VP is a participant in the Charit&#233; Clinical Scientist Program, funded by the Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health. TB is an SNSF PostDoc Mobility fellow. The authors receive grant support from EinsteinStiftung/A-2012-153 to PV.

ETİK TABLOSU: Hayvan denekleri deneyler geçerliyse, Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Berlin, Almanya (G0298 / 13) ve GELİYORUM kriterlerine göre belirlenen kurallara ve yönetmeliklere uygun olarak yapıldı. 12-haftalık erkek C57BL / 6J farelerine, bu çalışmada, 10 kullanılmıştır. 1. Yanal Kronik Kranial Pencere Hazırlık <ol><li> ketamin (90 mg / kg) ve ksilazin (10 mg / kg) deri altından enjeksiyonu ile anestezi gerçekleştirin. Bir ağrı uyaran yeterli sedasyon test edin. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile cerrahi aletler ve cerrahi alan sterilize edin. </li><li> Bir kemirgen tıraş makinesi kullanarak gözlere boyundan kafa derisi saç kaldırmak. </li><li> stereotaktik çerçeve içinde başını düzelt. </li><li> dehidratasyonu önlemek için her iki göze deskpantenol göz merhemi kullanın. </li><li> tüm tüyleri ve% 74.1 etanol 3 kat ve% 10 2-propanolol ile sterilize etmek için cerrahi bölgeyi temizleyin. </li><li> Bir orta hat gerçekleştirinBir neşter kullanılarak gözlere boyun kesi. </li><li> 4 çadırlaşması dikişlerle flep span. </li><li> Temporal kas başlar noktaya bir neşter ile kapalı kazıyarak sol hemisfer dikkatlice periosta çıkarın. NOT: Bu hazırlık da cam kapak giderir diş yapıştırıcı, iyi bir yapışma alanı oluşturmak için hizmet vermektedir. </li><li> Bir mikrotur kullanarak kemik kapağının ağız kafatası inceltilerek 4 mm çapında bir fronto-parietal kranyotomi gerçekleştirin. Isı yaralanmasını önlemek için delerken tuzlu su çözeltisi uygulayın. </li><li> kanüller ile kemik flep yükseltmek ve microforceps kullanarak çıkarın. </li><li> tuzlu su çözeltisi ile dikkatlice ve yoğun yıkayınız. </li><li> O kıvama sahip ve akışkan olmayana kadar diş tutkal karıştırın (yani, tutkal artık Konuları üretmek olmamalıdır). Kraniotomi etrafındaki kemik üzerine yerleştirin. </li><li> Hazırlanan tutkal 6 mm çaplı bir cam kapak yerleştirin ve inci ile sabitleyinDiş tutkal e geri kalanı. o su geçirmez olduğundan emin olun. tutkal forseps ile test ederek sert kurutulur ve kadar bekleyin. NOT: Ek sulama kür sürecini hızlandırır. </li><li> tenting sütür çıkarın ve cilt dikişlerle yarayı kapatmak. </li><li> fare kanadını deri yukarı çekin. Bir iğne subkutan yerleştirin ve yavaşça sıvı dengesi için steril tuzlu subkutan 0.5 ml yerine. </li><li> Ameliyat sonrasında, 90 dakika süre ile ısıtıldı geri kafeste hayvanları tutmak. hayvanlar gözetimsiz bırakarak önce tamamen uyanık kadar bekleyin. hayvanlar tamamen diğer hayvanlarla bir kafes onları dönmeden önce iyileşene kadar bekleyin. </li><li> Adım 1.16 tarif edildiği gibi, yaklaşık 12 saat sonra deri altından tuz hacmi ikame tekrarlayın. </li><li> Her ameliyat (örneğin, parasetamol (10 mg / ml) ya da diğer steroidal olmayan anti-enflamatuar ilaçlar) sonra ağız boşluğu içine sonda ile veya doğrudan analjezi uygulanır. </li><li> kontrol<html> Her gün ameliyat sonrası hayvanların durumu ve her zaman bir Petri-çanak, basit yemek yapmak ve ameliyat sonrası kritik kilo kaybını önlemek için katta hayvan yiyecek püre sağlarlar. NOT: intravital mikroskopi kafatası pencere hazırlandıktan sonra ilk günü yapılabilir. </li><li> izofluran anestezi uygulayın ve bir kafa tutucu hayvan düzeltin. cilt sütür açın ve pamuk tomurcukları ve steril tuzlu su ile pencereyi temizleyin. 