VP is a participant in the Charit&#233; Clinical Scientist Program, funded by the Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health. TB is an SNSF PostDoc Mobility fellow. The authors receive grant support from EinsteinStiftung/A-2012-153 to PV.

倫理の声明：動物を対象とした実験は、該当する場合、Landesamt fuerお大事にウントSoziales、ベルリン、ドイツ（G0298 / 13）とARRIVE基準によって定められたガイドラインおよび規則に従って行いました。 12週齢の雄のC57BL / 6Jマウスに本研究では、10-に使用しました。 1.横慢性頭蓋窓の準備<ol><li>皮下ケタミンの注射（90 mgの/ kg）およびキシラジン（10mg / kg）で麻酔を行います。痛みの刺激との適切な鎮静のためのテスト。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで手術器具および手術野を滅菌します。 </li><li>げっ歯類のシェーバーを使用して、目に首から頭皮の毛を削除します。 </li><li>定位フレームにヘッドを固定してください。 </li><li>脱水症状を避けるために、両眼にデクスパンテノール眼軟膏を使用してください。 </li><li>すべての毛を除去し、74.1パーセントのエタノールと10％2-プロプラノロールの3層で、それを滅菌する手術領域を清掃してください。 </li><li>正中線を実行しますメスを用いて目に首から切開。 </li><li> 4テンティング縫合糸で皮膚フラップにまたがります。 </li><li>頭筋が始まる点にメスでそ​​れを掻き落とし左半球に慎重に骨膜を削除します。 注：この製剤はまた、カバーガラスを固定する歯科接着剤、のための良好な接着領域を作成するのに役立ちます。 </li><li>マイクロドリルを用いて骨フラップの縁に頭蓋骨を薄くすることにより、直径4mmの前頭頭頂開頭術を実行します。熱損傷を回避するために掘削しながら、生理食塩水を適用します。 </li><li>カニューレと骨弁を高め、マイクロピンセットを使ってそれを削除します。 </li><li>食塩水で慎重かつ広範囲に灌漑。 </li><li>それは適切な一貫性を持っており、流体でなくなるまで、歯科用接着剤を混ぜる（ すなわち、接着剤はもはやスレッドを生成するべきではありません）。開頭術の周りの骨の上に置きます。 </li><li>準備された接着剤の6ミリメートル径のカバーガラスを置き、目でそれを修正歯科接着剤の電子レスト。それは防水であることを確認してください。接着剤は、ピンセットでそれをテストすることによって乾燥させ、ハードされるまで待ちます。 注：追加の灌漑は、硬化プロセスを加速します。 </li><li>テンティング縫合糸を外し、皮膚縫合糸で傷口を閉じます。 </li><li>マウスの脇腹の皮膚を引き上げます。針を皮下に挿入し、ゆっくりと体液バランスのために滅菌生理食塩水を皮下の0.5ミリリットルを代入します。 </li><li>手術後、90分間加熱した回復ケージに動物を飼います。動物は無人それらを離れる前に、完全に目を覚ましているまで待ってください。動物は完全に他の動物とのケージに戻す前に回収されるまで待ちます。 </li><li>ステップ1.16で説明したように、約12時間後に皮下生理食塩水の体積置換を繰り返します。 </li><li>常に手術（ 例えば、パラセタモール（10 mg / mlで）、または他の非ステロイド性抗炎症薬）の後に口腔内に強制飼養を介して、または直接に鎮痛を適用します。 </li><li>チェック<html>常に動物の状態、手術後、毎日、とは単純な食べ作ることと、手術後の重要な重量損失を回避するために、ペトリ皿の中で床の上につぶした動物性食品を提供します。 注：生体顕微鏡は、頭蓋窓の準備の後の最初の日に行うことができます。 </li><li>イソフルラン麻酔を適用し、ヘッドホルダに動物を固定します。皮膚の縫合糸を開き、綿棒と、滅菌生理食塩水でウィンドウをきれいにします。 24時間後、頭蓋窓は、イメージングを可能にする、その時点によって脳脊髄液で満たされるべきです。確立された顕微鏡プロトコル18を使用して撮影を行います。 </li></ol> 2.遠位にMCAo 注：のMCAO手順はCW調製後約5 Dを実行する必要があります。これは、脳卒中により誘導される免疫反応のCW製剤によって引き起こされる免疫反応からの干渉を最小限に抑えることができます。 &quot;SRC =&quot; /ファイル/ ftp_upload / 54701 / 54701fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; 遠位にMCAoの1.概要図。 A.これは、オペアンプの前に船のいいの概要です。第1のバイポーラ接触後B.船。第2のバイポーラ接触後のC.は船。 D.完全に締め切られている船舶、についての概要。低倍率でのE.ファイナル概要。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54701/54701fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <ol><li> 2/3 N 2 Oと1/3 O 2を 介して 1.5％イソフルラン- 1.0と2％イソフルランおよびメンテナンス-獣医のスタッフ（ 例えば、1.5での誘導と協議の上、麻酔マスクと適切な麻酔薬体制を使用してマウスをAnaesthetize気化器）。 </li><li> （剃ると毛を除去し、適切な薬剤と皮膚や周囲の毛を消毒例えば、70％のエチルアルコール）、その後、それを乾燥させます。 </li><li> 36.5℃でのマウスの体温を維持するためには、手術中に0.5℃、±しました。マウスの直腸温度に応じて加熱されたフィードバック制御加熱パッドは、強くお勧めします。 </li><li>横位置で動物を置きます。麻酔マスクで鼻を修正し、1.0にイソフルラン濃度を調整 - 1.5％。 </li><li>両眼に濡れた軟膏（デクスパンテノール）を適用します。 </li><li> CWの準備のために作られた皮膚切開を使用してください。 </li><li>優しく肌を分離し、その下側頭筋を識別します。 </li><li>高周波発生器のエネルギー調整（5から7 W）をバイポーラモードを使用します。 </li><li>電気凝固鉗子を使用して、慎重に完全に筋肉を除去することなく、筋肉のフラップを作成し、頭蓋骨から頭筋を取り除きます。 </li><li>レトロ眼窩に背、時間領域の吻側部分に透明頭蓋骨の下にMCAを特定リットル洞。 MCA分岐部が識別できない場合、容器最も吻側を特定しようとします。 </li><li>継続的に熱損傷を避けるために灌漑しながら、マイクロドリルでMCA枝上記薄い頭蓋骨。 </li><li>カニューレと骨を持ち上げて、マイクロピンセットでそれを削除します。 </li><li> 5 W. - 3に高周波発電機のエネルギーを減少させます</li><li>上から動脈に近づき、そっと容器を持ち上げることなく、両側のバイポーラ鉗子でそれに触れます。 </li><li>血管分岐部に近位および遠位動脈を凝固。 </li><li> 30秒間待ってから、血流が恒久的に中断されることを保証するために、静かに動脈をタッチします。再疎通が観察されている場合は電気凝固を繰り返します。 </li><li>可能な場合、骨欠損をカバーするために、筋肉の挿入で1または2のステッチと頭筋を修正しました。 </li><li>傷口を縫合し、加熱された回収ボックスに動物を配置します。すぐに揮発性ANEST後に一般的には、動物の回復hesia。 </li><li>ステップ1.16で説明したように、ボリュームの置換については、滅菌生理食塩水の皮下に0.5mlのを適用します。 </li><li>手術後、動物は90分間加熱回復ケージに滞在することができます。動物は無人それらを離れる前に意識しているまで待ってください。それらが完全に回復している場合にのみ、他の動物とのケージに戻します。 </li><li> 12時間後に、ステップ1.16で説明したように、ボリュームの置換を繰り返します。 </li><li>飲料水（ 例えば、パラセタモール（10 mg / mlで）、または他の非ステロイド性抗炎症薬） を介して、術後鎮痛を適用します。 </li><li>手術後、毎日の動物の病状を確認してください。食を簡素化し、術後の体重減少を最小限に抑えるために床の上にペトリ皿にマッシュポテト動物性食品を提供します。 </li></ol> 3.シャム治療<ol><li>上記の-含むCW準備-除く露出した中大脳ARを凝固しない説明したステップ1及び2に同一のすべての手順を実行しますテリ。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mukherjee, D., Patil, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+the+global+burden+of+stroke.">Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke.</a> World Neurosurg. 76 (6), 85-90 (2011).</li><li>Ebinger, M., Pr&#252;ss, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+use+of+ambulance-based+thrombolysis+on+time+to+thrombolysis+in+acute+ischemic+stroke:+a+randomized+clinical+trial.">Effect of the use of ambulance-based thrombolysis on time to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial.</a> JAMA. 311 (16), 1622-1631 (2014).