The authors have nothing to acknowledge.

prosedürlerin tamamı gözden geçirilerek Chungnam Ulusal Üniversitesi Hastanesi Kurumsal Değerlendirme Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır. Ultrasonografi ile 1. Ölçüm <ol><li> Hastanın duruş ayarlayın. <ol><li> yatakta her iki kol ile, bir yatar pozisyonda hastanın kolunu yatıyordu. </li></ol></li><li> hastanın üst ekstremite üzerinde ölçüm siteleri belirleyin. <ol><li> bilek kırışık orta noktasında Mark, medial ve dirsek seviyesinde yanal epicondyles ve bir kalem ile bisipital oluk arasındaki orta noktası. </li><li> Bir kalem kullanarak, doğrudan cetvelle bu üç puan bağlayın. Üst ve alt kollar (Şekil 1) iki hedef alanlar işaretleyin. <ol><li> dirsek ve bisipital oluk arasındaki hat boyunca dirsek noktasına yakın bir kısmını, 10 cm proksimalinden işaretleyin. </li><li> dirsek ve el bileği arasındaki hat boyunca dirsek noktasına uzak bir bölümünü, 10 cm distalinde işaretleyin. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Üst ekstremitenin derialtı dokusunun ve kas kalınlığını ölçün. prosedür tecrübeli sonografırın tarafından yapılmalıdır. <ol><li> Ultrason sistemi üzerinde açın. klavye ile yumuşak doku 2B moduna girin. 5 cm derinlik ayarlayın. <ol><li> 14L5 doğrusal dizi dönüştürücüyü seçin. </li><li> ultrason transdüktörüne için yeterli jel uygulanır. deri altı dokusu odaklanın. </li></ol></li><li> üst ekstremite ventral eksenine dik ultrason transdüktörü yerleştirin. kısa eksen görünümünü kullanın. jel kalınlığı en az 1 cm ve yumuşak doku kontur bozuk değil nerede görüntü yakalamak. </li><li> kas ve deri altı doku kalınlıkları ölçün. <ol><li> ultrason sisteminin klavye ile yazılımda kalibratörü seçerek bir çizgi çizer </li><li> en yüksek noktasına kemik sınır en yüksek noktası arasındaki mesafe olarak tanımlanan kas kalınlığı ölçülürfasya sınır kısmında (Şekil 2). </li><li> fasyaya deriden mesafe olarak tanımlanan subkutan doku kalınlığı ölçülür. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> BCRL için Ultrasonografi 2. Klinik Uygulama <ol><li> Başlangıçta üst ekstremitenin derialtı dokusunun ve kas kalınlığını ölçün. <ol><li> Adım 1&#39;de gösterilen sırayla bazal ölçümleri gerçekleştirmek. </li></ol></li><li> 0.5 kg dumbbell 14 kullanan PRE bir dizi gerçekleştirmek için hastayı bilgilendirin. <ol><li> hastaya bir kompresyon çorabı ya da giymek için çok katmanlı bandaj verin. 0.5 kg dambıl seçin. </li><li> aşağıdaki sırayla Pres gerçekleştirmek için hastayı bilgilendirin: (1) dumbbell, (2) triceps uzantısı, (3) bir kol bükülmüş üzerinde satır, (4) biceps curl, (5) dambıl yan zam ve sinek (6 ) ileri kollarını kaldırarak (Şekil 3). <ol><li> 6 tamamlamak için hastayı bilgilendirinegzersizleri günde iki kez, aşağıdaki programa göre: 1. haftasında 5 kez her, 2. haftasında 10 kez, her biri 3. haftasında 15 kez, her biri 4. haftasında 20 kere her ve 25 kez 5. -8 inci hafta (Şekil 4) boyunca her. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> konvansiyonel tedaviye oranla PRE terapötik etkilerini belirlemek için ultrasonografi kullanın. <ol><li> 4 ve 8. haftalarda derialtı dokusunun ve üst ekstremite kas kalınlığını ölçün. Adım 1&#39;de gösterilen sırayla ölçümleri gerçekleştirmek. </li></ol></li><li> Başlangıçta, 4 hafta, ve 8 hafta subkutan doku ve kas kalınlığını hesaplar. </li><li> verileri analiz edin. <ol><li> Bir eşleştirilmiş t-testi kullanılarak her iki kolda arasındaki farkı karşılaştırın. Tekrarlanan bir ölçümler ANOVA kullanılarak subkutan doku ve kas kalınlığındaki değişiklikler karşılaştır. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lasinski, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+decongestive+therapy+for+treatment+of+lymphedema.">Complete decongestive therapy for treatment of lymphedema.</a> Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 29 (1), 20-27 (2013).</li><li>Clark, B., Sitzia, J., Harlow, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+risk+of+arm+oedema+following+treatment+for+breast+cancer:+a+three-year+follow-up+study.">Incidence and risk of arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer: a three-year follow-up study.</a> Q J Med. 98 (5), 343-348 (2005).</li><li>Hayes, S. C., Speck, R. M., Reimet, E., Stark, A., Schmitz, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+effect+of+weight+lifting+on+lymphedema+following+breast+cancer+differ+by+diagnostic+method:+results+from+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Does the effect of weight lifting on lymphedema following breast cancer differ by diagnostic method: results from a randomized controlled trial.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 130 (1), 227-234 (2011).</li><li>Fu, M. R., Ridner, S. H., Armer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-breast+cancer+lymphedema:+part+1.">Post-breast cancer lymphedema: part 1.</a> Am J Nurs. 109 (7), 48-54 (2009).</li><li>Rockson, S. 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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphatic+drainage+in+the+muscle+and+subcutis+of+the+arm+after+breast+cancer+treatment.">Lymphatic drainage in the muscle and subcutis of the arm after breast cancer treatment.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 117 (3), 549-557 (2008).</li><li>Godoy, M. F. G., Pereira, M. R., Oliani, A. H., Godoy, J. M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergic+Effect+of+Compression+Therapy+and+Controlled+Active+Exercises+Using+a+Facilitating+Device+in+the+Treatment+of+Arm+Lymphedema.">Synergic Effect of Compression Therapy and Controlled Active Exercises Using a Facilitating Device in the Treatment of Arm Lymphedema.</a> Int J Med Sci. 9 (4), 280-284 (2012).</li><li>Cormie, P., Pumpa, K., Galv&#227;o, D. A., Turner, E., Spry, N., Saunders, C., Zissiadis, Y., Newton, R. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+it+safe+and+efficacious+for+women+with+lymphedema+secondary+to+breast+cancer+to+lift+heavy+weights+during+exercise:+a+randomised+controlled+trial.">Is it safe and efficacious for women with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer to lift heavy weights during exercise: a randomised controlled trial.</a> J Cancer Surviv. 7 (3), 413-424 (2013).</li><li>Bok, S. K., Jeon, Y., Hwang, P. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