24 saat sonra, kafa penceresi görüntüleme sağlayan bir zaman noktası ile, beyin omurilik sıvısı ile doldurulmalıdır. Kurulan mikroskopi protokollerini 18 ile görüntüleme gerçekleştirin. </li></ol> 2. Distal MCAO NOT: MCAO prosedürü CW hazırlandıktan sonra yaklaşık 5 d yapılmalıdır. Bu vuruş kaynaklı bağışıklık reaksiyonu ile CW hazırlanması nedeniyle bağışıklık reaksiyonu girişimi en aza indirir. &quot;Src =&quot; / files / ftp_upload / 54701 / 54701fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Distal MCAO 1. Genel Bakış Şekil. A. Bu op önce gemiler hakkında güzel bir bakış niteliğindedir. İlk iki kutuplu temas sonrasında B. gemiler. İkinci bipolar temas sonrasında C. gemiler. D. tamamen şimdi kapalı gemiler, ilgili genel bakış. Alt büyütme ile E. Final bakış. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54701/54701fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <ol><li> Veteriner kadrosu (danışarak bir anestezi maskesi ve uygun bir anestezik rejimi kullanılarak fareler, uyuşturan, örneğin 1.5 ile indüksiyon - 2/3 N 2 O ve 1/3 O 2&#39;de% 1.5 izofluran üzerinden -% 2 izofluran ve 1.0 ile bakım bir buharlaştırıcı). </li><li> (Tıraş ve saç kaldırmak ve uygun bir madde ile deri ve çevredeki kürk dezenfekteörneğin,% 70 etil alkol), ve daha sonra da kurutulur. </li><li> 36.5 ° C &#39;de farelerin vücut ısısını korumak ameliyat sırasında ± 0.5 ° C. fare rektal sıcaklığına göre ısıtılmış bir geribildirim kontrollü ısıtma yastığı, şiddetle tavsiye edilir. </li><li> lateral pozisyonda hayvan yerleştirin. Anestezi maskesi burun düzeltmek ve 1.0 izofluran konsantrasyonu ayarlamak -% 1.5. </li><li> Her iki Gözleri ıslak merhem (deskpantenol) uygulayın. </li><li> CW hazırlanması için yapılan cilt kesisi kullanın. </li><li> Cildi nazikçe ayırmak ve altında zamansal kas tespit. </li><li> yüksek frekanslı jeneratör enerjisini ayarlayın (5-7 W) ve bipolar modunu kullanın. </li><li> elektrokoagülasyon forseps kullanın ve dikkatli tamamen kas çıkarmadan, bir kas flep oluşturma, kafatası zamansal kas çıkarın. </li><li> Temporal bölgenin rostral kısmında şeffaf kafatası altında MCA tespit retro orbita dorsall sinüs. MCA çatallanma tespit edilemezse, gemi en rostral belirlemeye çalışın. </li><li> sürekli ısı hasarı önlemek için sulama yaparken bir mikrotur ile MCA şube üzerinde ince kafatası. </li><li> kanüller ile kemik kaldırın ve mikroforcepslerle çıkarın. </li><li> 5 W. - 3 yüksek frekanslı jeneratör enerjisini azaltmak </li><li> yukarıdan arter yaklaşın ve yavaşça gemi kaldırmadan her iki tarafta çift kutuplu forseps ile dokunun. </li><li> damar çatallanma proksimal ve distal arter koagüle. </li><li> 30 saniye bekleyin ve sonra kan akımı kalıcı kesintiye emin olmak için hafifçe arter dokunun. Bir rekanalizasyon görülmektedir eğer elektro tekrarlayın. </li><li> Mümkünse, kemik defekti kapamak için kas ekleme 1 ya da 2 dikiş ile zamansal kas sabitleyin. </li><li> Yarayı dikin ve ısıtmalı kurtarma kutunun içine hayvan yerleştirin. hızlı uçucu ANEST sonra Genel olarak, hayvanlar kurtarmalerine. </li><li> Adım 1.16 tarif edildiği gibi hacimli ikamesi için, steril tuzlu su deri altından 0.5 mL uygulanır. </li><li> Ameliyattan sonra hayvanlar 90 dakika süre ile ısıtıldı geri kafes içinde kalmak için izin verir. hayvanlar gözetimsiz bırakarak önce bilinçli kadar bekleyin. Onlar tamamen iyileşti zaman sadece diğer hayvanlarla bir kafese onları geri. </li><li> 12 saat sonra, adım 1.16 açıklandığı gibi, ses ikame tekrarlayın. </li><li> Içme suyu (örneğin, parasetamol (10 mg / ml) ya da diğer steroidal olmayan anti-enflamatuar ilaçlar) ile ve ameliyat sonrası analjezi uygulanır. </li><li> Ameliyat sonrası her gün hayvanların sağlık durumunu kontrol edin. yeme kolaylaştırmak ve ameliyat sonrası kilo kaybı en aza indirmek için katta bir petri kabındaki püresi hayvan yiyecek sağlamak. </li></ol> 3. Sham Tedavisi <ol><li> Yukarıda da dahil olmak üzere CW maruz orta serebral ar koagüle yok hazırlık-hariç açıklanan adım 1 ve 2&#39;ye aynı bütün prosedürleri uygulayınakü. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