</li><li>Ebinger, M., Lindenlaub, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prehospital+thrombolysis:+a+manual+from+Berlin.">Prehospital thrombolysis: a manual from Berlin.</a> J vis Exp. (81), e50534 (2013).</li><li>Bogousslavsky, J., Van Melle, G., Regli, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Lausanne+Stroke+Registry:+analysis+of+1,000+consecutive+patients+with+first+stroke.">The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke.</a> Stroke. 19 (9), 1083-1092 (1988).</li><li>Engel, O., Kolodziej, S., Dirnagl, U., Prinz, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+stroke+in+mice+-+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+with+the+filament+model.">Modeling stroke in mice - middle cerebral artery occlusion with the filament model.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), (2011).</li><li>Donnan, G. A., Fisher, M., Macleod, M., Davis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke.">Stroke.</a> Lancet. 371 (9624), 1612-1623 (2008).</li><li>Meairs, S., Wahlgren, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+research+priorities+for+the+next+decade--A+representative+view+of+the+European+scientific+community.">Stroke research priorities for the next decade--A representative view of the European scientific community.</a> Cerebrovasc Dis. 22 (2-3), 75-82 (2006).</li><li>Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2007+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association+Statistics+Committee+and+Stroke+Statistics+Subcommittee.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.</a> Circulation. 115 (5), 69-171 (2007).</li><li>Moskowitz, M. A., Lo, E. H., Iadecola, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+science+of+stroke:+mechanisms+in+search+of+treatments.">The science of stroke: mechanisms in search of treatments.</a> Neuron. 67 (2), 181-198 (2010).</li><li>Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., Moskowitz, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathobiology+of+ischaemic+stroke:+an+integrated+view.">Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view.</a> Trends Neurosci. 22 (9), 391-397 (1999).</li><li>Dirnagl, U., Endres, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Found+in+Translation:+Preclinical+Stroke+Research+Predicts+Human+Pathophysiology,+Clinical+Phenotypes,+and+Therapeutic+Outcomes.">Found in Translation: Preclinical Stroke Research Predicts Human Pathophysiology, Clinical Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Outcomes.</a> Stroke. , (2014).</li><li>Prinz, V., Hetzer, A. -. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI+heralds+secondary+nigral+lesion+after+brain+ischemia+in+mice:+a+secondary+time+window+for+neuroprotection.">MRI heralds secondary nigral lesion after brain ischemia in mice: a secondary time window for neuroprotection.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. , (2015).</li><li>Shih, A. Y., Mateo, C., Drew, P. J., Tsai, P. S., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+polished+and+reinforced+thinned-skull+window+for+long-term+imaging+of+the+mouse+brain.">A polished and reinforced thinned-skull window for long-term imaging of the mouse brain.</a> J Vis Exp. (61), (2012).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Bonhoeffer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term,+high-resolution+imaging+in+the+mouse+neocortex+through+a+chronic+cranial+window.">Long-term, high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window.</a> Nat Protoc. 4 (8), 1128-1144 (2009).</li><li>Iadecola, C., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microcircualtion--fantastic+voyage:+introduction.">The microcircualtion--fantastic voyage: introduction.</a> Stroke. 44 (6), 83 (2013).</li><li>Blinder, P., Tsai, P. S., Kaufhold, J. P., Knutsen, P. M., Suhl, H., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cortical+angiome:+an+interconnected+vascular+network+with+noncolumnar+patterns+of+blood+flow.">The cortical angiome: an interconnected vascular network with noncolumnar patterns of blood flow.</a> Nat Neurosc. 16 (7), 889-897 (2013).</li><li>Shih, A. Y., Driscoll, J. D., Drew, P. J., Nishimura, N., Schaffer, C. B., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+microscopy+as+a+tool+to+study+blood+flow+and+neurovascular+coupling+in+the+rodent+brain.">Two-photon microscopy as a tool to study blood flow and neurovascular coupling in the rodent brain.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 32 (7), 1277-1309 (2012).</li><li>Cabrales, P., Carvalho, L. J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+microscopy+of+the+mouse+brain+microcirculation+using+a+closed+cranial+window.">Intravital microscopy of the mouse brain microcirculation using a closed cranial window.