implanted in the fourth mammary fat pad, which closely mimics the cancer cell behavior in humans. Measurement of tumors by caliper, lung metastasis assessment via in vivo and ex vivo imaging, and molecular detection are discussed. This model provides an excellent platform to study therapeutic efficacy and is especially suitable for the study of the interaction between the primary tumor and distal metastatic sites.

This work presets an advanced protocol to accurately assess tumor loading by detection of green fluorescent protein and bioluminescence signals as well as the integration of quantitative molecular detection technique.

Ortotopik Meme Kanseri Modeli Kullanarak Üçlü Negatif Meme Kanseri Eğitimi

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional (3D) Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

Three-dimensional (3D) culture of organoids from tumor specimens of human patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of prostate cancer, referred to as patient-derived organoids (PDO), are an invaluable resource for studying the mechanism of tumorigenesis and metastasis of prostate cancer. Their main advantage is that they maintain the distinctive genomic and functional heterogeneity of the original tissue compared to conventional cell lines that do not. Furthermore, 3D cultures of PDO can be used to predict the effects of drug treatment on individual patients and are a step towards personalized medicine. Despite these advantages, few groups routinely use this method in part because of the extensive optimization of PDO culture conditions that may be required for different patient samples. We previously demonstrated that our prostate cancer bone metastasis PDX model, PCSD1, recapitulated the resistance of the donor patient&rsquo;s bone metastasis to anti-androgen therapy. We used PCSD1 3D organoids to characterize further the mechanisms of anti-androgen resistance. Following an overview of currently published studies of PDX and PDO models, we describe a step-by-step protocol for 3D culture of PDO using domed or floating basement membrane (e.g., Matrigel) spheres in optimized culture conditions. In vivo stitch imaging and cell processing for histology are also described. This protocol can be further optimized for other applications including western blot, co-culture, etc. and can be used to explore characteristics of 3D cultured PDO pertaining to drug resistance, tumorigenesis, metastasis and therapeutics.

Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional 3D Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

Three-dimensional cultures of patient BMPC specimens and xenografts of bone metastatic prostate cancer maintain the functional heterogeneity of their original tumors resulting in cysts, spheroids and complex, tumor-like organoids. This manuscript provides an optimization strategy and protocol for 3D culture of heterogeneous patient derived samples and their analysis using IFC.

Hasta Prostat Kanseri Kemik Metastazı Örneklerinden ve Ksenogreftlerinden Elde Edilen Üç Boyutlu (3D) Organoidlerin Oluşturulması ve Analizi

Three-dimensional (3D) culture of organoids from tumor specimens of human patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of prostate cancer, referred ...

Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are cancer cells with inherited or acquired stem cell-like characteristics. Despite their low frequency, they are major contributors to breast cancer initiation, relapse, metastasis and therapy resistance. It is imperative to understand the biology of breast cancer stem cells in order to identify novel therapeutic targets to treat breast cancer. Breast cancer stem cells are isolated and characterized based on expression of unique cell surface markers such as CD44, CD24 and enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). These ALDHhighCD44+CD24- cells constitute the BCSC population and can be isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for downstream functional studies. Depending on the scientific question, different in vitro and in vivo methods can be used to assess the functional characteristics of BCSCs. Here, we provide a detailed experimental protocol for isolation of human BCSCs from both heterogenous populations of breast cancer cells as well as primary tumor tissue obtained from breast cancer patients. In addition, we highlight downstream in vitro and in vivo functional assays including colony forming assays, mammosphere assays, 3D culture models and tumor xenograft assays that can be used to assess BCSC function.

This experimental protocol describes the isolation of BCSCs from breast cancer cell and tissue samples as well as the in vitro and in vivo assays that can be used to assess BCSC phenotype and function.

İnsan Meme Kanseri Kök Hücrelerinin Hücre ve Doku Örneklerinden İzolasyonu ve Fonksiyonel Değerlendirmesi

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are cancer cells with inherited or acquired stem cell-like characteristics. Despite their low frequency, they are major ...