İnme 1 dünya çapında uzun süreli sakatlık ve ölüm başlıca nedenleri arasındadır. Akut tedavi, hızlandırmak ve inme sonrası iyileşmeyi artırmak için yeni yaklaşımlar ve mekanizmaları araştıran ötesinde bir asal tıbbi gol 7 kalır. Deneysel inme araştırmacılar sıklıkla fokal serebral iskemi kemirgen modelleri kullanır. Aslında, geçici veya kalıcı MCAO uyaran modelleri hastalarda 4 fokal serebral iskemi en yaygın türlerinden biri taklit. MCA proksimal ok...

Stroke is among the principal causes of long-term disability and death worldwide1, coming second after coronary heart disease. In addition, stroke is the primary cause of long-term disability, underscoring its tremendous socioeconomic impact6-8. Beyond acute treatment, investigating new approaches and mechanisms to accelerate and enhance recovery after stroke remains a prime medical goal7. 
In the last few decades, data from experimental stroke research has contributed substantially to understanding the complex pathophysiological cascades triggered by ischemia9,10. Excitotoxicity, apoptosis, peri-infarct depolarization, and inflammation have been identified as the most relevant mediators of cell death following focal cerebral ischemia. Moreover, using animal models of cerebral ischemia, important concepts, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches have been developed and validated (e.g., "penumbra" and thrombolysis)11.
The availability of experimental stroke models, combined with non-invasive imaging modalities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, or laser speckle contrast analysis), enables the researcher to investigate hyperacute and chronic pathophysiological changes induced by the ischemic insult in a longitudinal manner12. Along with studying the spatiotemporal profile of the evolving lesion, changes resembling neuronal plasticity can be investigated and correlated to functional outcomes and histological findings. Within the last few years, further methodological advances have been made using the combination of cerebral ischemia models and in vivo microscopy via cranial windows13. These new techniques allow investigators to analyze the neurovascular unit at the cellular and molecular level, with great analytic power in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases following focal cerebral ischemia14. Moreover, in vivo microscopy imaging of microcirculatory dynamics has revealed novel aspects of cerebral microvasculature function and angioarchitecture, with significant pathophysiological relevance15-17. 
In this protocol, we present how to perform a chronic CW preparation lateral to the sagittal sinus and how to surgically induce a distal stroke underneath the window. This mouse model can be applied to sequential imaging of acute, subacute, and chronic changes following focal cerebral ischemia via epi-illuminating, confocal laser scanning, and two-photon intravital microscopy.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular surgical microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000 C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source for microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>CL 6000 LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad with rectal probe</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>21061-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaethesia system for isoflurane</td>
			<td>Draeger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abott</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #5</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11251-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #7</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps</td>
			<td>Erbe</td>
			<td>20195-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">Erbe&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 20195-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdrill</td>
			<td colspan="2">FST&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 18000-17&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12010-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein, Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein,Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein, Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary Recovery Chamber</td>
			<td>Peco Services</td>
			<td>V1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lateral chronic cranial window preparation enables in vivo observation following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