</a> J Vis Exp. (45), (2010).</li><li>Rosell, A., Agin, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distal+occlusion+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+mice:+are+we+ready+to+assess+long-term+functional+outcome.">Distal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in mice: are we ready to assess long-term functional outcome.</a> Transl Stroke Res. 4 (3), 297-307 (2013).</li><li>Dorand, R. D., Barkauskas, D. S., Evans, T. A., Petrosiute, A., Huang, A. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+intravital+thinned+skull+and+cranial+window+approaches+to+study+CNS+immunobiology+in+the+mouse+cortex.">Comparison of intravital thinned skull and cranial window approaches to study CNS immunobiology in the mouse cortex.</a> Intravital. 3 (2), (2014).</li><li>Balkaya, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+post-stroke+behavior+in+mouse+models+of+focal+ischemia.">Assessing post-stroke behavior in mouse models of focal ischemia.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 33 (3), 330-338 (2013).</li><li>Balkaya, M., Kr&#246;ber, J., Gertz, K., Peruzzaro, S., Endres, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+long-term+functional+outcome+in+a+murine+model+of+mild+brain+ischemia.">Characterization of long-term functional outcome in a murine model of mild brain ischemia.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 213 (2), 179-187 (2013).</li><li>Freret, T., Bouet, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+deficits+after+distal+focal+cerebral+ischemia+in+mice:+Usefulness+of+adhesive+removal+test.">Behavioral deficits after distal focal cerebral ischemia in mice: Usefulness of adhesive removal test.</a> Beh Neurosci. 123 (1), 224-230 (2009).</li><li>Liu, S., Zhen, G., Meloni, B. P., Campbell, K., Winn, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RODENT+STROKE+MODEL+GUIDELINES+FOR+PRECLINICAL+STROKE+TRIALS+(1ST+EDITION).">RODENT STROKE MODEL GUIDELINES FOR PRECLINICAL STROKE TRIALS (1ST EDITION).</a> J Exp Stroke Trans Med. 2 (2), 2-27 (2009).</li><li>Florian, B., Vintilescu, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+hypothermia+reduces+infarct+volume+in+aged+rats+after+focal+ischemia.">Long-term hypothermia reduces infarct volume in aged rats after focal ischemia.</a> Neurosci Lett. 438 (2), 180-185 (2008).</li><li>Noor, R., Wang, C. X., Shuaib, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+hyperthermia+on+infarct+volume+in+focal+embolic+model+of+cerebral+ischemia+in+rats.">Effects of hyperthermia on infarct volume in focal embolic model of cerebral ischemia in rats.</a> Neurosci Lett. 349 (2), 130-132 (2003).</li><li>Barber, P. A., Hoyte, L., Colbourne, F., Buchan, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-regulated+model+of+focal+ischemia+in+the+mouse:+a+study+with+histopathological+and+behavioral+outcomes.">Temperature-regulated model of focal ischemia in the mouse: a study with histopathological and behavioral outcomes.</a> Stroke. 35 (7), 1720-1725 (2004).</li><li>Shin, H. K., Nishimura, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mild+induced+hypertension+improves+blood+flow+and+oxygen+metabolism+in+transient+focal+cerebral+ischemia.">Mild induced hypertension improves blood flow and oxygen metabolism in transient focal cerebral ischemia.</a> Stroke. 39 (5), 1548-1555 (2008).</li><li>Kapinya, K. J., Prass, K., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+induced+prolonged+protection+against+cerebral+ischemia+in+mice:+a+redox+sensitive+mechanism.">Isoflurane induced prolonged protection against cerebral ischemia in mice: a redox sensitive mechanism.</a> Neuroreport. 13 (11), 1431-1435 (2002).</li><li>Gertz, K., Priller, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+improves+long-term+stroke+outcome+via+endothelial+nitric+oxide+synthase-dependent+augmentation+of+neovascularization+and+cerebral+blood+flow.">Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow.</a> Circ Res. 99 (10), 1132-1140 (2006).</li><li>Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bench+to+bedside:+the+quest+for+quality+in+experimental+stroke+research.">Bench to bedside: the quest for quality in experimental stroke research.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26 (12), 1465-1478 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ストロークが1世界中の長期障害と死の主な原因の一つです。急性期治療を超えて、脳卒中後の回復を促進し、強化するための新しいアプローチやメカニズムを調査すると、プライム医療目標7のまま。実験ストローク研究者が頻繁に局所脳虚血の齧歯類モデルを採用しています。実際には、一時的または恒久的にMCAoを誘導するモデルは、患者4における局所脳虚血の最...