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 15% of overall pediatric cancer deaths. The native tumor tissue is a complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment involving layers of cancerous and non-cancerous cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides physical and biological support and contributes to disease progression, patient prognosis, and therapeutic response.
This paper describes a protocol for assembling a 3D scaffold-based system to mimic the neuroblastoma microenvironment using neuroblastoma cell lines and collagen-based scaffolds. The scaffolds are supplemented with either nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), naturally found at high concentrations in the bone and bone marrow, the most common metastatic sites of neuroblastoma. The 3D porous structure of these scaffolds allows neuroblastoma cell attachment, proliferation and migration, and the formation of cell clusters. In this 3D matrix, the cell response to therapeutics is more reflective of the in vivo situation.
The scaffold-based culture system can maintain higher cell densities than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Therefore, optimization protocols for initial seeding cell numbers are dependent on the desired experimental timeframes. The model is monitored by assessing cell growth via DNA quantification, cell viability via metabolic assays, and cell distribution within the scaffolds via histological staining.
This model&#39;s applications include the assessment of gene and protein expression profiles as well as cytotoxicity testing using conventional drugs and miRNAs. The 3D culture system allows for the precise manipulation of cell and ECM components, creating an environment more physiologically similar to native tumor tissue. Therefore, this 3D in vitro model will advance the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and improve the correlation between results obtained in vitro, in vivo in&#160;animal models, and human subjects.

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds

This paper lists the steps required to seed neuroblastoma cell lines on previously described three-dimensional collagen-based scaffolds, maintain cell growth for a predetermined timeframe, and retrieve scaffolds for several cell growth and cell behavior analyses and downstream applications, adaptable to satisfy a range of experimental aims.

Kollajen Bazlı İskeleler Kullanılarak Nöroblastomun Üç Boyutlu İn Vitro Biyomimetik Modeli

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 15% of overall pediatric cancer deaths. The native tumor tissue is a ...

Mammary Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Spheroids as a Potential Functional In vitro Model for Breast Cancer Research

Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality in women. The growth of breast cancer cells and their subsequent metastasis is a key factor for its progression. Although the mechanisms involved in promoting breast cancer growth have been intensively studied using monocultures of breast cancer cells such as MCF-7 cells, the contribution of other cell types, such as vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells that are intimately involved in tumor growth, has not been investigated in depth. Cell-cell interaction plays a key role in tumor growth and progression. Neoangiogenesis, or the development of vessels, is essential for tumor growth, whereas the lymphatic system serves as a portal for cancer cell migration and subsequent metastasis. Recent studies provide evidence that vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells can significantly influence cancer cell growth. These observations imply a need for developing in vitro models that would more realistically reflect breast cancer growth processes in vivo. Moreover, restrictions in animal research require the development of ex vivo models to elucidate better the mechanisms involved.
This article describes the development of breast cancer spheroids composed of both breast cancer cells (estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells) and vascular and/or lymphatic endothelial cells. The protocol describes a detailed step-by-step approach in creating dual-cell spheroids using two different approaches, hanging drop (gold standard and cheap) and 96-well U-bottom plates (expensive). In-depth instructions are provided for how to delicately pick up the formed spheroids to monitor growth by microscopic sizing and assessing viability using dead and live cell staining. Moreover, procedures to fix the spheroids for sectioning and staining with growth-specific antibodies to differentiate growth patterns in spheroids are delineated. Additionally, details for preparing spheroids with transfected cells and methods to extract RNA for molecular analysis are provided. In conclusion, this article provides in-depth instructions for preparing multi-cell spheroids for breast cancer research.

Mammary Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Spheroids as a Potential Functional In vitro Model for Breast Cancer Research

Crosstalk between mammary epithelial cells and endothelial cells importantly contributes to breast cancer progression, tumor growth, and metastasis. In this study, spheroids have been made from breast cancer cells together with vascular and/or lymphatic endothelial cells and demonstrate their applicability as an in vitro system for breast cancer research.

Meme Kanseri Araştırmaları için Potansiyel Fonksiyonel In vitro Model Olarak Meme Epitel ve Endotel Hücre Sferoidleri

Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality in women. The growth of breast cancer cells and their subsequent metastasis is a key factor for its ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Üç boyutlu (3D) Modeli Kullanılarak Meme Kanseri Hücre invazivliğinin Kantitasyonu

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Tıp

Methods for Culturing Human Femur Tissue Explants to Study Breast Cancer Cell Colonization of the Metastatic Niche