Fokal serebral iskemi (yani, iskemik inme) nöronal fonksiyon ciddi bir kaybı ve dolayısıyla motor ve zihinsel engelli bir dizi yol açan başlıca beyin yaralanmaya neden olabilir. Inme 1 dünya çapında uzun süreli sakatlık ve ölüm başlıca nedenleri arasında olduğu gibi yüksek prevalans, ciddi bir sağlık yükünü oluşturmaktadır. nöronal fonksiyonu geri kazanımı, çoğu durumda, sadece kısmi vardır. Şimdiye kadar, tedavi seçenekleri oldukça nedeniyle trombolitik 2,3 dar zaman penceresi, özellikle de sınırlıdır. inme kurtarma hızlandırmak için yöntemlerin belirlenmesi birinci sınıf bir tıbbi hedef olmaya devam; Ancak, bu toparlanma sürecine yetersiz mekanistik anlayışlar tarafından engellenmiştir. Deneysel inme araştırmacılar sıklıkla fokal serebral iskemi kemirgen modelleri kullanır. Akut fazda ötesinde, inme araştırma giderek serebral iskemi aşağıdaki-sub akut ve kronik fazda odaklanmıştır. Çoğu inme araştırmacılar uygulamak kalıcı veya tranfarelerde ya da sıçanlarda MCA&#39;nın SIENT oklüzyonu. Hastalarda, MCA tıkanıklıklar iskemik inme 4 en sık nedenleri arasındadır. Filament modelini kullanarak MCA proksimal oklüzyon yanı sıra, uzak MCA cerrahi tıkanması, deneysel inme araştırma 5. en sık kullanılan model muhtemelen. MCA dalı (lenticulo-striat arterlerin dallanma kadar) distalinde Tıkanıklığı tipik striatum yedek ve öncelikle neokorteks etkiler. Gemi tıkanıklığı kalıcı veya geçici olabilir. uzun dönem sonuçları açısından lezyon hacmi ve çok düşük mortalite oranları yüksek tekrarlanabilirlik bu modelin başlıca avantajları vardır. Burada, sagital sinüs kronik kafa penceresi (CW) hazırlık yanal gerçekleştirmek için, ve daha sonra nasıl bir kraniotomi yaklaşımı kullanarak pencerenin altında bir uzak inme neden cerrahi olarak nasıl gösterilmektedir. Bu yaklaşım ile iskemi sonrası akut ve kronik değişikliklerin sıralı görüntüleme için uygulanabilirKonfokal lazer tarama ve iki foton intravital mikroskopi epi-aydınlatıcı.

Zaman çizelgesi ve temsili sonuçları Şekil 2 ve 3&#39;te gösterilmiştir. Superior sagittal sinüs (Şekil 2 B, C, D), deneyimli bir cerrah tarafından gerçekleştirilen çok düşük mortalite ve morbidite oranı sonuçları için küçük bir kafatası pencere yanal ile kafa pencere hazırlama. 10 hayvanların hepsi hayatta ve tüm kronik CW bile 28 gün ameliyattan sonra, yüksek kaliteli görüntüleme için kullanılabilir. ya...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice at JoVE.com

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

distal orta serebral arter dalı (MCAO) Cerrahi tıkanması, deneysel inme araştırmalarında sıkça kullanılan bir modeldir. Bu el yazması farelerde boyuna intravital mikroskopi için bir fırsat sunuyor yanal kafatası pencere takılması, birlikte kalıcı MCAO temel tekniğini açıklar.