Stroke is among the principal causes of long-term disability and death worldwide1, coming second after coronary heart disease. In addition, stroke is the primary cause of long-term disability, underscoring its tremendous socioeconomic impact6-8. Beyond acute treatment, investigating new approaches and mechanisms to accelerate and enhance recovery after stroke remains a prime medical goal7. 
In the last few decades, data from experimental stroke research has contributed substantially to understanding the complex pathophysiological cascades triggered by ischemia9,10. Excitotoxicity, apoptosis, peri-infarct depolarization, and inflammation have been identified as the most relevant mediators of cell death following focal cerebral ischemia. Moreover, using animal models of cerebral ischemia, important concepts, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches have been developed and validated (e.g., "penumbra" and thrombolysis)11.
The availability of experimental stroke models, combined with non-invasive imaging modalities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, or laser speckle contrast analysis), enables the researcher to investigate hyperacute and chronic pathophysiological changes induced by the ischemic insult in a longitudinal manner12. Along with studying the spatiotemporal profile of the evolving lesion, changes resembling neuronal plasticity can be investigated and correlated to functional outcomes and histological findings. Within the last few years, further methodological advances have been made using the combination of cerebral ischemia models and in vivo microscopy via cranial windows13. These new techniques allow investigators to analyze the neurovascular unit at the cellular and molecular level, with great analytic power in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases following focal cerebral ischemia14. Moreover, in vivo microscopy imaging of microcirculatory dynamics has revealed novel aspects of cerebral microvasculature function and angioarchitecture, with significant pathophysiological relevance15-17. 
In this protocol, we present how to perform a chronic CW preparation lateral to the sagittal sinus and how to surgically induce a distal stroke underneath the window. This mouse model can be applied to sequential imaging of acute, subacute, and chronic changes following focal cerebral ischemia via epi-illuminating, confocal laser scanning, and two-photon intravital microscopy.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular surgical microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000 C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source for microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>CL 6000 LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad with rectal probe</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>21061-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaethesia system for isoflurane</td>
			<td>Draeger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abott</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #5</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11251-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #7</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps</td>
			<td>Erbe</td>
			<td>20195-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">Erbe&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 20195-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdrill</td>
			<td colspan="2">FST&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 18000-17&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12010-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein, Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein,Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein, Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary Recovery Chamber</td>
			<td>Peco Services</td>
			<td>V1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lateral chronic cranial window preparation enables in vivo observation following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