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little is known about breast cancer cell properties and behaviors within the native microenvironment of human bone tissue.We have developed approaches to track, quantify and modulate human breast cancer cells within the microenvironment of cultured human bone tissue fragments isolated from discarded femoral heads following total hip replacement surgeries. Using breast cancer cells engineered for luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression, we are able to reproducibly quantitate migration and proliferation patterns using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), track cell interactions within the bone fragments using fluorescence microscopy, and evaluate breast cells after colonization with flow cytometry. The key advantages of this model include: 1) a native, architecturally intact tissue microenvironment that includes relevant human cell types, and 2) direct access to the microenvironment, which facilitates rapid quantitative and qualitative monitoring and perturbation of breast and bone cell properties, behaviors and interactions. A primary limitation, at present, is the finite viability of the tissue fragments, which confines the window of study to short-term culture. Applications of the model system include studying the basic biology of&#160;breast cancer and other bone-seeking malignancies within the metastatic niche, and developing therapeutic strategies to effectively target breast cancer cells in bone tissues.

Protocols are described for studying breast cancer cell migration, proliferation and colonization in a human bone tissue explant model system.

Kültürleme İnsan Femur Doku Eksplantlarından yöntemleri Metastatik Niche Meme Kanseri Hücre Kolonizasyon Eğitim için

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Üç boyutlu (3D) Tümör Sfero Yayılması deneyindeki

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Long-term Culture of Human Breast Cancer Specimens and Their Analysis Using Optical Projection Tomography

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality in the Western world. It is well established that the spread of breast cancer, first locally and later distally, is a major factor in patient prognosis. Experimental systems of breast cancer rely on cell lines usually derived from primary tumours or pleural effusions. Two major obstacles hinder this research: (i) some known sub-types of breast cancers (notably poor prognosis luminal B tumours) are not represented within current line collections; (ii) the influence of the tumour microenvironment is not usually taken into account.
We demonstrate a technique to culture primary breast cancer specimens of all sub-types. This is achieved by using three-dimensional (3D) culture system in which small pieces of tumour are embedded in soft rat collagen I cushions. Within 2-3 weeks, the tumour cells spread into the collagen and form various structures similar to those observed in human tumours1. Viable adipocytes, epithelial cells and fibroblasts within the original core were evident on histology. Malignant epithelial cells with squamoid morphology were demonstrated invading into the surrounding collagen. Nuclear pleomorphism was evident within these cells, along with mitotic figures and apoptotic bodies.
We have employed Optical Projection Tomography (OPT), a 3D imaging technology, in order to quantify the extent of tumour spread in culture. We have used OPT to measure the bulk volume of the tumour culture, a parameter routinely measured during the neo-adjuvant treatment of breast cancer patients to assess response to drug therapy. 
Here, we present an opportunity to culture human breast tumours without sub-type bias and quantify the spread of those ex vivo. This method could be used in the future to quantify drug sensitivity in original tumour. This may provide a more predictive model than currently used cell lines.

We have developed a collagen-based in vitro assay which promotes proliferation and invasion from samples of all breast cancer subtypes. Optical Projection Tomography, a three dimensional microscopy technique was utilised to visualise and quantify tumour expansion. This assay may be used to quantify drug response of individual tumour samples.

Optik Projeksiyon Tomografi İnsan Meme Kanseri Örnekler ve Analiz Uzun vadeli Kültür

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality in the Western world. It is well established that the spread of breast cancer, first locally and later ...

Biyoloji

Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells often generates unwanted artifacts. Therefore, cell culture in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, often using extracellular matrix components, emerged as an interesting alternative due to its close similarity to the native in vivo tissue or organ. We developed a 3D cell culture system using two compartments, namely (i) a central compartment containing cancer cells embedded in a collagen gel acting as a pseudo-primary macrospherical tumor and (ii) a peripheral cell-free compartment made of a fibrin gel, i.e. an extracellular matrix component different from that used in the center, in which cancer cells can migrate (invasion front) and/or form microspherical tumors representing secondary or satellite tumors. The formation of satellite tumors in the peripheral compartment is remarkably correlated to the known aggressiveness or metastatic origin of the native tumor cells, which makes this 3D culture system unique. This cell culture approach might be considered to assess cancer cell invasiveness and motility, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and as a method to evaluate anti-cancer drug properties.

Cancer cells are embedded in a collagen gel and then sandwiched in an acellular fibrin gel to generate a 3D culture system in which the invasiveness and formation of satellite tumors may be monitored.

Kanser hücre istilası ve Uydu Tümör oluşumu keşfedin Kültür Testi Üç Boyutlu

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells ...

Hazırlama ve Analizler

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