Yanal Kronik Kranial Pencere Hazırlık sağlar<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Farelerde Distal Orta Serebral Arter Tıkanıklığı takiben Gözlem

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

lateral-chronic-cranial-window-preparation-enables-vivo-observation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

11.5K Görüntüleme.  Charité-Universitätsmedizin.  distal orta serebral arter dalı (MCAO) Cerrahi tıkanması, deneysel inme araştırmalarında sıkça kullanılan bir modeldir. Bu el yazması farelerde boyuna intravital mikroskopi için bir fırsat sunuyor yanal kafatası pencere takılması, birlikte kalıcı MCAO temel tekniğini açıklar. 

Video: Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable clinical state; in the development of animal models of focal ischemia, however, achieving reproducibility of experimentally induced infarct volume is essential. The rat is a widely used animal model for stroke due to its relatively low animal husbandry costs and to the similarity of its cranial circulation to that of humans2,3. In humans, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is most commonly affected in stroke syndromes and multiple methods of MCA occlusion (MCAO) have been described to mimic this clinical syndrome in animal models. Because recanalization commonly occurs following an acute stroke in the human, reperfusion after a period of occlusion has been included in many of these models. In this video, we demonstrate the transient endovascular suture MCAO model in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). A filament with a silicon tip coating is placed intraluminally at the MCA origin for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Note that the optimal occlusion period may vary in other rat strains, such as Wistar or Sprague-Dawley. Several behavioral indicators of stroke in the rat are shown. Focal ischemia is confirmed using T2-weighted magnetic resonance images and by staining brain sections with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) 24 hours after MCAO.

Surgical induction of ischemic brain damage in the rat is a widely used model for stroke research. Here we demonstrate the induction of focal cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Visualization of the resulting infarct by histological staining and magnetic resonance imaging is also shown.

Endovasküler Dikiş Rat Orta Serebral Arter Tıkanıklığı Fokal Serebral İskemi Model

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable ...

Nörobilim

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

Akut Hipokampal Dilimler içinde Synaptically-uyarılmış astroglial ve Nöronal Cevaplarının İkili Elektrofizyolojik Kayıtlar

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal (PHASOR): A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated thinning of the skull. Cranial window surgery is typically performed with a high speed rotary drill, and many investigators find it challenging to prevent the drill from damaging the delicate dura and blood vessels. Extensive training and practice is required to remove the bone without damage to underlying tissue and thus cranial window surgery can be difficult, time consuming, and produce tissue damage. Piezoelectric surgery, which is extensively used for maxillofacial and dental surgery, utilizes ultrasonic vibrations to remove bone without damaging soft tissues. We have developed a method applying piezoelectric surgery to improve cranial window surgery in mice in preparation for multiphoton imaging. Comparisons within our lab find that the method requires less surgery time and has a lower average rate of complications due to dural bleeding than cranial window surgery with a rotary drill.

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal PHASOR: A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Piezoelectric surgery has led to improvements in human maxillofacial and dental surgery. We have developed a protocol to optimize piezoelectric surgery for cranial window surgery in mice.

Piezo yüksek doğruluk cerrahi Osteal kaldırma (FAZÖR): Farelerde geliştirilmiş kafatası pencere ameliyat için bir teknik

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options are limited to a small proportion of stroke patients within the first hours after stroke. Novel therapeutic strategies are being extensively investigated, especially to prolong the therapeutic time window. These current investigations include the study of important pathophysiological pathways after stroke, such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity, and regeneration. Over the last decade, there has been increasing concern about the poor reproducibility of experimental results and scientific findings among independent research groups. To overcome the so-called &#8220;replication crisis&#8221;, detailed standardized models for all procedures are urgently needed. As an effort within the &#8220;ImmunoStroke&#8221; research consortium (https://immunostroke.de/), a standardized mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) is proposed. This model allows the complete restoration of the blood flow upon removal of the filament, simulating the therapeutic or spontaneous clot lysis that occurs in a large proportion of human strokes. The surgical procedure of this &#8220;filament&#8221; stroke model and tools for its functional analysis are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Different models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) are used in experimental stroke research. Here, an experimental stroke model of transient MCAo via the external carotid artery (ECA) is described, which aims to mimic human stroke, in which the cerebrovascular thrombus is removed due to spontaneous clot lysis or therapy.