局所脳虚血（ すなわち、虚血性脳卒中）は、神経機能の深刻な損失に、その結果、運動および認知障害のホストにつながる、主要な脳損傷を引き起こす可能性があります。ストロークが1世界中の長期障害と死の主な原因の一つであるとして、その高い有病率は、深刻な健康負担をもたらします。神経機能の回復は、ほとんどの場合、唯一の部分です。これまでに、治療オプションが原因で血栓溶解2,3ための狭い時間ウィンドウに、特に、非常に制限されます。脳卒中からの回復を加速するための方法を決定することは、プライム医療目標です。しかしながら、これは、回復プロセス中に不十分な機構的洞察により妨げられてきました。実験ストローク研究者が頻繁に局所脳虚血の齧歯類モデルを採用しています。急性期を越えて、脳卒中の研究は、脳虚血次亜急性および慢性期にますます集中しています。ほとんどのストロークの研究者は、永続的またはトラン適用しますマウスまたはラットにおけるMCAのトランジェント閉塞。患者では、MCAの閉塞は、虚血性脳卒中4の最も頻繁な原因の一つです。フィラメントモデルを用いて、MCAの近位閉塞のほか、遠位MCAの外科的閉塞は実験的ストローク研究5の中で最も頻繁に使用されるモデルは、おそらくです。 MCAブランチ（lenticulo-線条動脈の分岐まで）遠位の閉塞は、通常、線条体を惜しみ、主に新皮質に影響を与えます。血管閉塞は、永久的または一時的であることができます。長期転帰に対する病変体積と非常に低い死亡率の高い再現性は、このモデルの主な利点です。ここでは、矢状静脈洞に慢性頭蓋窓（CW）準備横を実行するために、その後どのように開頭術アプローチを使用して、ウィンドウの下に遠位脳卒中を引き起こす外科的方法を示しています。このアプローチは、ビアの虚血後の急性および慢性の変化の連続画像形成のために適用することができます落射照明、共焦点レーザー走査、及び二光子生体顕微鏡。

タイムライン及び代表的な結果を図2および図3に示されています。上矢状静脈洞（ 図2 B、C、D）経験豊富な外科医によって行われる非常に低い死亡率および罹患率率の結果に小さな頭蓋窓の横で頭蓋窓の準備、。 10匹の動物の全てが生存し、そしてすべての慢性CWも28日目、手術後、高品質の画像化に使用することができます。創?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice at JoVE.com

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

遠位中大脳動脈の分岐（MCAO）の外科的閉塞は実験的ストローク研究で頻繁に使用されるモデルです。この原稿は、マウスの縦生体顕微鏡検査のための機会を提供しています横頭蓋窓の挿入と組み合わせて永久にMCAoの基本的な手法について説明します。

横慢性頭蓋窓の準備を有効<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;マウスの遠位中大脳動脈閉塞後に観測

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

lateral-chronic-cranial-window-preparation-enables-vivo-observation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

11.5K ビュー.  Charité-Universitätsmedizin. 遠位中大脳動脈の分岐（MCAO）の外科的閉塞は実験的ストローク研究で頻繁に使用されるモデルです。この原稿は、マウスの縦生体顕微鏡検査のための機会を提供しています横頭蓋窓の挿入と組み合わせて永久にMCAoの基本的な手法について説明します。 

ビデオ: Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable clinical state; in the development of animal models of focal ischemia, however, achieving reproducibility of experimentally induced infarct volume is essential. The rat is a widely used animal model for stroke due to its relatively low animal husbandry costs and to the similarity of its cranial circulation to that of humans2,3. In humans, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is most commonly affected in stroke syndromes and multiple methods of MCA occlusion (MCAO) have been described to mimic this clinical syndrome in animal models. Because recanalization commonly occurs following an acute stroke in the human, reperfusion after a period of occlusion has been included in many of these models. In this video, we demonstrate the transient endovascular suture MCAO model in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). A filament with a silicon tip coating is placed intraluminally at the MCA origin for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Note that the optimal occlusion period may vary in other rat strains, such as Wistar or Sprague-Dawley. Several behavioral indicators of stroke in the rat are shown. Focal ischemia is confirmed using T2-weighted magnetic resonance images and by staining brain sections with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) 24 hours after MCAO.

Surgical induction of ischemic brain damage in the rat is a widely used model for stroke research. Here we demonstrate the induction of focal cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Visualization of the resulting infarct by histological staining and magnetic resonance imaging is also shown.

ラット中大脳動脈の血管縫合閉塞による局所脳虚血モデル

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable ...

神経科学

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

急性海馬スライスにおけるシナプス誘発アストログリアとニューロン活動の二重の電気生理学的記録

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal (PHASOR): A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated thinning of the skull. Cranial window surgery is typically performed with a high speed rotary drill, and many investigators find it challenging to prevent the drill from damaging the delicate dura and blood vessels. Extensive training and practice is required to remove the bone without damage to underlying tissue and thus cranial window surgery can be difficult, time consuming, and produce tissue damage. Piezoelectric surgery, which is extensively used for maxillofacial and dental surgery, utilizes ultrasonic vibrations to remove bone without damaging soft tissues. We have developed a method applying piezoelectric surgery to improve cranial window surgery in mice in preparation for multiphoton imaging. Comparisons within our lab find that the method requires less surgery time and has a lower average rate of complications due to dural bleeding than cranial window surgery with a rotary drill.

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal PHASOR: A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Piezoelectric surgery has led to improvements in human maxillofacial and dental surgery. We have developed a protocol to optimize piezoelectric surgery for cranial window surgery in mice.

ピエゾ高精度手術小片除去 (フェーザ): マウスの改良された頭蓋ウィンドウ術のテクニック

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options are limited to a small proportion of stroke patients within the first hours after stroke. Novel therapeutic strategies are being extensively investigated, especially to prolong the therapeutic time window. These current investigations include the study of important pathophysiological pathways after stroke, such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity, and regeneration. Over the last decade, there has been increasing concern about the poor reproducibility of experimental results and scientific findings among independent research groups. To overcome the so-called &#8220;replication crisis&#8221;, detailed standardized models for all procedures are urgently needed. As an effort within the &#8220;ImmunoStroke&#8221; research consortium (https://immunostroke.de/), a standardized mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) is proposed. This model allows the complete restoration of the blood flow upon removal of the filament, simulating the therapeutic or spontaneous clot lysis that occurs in a large proportion of human strokes. The surgical procedure of this &#8220;filament&#8221; stroke model and tools for its functional analysis are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Different models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) are used in experimental stroke research. Here, an experimental stroke model of transient MCAo via the external carotid artery (ECA) is described, which aims to mimic human stroke, in which the cerebrovascular thrombus is removed due to spontaneous clot lysis or therapy.

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:外頸動脈を介した過渡中脳動脈閉塞

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options ...

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their activity in vivo in behaving mice. This paper describes a method for the implantation of a chronic cranial window to allow for the longitudinal imaging of brain cells in awake, head-restrained mice. In combination with genetic strategies and viral injections, it is possible to label specific cells and regions of interest with structural or physiological markers. This protocol demonstrates how to combine viral injections to label neurons in the vicinity of GCaMP6-expressing astrocytes in the cortex for simultaneous imaging of both cells through a cranial window. Multiphoton imaging of the same cells can be performed for days, weeks, or months in awake, behaving animals. This approach provides researchers with a method for viewing cellular dynamics in real time and can be applied to answer a number of questions in neuroscience.