Farelerde Modelleme İnme: Dış Karotid Arter yoluyla Geçici Orta Serebral Arter Tıkanıklığı

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options ...

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their activity in vivo in behaving mice. This paper describes a method for the implantation of a chronic cranial window to allow for the longitudinal imaging of brain cells in awake, head-restrained mice. In combination with genetic strategies and viral injections, it is possible to label specific cells and regions of interest with structural or physiological markers. This protocol demonstrates how to combine viral injections to label neurons in the vicinity of GCaMP6-expressing astrocytes in the cortex for simultaneous imaging of both cells through a cranial window. Multiphoton imaging of the same cells can be performed for days, weeks, or months in awake, behaving animals. This approach provides researchers with a method for viewing cellular dynamics in real time and can be applied to answer a number of questions in neuroscience.

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Presented here is a protocol for the implantation of a chronic cranial window for the longitudinal imaging of brain cells in awake, head-restrained mice.

Uyanık Farelerde Tekrarlanan In Vivo Görüntüleme için Kraniyal Pencerenin İmplantasyonu

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. Development of these tools is crucial for understanding complex behaviors and cognition and for advancing clinical applications. However, it remains a challenge to densely record from cell populations stably and continuously over long time periods. Many popular electrodes, such as tetrodes and silicon arrays, feature large cross-diameters that produce damage upon insertion and elicit chronic reactive tissue responses associated with neuronal death, hindering the recording of stable, continuous neural activity. In addition, most wire bundles exhibit broad spacing between channels, precluding simultaneous recording from a large number of cells clustered in a small area. The carbon fiber microelectrode arrays described in this protocol offer an accessible solution to these concerns. The study provides a detailed method for fabricating carbon fiber microelectrode arrays that can be used for both acute and chronic recordings in vivo. The physical properties of these electrodes make them ideal for stable and continuous long-term recordings at high cell densities, enabling the researcher to make robust, unambiguous recordings from single units across months.

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

This protocol describes a procedure for constructing carbon fiber microelectrode arrays for chronic and acute in vivo electrophysiological recordings in mouse (Mus musculus) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) from multiple brain regions. Each step, following the purchase of raw carbon fibers to microelectrode array implantation, is described in detail, with emphasis on microelectrode array construction.

Kronik ve Akut In Vivo Kayıtlar için Karbon Fiber Mikroelekrod Dizilerinin yapımı ve uygulanması

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice

There is no effective treatment available for most patients suffering with ischemic stroke, making development of novel therapeutics imperative. The brain's ability to self-heal after ischemic stroke is limited by inadequate blood supply in the impacted area. Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is a neurosurgical procedure that achieves angiogenesis in patients with moyamoya disease. It involves craniotomy with placement of a vascular temporalis muscle graft on the ischemic brain surface. EMS has never been studied in the setting of acute ischemic stroke in mice. The hypothesis driving this study is that EMS enhances cerebral angiogenesis at the cortical surface surrounding the muscle graft. The protocol shown here describes the procedure and provides initial data supporting the feasibility and efficacy of the EMS approach. In this protocol, after 60 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), mice were randomized to either MCAo or MCAo + EMS treatment. The EMS was performed 3-4 h after occlusion. The mice were sacrificed 7 or 21 days after MCAo or MCAo + EMS treatment. Temporalis graft viability was measured using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced-tetrazolium reductase assay. A mouse angiogenesis array quantified angiogenic and neuromodulating protein expression. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualize graft bonding with brain cortex and change in vessel density. The preliminary data here suggest that grafted muscle remained viable 21 days after EMS. Immunostaining showed successful graft implantation and increase in vessel density near the muscle graft, indicating increased angiogenesis. Data show that EMS increases fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and decreases osteopontin levels after stroke. Additionally, EMS after stroke did not increase mortality suggesting that protocol is safe and reliable. This novel procedure is effective and well-tolerated and has the potential to provide information of novel interventions for enhanced angiogenesis after acute ischemic stroke.

The protocol aims to provide methods for encephalomyosynangiosis-grafting of a vascular temporalis muscle flap on the pial surface of ischemic brain tissue-for the treatment of non-moyamoya acute ischemic stroke. The approach's efficacy in increasing angiogenesis is evaluated using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice.