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Presented here is a protocol for the implantation of a chronic cranial window for the longitudinal imaging of brain cells in awake, head-restrained mice.

覚醒マウスにおける 反復生体内 イメージングのための頭蓋窓の移植

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. Development of these tools is crucial for understanding complex behaviors and cognition and for advancing clinical applications. However, it remains a challenge to densely record from cell populations stably and continuously over long time periods. Many popular electrodes, such as tetrodes and silicon arrays, feature large cross-diameters that produce damage upon insertion and elicit chronic reactive tissue responses associated with neuronal death, hindering the recording of stable, continuous neural activity. In addition, most wire bundles exhibit broad spacing between channels, precluding simultaneous recording from a large number of cells clustered in a small area. The carbon fiber microelectrode arrays described in this protocol offer an accessible solution to these concerns. The study provides a detailed method for fabricating carbon fiber microelectrode arrays that can be used for both acute and chronic recordings in vivo. The physical properties of these electrodes make them ideal for stable and continuous long-term recordings at high cell densities, enabling the researcher to make robust, unambiguous recordings from single units across months.

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

This protocol describes a procedure for constructing carbon fiber microelectrode arrays for chronic and acute in vivo electrophysiological recordings in mouse (Mus musculus) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) from multiple brain regions. Each step, following the purchase of raw carbon fibers to microelectrode array implantation, is described in detail, with emphasis on microelectrode array construction.

慢性および急性イン ビボ 記録用炭素繊維微小電極アレイの構築と実装

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice

There is no effective treatment available for most patients suffering with ischemic stroke, making development of novel therapeutics imperative. The brain's ability to self-heal after ischemic stroke is limited by inadequate blood supply in the impacted area. Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is a neurosurgical procedure that achieves angiogenesis in patients with moyamoya disease. It involves craniotomy with placement of a vascular temporalis muscle graft on the ischemic brain surface. EMS has never been studied in the setting of acute ischemic stroke in mice. The hypothesis driving this study is that EMS enhances cerebral angiogenesis at the cortical surface surrounding the muscle graft. The protocol shown here describes the procedure and provides initial data supporting the feasibility and efficacy of the EMS approach. In this protocol, after 60 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), mice were randomized to either MCAo or MCAo + EMS treatment. The EMS was performed 3-4 h after occlusion. The mice were sacrificed 7 or 21 days after MCAo or MCAo + EMS treatment. Temporalis graft viability was measured using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced-tetrazolium reductase assay. A mouse angiogenesis array quantified angiogenic and neuromodulating protein expression. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualize graft bonding with brain cortex and change in vessel density. The preliminary data here suggest that grafted muscle remained viable 21 days after EMS. Immunostaining showed successful graft implantation and increase in vessel density near the muscle graft, indicating increased angiogenesis. Data show that EMS increases fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and decreases osteopontin levels after stroke. Additionally, EMS after stroke did not increase mortality suggesting that protocol is safe and reliable. This novel procedure is effective and well-tolerated and has the potential to provide information of novel interventions for enhanced angiogenesis after acute ischemic stroke.

The protocol aims to provide methods for encephalomyosynangiosis-grafting of a vascular temporalis muscle flap on the pial surface of ischemic brain tissue-for the treatment of non-moyamoya acute ischemic stroke. The approach's efficacy in increasing angiogenesis is evaluated using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice.

マウスにおける中大脳動脈閉塞性脳卒中後の脳筋シナジア症治療モデル

There is no effective treatment available for most patients suffering with ischemic stroke, making development of novel therapeutics imperative. The ...

Assessment of Thermal Damage from Robot-Drilled Craniotomy for Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, when performing any craniotomy by hand, there is often thermal damage to brain tissue, which is inherently variable surgery-to-surgery and may be dependent on individual surgeon technique. Implementing a surgical robot can standardize surgery and lead to a decrease in thermal damage associated with surgery. In this study, three methods of robotic drilling were tested to evaluate thermal damage: horizontal, point-by-point, and pulsed point-by-point. Horizontal drilling utilizes a continuous drilling schematic, while point-by-point drills several holes encompassing the cranial window. Pulsed point-by-point adds a &#34;2 s on, 2 s off&#34; drilling scheme to allow for cooling in between drilling. Fluorescent imaging of Evans Blue (EB) dye injected intravenously measures damage to brain tissue, while a thermocouple placed under the drilling site measures thermal damage. Thermocouple results indicate a significant decrease in temperature change in the pulsed point-by-point (6.90 &#176;C &#177; 1.35 &#176;C) group compared to the horizontal (16.66 &#176;C &#177; 2.08 &#176;C) and point-by-point (18.69 &#176;C &#177; 1.75 &#176;C) groups. Similarly, the pulsed point-by-point group also showed significantly less EB presence after cranial window drilling compared to the horizontal method, indicating less damage to blood vessels in the brain. Thus, a pulsed point-by-point drilling method appears to be the optimal scheme for reducing thermal damage. A robotic drill is a useful tool to help minimize training, variability, and reduce thermal damage. With the expanding use of multiphoton imaging across research labs, it is important to improve the rigor and reproducibility of results. The methods addressed here will help inform others of how to better use these surgical robots to further advance the field.

Cranial windows have become a ubiquitously implemented surgical technique to allow for intravital imaging in transgenic mice. This protocol describes the use of a surgical robot that performs semi-automated bone drilling of cranial windows and can help reduce surgeon-to-surgeon variability and partially mitigate thermal blood-brain barrier damage.

マウスの頭蓋窓手術のためのロボットドリル開頭術による熱損傷の評価

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, ...

経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞マウスモデルの確立

A Modified Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model to Study Stroke Outcomes in Aged Mice

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. The filament MCAO model typically exhibits a massive cerebral infarction in C57Bl/6 mice that sometimes includes brain tissue in the territory supplied by the posterior cerebral artery, which is largely due to a high incidence of posterior communicating artery atresia. This phenomenon is considered a major contributor to the high mortality rate observed in C57Bl/6 mice during long-term stroke recovery after filament MCAO. Thus, many chronic stroke studies exploit distal MCAO models. However, these models usually produce infarction only in the cortex area, and consequently, the assessment of post-stroke neurologic deficits could be a challenge. This study has established a modified transcranial MCAO model in which the MCA at the trunk is partially occluded either permanently or transiently via a small cranial window. Since the occlusion location is relatively proximal to the origin of the MCA, this model generates brain damage in both the cortex and striatum. Extensive characterization of this model has demonstrated an excellent long-term survival rate, even in aged mice, as well as readily detectable neurologic deficits. Therefore, the MCAO mouse model described here represents a valuable tool for experimental stroke research.

著者スポットライト:脳卒中研究における革新的な技術と将来の方向性 

This protocol demonstrates a unique mouse stroke model with a medium-sized infarct and an excellent survival rate. This model allows preclinical stroke researchers to extend the ischemia duration, use aged mice, and assess long-term functional outcomes.

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. ...

横慢性頭蓋窓の準備を有効

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ラット中大脳動脈の血管縫合閉塞による局所脳虚血モデル

急性海馬スライスにおけるシナプス誘発アストログリアとニューロン活動の二重の電気生理学的記録

ピエゾ高精度手術小片除去 (フェーザ): マウスの改良された頭蓋ウィンドウ術のテクニック

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:外頸動脈を介した過渡中脳動脈閉塞

覚醒マウスにおける反復生体内イメージングのための頭蓋窓の移植

慢性および急性インビボ記録用炭素繊維微小電極アレイの構築と実装

マウスにおける中大脳動脈閉塞性脳卒中後の脳筋シナジア症治療モデル

マウスの頭蓋窓手術のためのロボットドリル開頭術による熱損傷の評価

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

横慢性頭蓋窓の準備を有効

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ラット中大脳動脈の血管縫合閉塞による局所脳虚血モデル

急性海馬スライスにおけるシナプス誘発アストログリアとニューロン活動の二重の電気生理学的記録

ピエゾ高精度手術小片除去 (フェーザ): マウスの改良された頭蓋ウィンドウ術のテクニック

マウスにおける脳卒中のモデリング:外頸動脈を介した過渡中脳動脈閉塞

覚醒マウスにおける 反復生体内 イメージングのための頭蓋窓の移植

慢性および急性イン ビボ 記録用炭素繊維微小電極アレイの構築と実装

マウスにおける中大脳動脈閉塞性脳卒中後の脳筋シナジア症治療モデル

マウスの頭蓋窓手術のためのロボットドリル開頭術による熱損傷の評価

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

高齢マウスの脳卒中転帰を研究するための修正経頭蓋中大脳動脈閉塞モデル

覚醒マウスにおける反復生体内イメージングのための頭蓋窓の移植

慢性および急性インビボ記録用炭素繊維微小電極アレイの構築と実装