Farelerde Orta Serebral Arter Oklüzyonu Kaynaklı İnme Sonrası Ensefalomiyosinanjiyoz Tedavisi İçin Bir Model

There is no effective treatment available for most patients suffering with ischemic stroke, making development of novel therapeutics imperative. The ...

Assessment of Thermal Damage from Robot-Drilled Craniotomy for Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, when performing any craniotomy by hand, there is often thermal damage to brain tissue, which is inherently variable surgery-to-surgery and may be dependent on individual surgeon technique. Implementing a surgical robot can standardize surgery and lead to a decrease in thermal damage associated with surgery. In this study, three methods of robotic drilling were tested to evaluate thermal damage: horizontal, point-by-point, and pulsed point-by-point. Horizontal drilling utilizes a continuous drilling schematic, while point-by-point drills several holes encompassing the cranial window. Pulsed point-by-point adds a &#34;2 s on, 2 s off&#34; drilling scheme to allow for cooling in between drilling. Fluorescent imaging of Evans Blue (EB) dye injected intravenously measures damage to brain tissue, while a thermocouple placed under the drilling site measures thermal damage. Thermocouple results indicate a significant decrease in temperature change in the pulsed point-by-point (6.90 &#176;C &#177; 1.35 &#176;C) group compared to the horizontal (16.66 &#176;C &#177; 2.08 &#176;C) and point-by-point (18.69 &#176;C &#177; 1.75 &#176;C) groups. Similarly, the pulsed point-by-point group also showed significantly less EB presence after cranial window drilling compared to the horizontal method, indicating less damage to blood vessels in the brain. Thus, a pulsed point-by-point drilling method appears to be the optimal scheme for reducing thermal damage. A robotic drill is a useful tool to help minimize training, variability, and reduce thermal damage. With the expanding use of multiphoton imaging across research labs, it is important to improve the rigor and reproducibility of results. The methods addressed here will help inform others of how to better use these surgical robots to further advance the field.

Cranial windows have become a ubiquitously implemented surgical technique to allow for intravital imaging in transgenic mice. This protocol describes the use of a surgical robot that performs semi-automated bone drilling of cranial windows and can help reduce surgeon-to-surgeon variability and partially mitigate thermal blood-brain barrier damage.

Farelerde Kraniyal Pencere Cerrahisi için Robotla Delinmiş Kraniotomiden Kaynaklanan Termal Hasarın Değerlendirilmesi

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, ...

Transkraniyal Orta Serebral Arter Oklüzyon Fareleri Modelinin Kurulması

A Modified Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model to Study Stroke Outcomes in Aged Mice

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. The filament MCAO model typically exhibits a massive cerebral infarction in C57Bl/6 mice that sometimes includes brain tissue in the territory supplied by the posterior cerebral artery, which is largely due to a high incidence of posterior communicating artery atresia. This phenomenon is considered a major contributor to the high mortality rate observed in C57Bl/6 mice during long-term stroke recovery after filament MCAO. Thus, many chronic stroke studies exploit distal MCAO models. However, these models usually produce infarction only in the cortex area, and consequently, the assessment of post-stroke neurologic deficits could be a challenge. This study has established a modified transcranial MCAO model in which the MCA at the trunk is partially occluded either permanently or transiently via a small cranial window. Since the occlusion location is relatively proximal to the origin of the MCA, this model generates brain damage in both the cortex and striatum. Extensive characterization of this model has demonstrated an excellent long-term survival rate, even in aged mice, as well as readily detectable neurologic deficits. Therefore, the MCAO mouse model described here represents a valuable tool for experimental stroke research.

Yazar Spotlight: İnme Araştırmalarında Yenilikçi Teknikler ve Gelecekteki Yönelimler 

This protocol demonstrates a unique mouse stroke model with a medium-sized infarct and an excellent survival rate. This model allows preclinical stroke researchers to extend the ischemia duration, use aged mice, and assess long-term functional outcomes.

Yaşlı Farelerde İnme Sonuçlarını İncelemek için Modifiye Transkraniyal Orta Serebral Arter Oklüzyon Modeli

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. ...