BCRL değerlendirmeler kol çevreleri bant ölçümü, su deplasman ölçümü, biyoimpedans spektroskopisi, perometry (optoelektronik Volumeter), lenfosintigrafi, klinisyen tanı veya hasta tarafından kendi kendine rapor şişme dahil olmak üzere çeşitli teknikler yoluyla yapılabilir. Ancak, BCRL ölçümü için bir standart vardır; tanı ve tedavi süresi klinik bağlı olarak, çeşitli şekillerde, deneysel olarak tespit edilebilir. Klinik, mezura ile kol çevresi ölçümü en po...

Lenfödem sıvı tutma ve doku tehlikeye lenfatik sistem 1,2 ile protein açısından zengin nedeniyle şişlik lokalize bir koşulu olarak tanımlanır. Lenfödem ilerledikçe, fibrositler ve / veya adiposit deri ve deri altı doku ve bakteriyel ve mantar enfeksiyonları 3,4 artan bir güvenlik açığı doku değişikliklere yol açan, etkilenen bölgelerde çoğalırlar. ekstremite çeşitli yerlerinde bu değişikliklerin gözlenmesi daha da şiddetini ve lenfödem ölçüde aydınlatmak olabilir. Subfasiyal lenfatik sistem daha epifascial lenfatik sisteme göre lenfödem şiddetine katkıda bulunur. Son araştırmalar özellikle lenfödem 5,6 tanısında ultrasonografi kullanımı üzerine odaklanmıştır. Ultrasonografi yumuşak doku özelliğini gözlemlemek için nispeten ucuz bir yöntemdir. Bir önceki çalışmada lenfödem güvenilir t karşılaştırarak ultrasonografi ile teşhis edilebilir olduğunu bildirdio deri ve deri altı dokusunun kalınlığı ve aynı zamanda bir klinik ayar 7,8 subkütan doku uyumu değerlendirerek. Buna ek olarak, ultrasonografi yaygın nedeniyle kolay erişilebilirlik, radyasyona maruz gelen güvenlik ve ucuzluk 5,6 klinikte kullanılmaktadır. Bu avantajlarına rağmen, lenfödem için ultrasonografi çalışmaları sadece terapötik müdahale değerlendirilmesine ilişkin tanı odaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, mevcut çalışma BCRL üzerindeki PRE etkilerini durulaştırmada ultrasonografinin yararlılığını sadece belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır, ancak ultrasonografi tedavinin etkinliğini doğrulayan bir izlem testi olarak bir klinik öneme sahiptir da belirler. Bu çalışma, lenfödem incelemek için yapılan ultrason için protokol kurmak için yapılmıştır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ACUSON S2000</td><td>Siemens</td><td>10041461</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eco Gel 99</td><td>Seung Won Medical Corp.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ultrasonographic evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema

Lenfödem meme cerrahisi sonrasında en sık görülen komplikasyonlardan biridir. Orada lenfödem için birçok tanı araçları vardır, ancak standart bir yöntem henüz yoktur. Progressive Direnç Egzersiz (PRE) Ek şişlik olmadan lenfödem artırması bekleniyor. Bu çalışma kas ve deri altı doku kalınlığı değişimi ölçmek için ultrasonografi ile lenfödem üzerine PRE tedavi edici etkileri gösterdi. deri altı dokusu kalınlığı olmayan PRE grubuna göre daha PRE grupta daha azaldı. Ultrasonografi yaygın nedeniyle kolay erişilebilirlik, güvenlik ve ucuzluk birçok klinikte kullanılmaktadır. Ultrason teşhis ve meme kanseri ile ilişkili lenfödem (BCRL) üzerine tedavinin etkinliğini belirlemek için en iyi araçlardan biridir.

Bu çalışma BCRL tanısı konulan 32 hasta dahil edildi. kas ve deri altı doku ve yakın ve uzak üst ekstremite çevreleri kalınlığı taban, 4 hafta ve PRE sonra 8 hafta ölçüldü. Sınav, bir mezura ile üst ekstremite çevresi ölçülür ve daha sonra kas ve deri altı doku kalınlığı ultrasonografi ile ölçüldü. Hastalar rastgele bir ÖN grubu ve olmayan PRE gruba ayrıldı. Katılımcılar ölçme ve değerlendirme oturumları önce grup atamasını açığa hatırlat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema at JoVE.com

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

tanı ve takip testleri için Bu çalışma kullanılan ultrasonografi meme kanseri ile ilişkili lenfödem (BCRL) İlerici Direnç Egzersiz (PRE) tedavi etkinliğini doğrulamak için. Ultrasonografi tanı ve lenfödem tedaviyi sağlamak için etkin bir şekilde uygulanabilir.

Meme Kanseri ile ilgili Lenfödem Ultrasonografik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Lymphedema is one of the most common complications after breast cancer surgery. There are many diagnostic tools for lymphedema, but no standard method yet ...

ultrasonographic-evaluation-of-breast-cancer-related-lymphedema

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

9.6K Görüntüleme.  Chungnam National University Hospital (CNUH).  tanı ve takip testleri için Bu çalışma kullanılan ultrasonografi meme kanseri ile ilişkili lenfödem (BCRL) İlerici Direnç Egzersiz (PRE) tedavi etkinliğini doğrulamak için. Ultrasonografi tanı ve lenfödem tedaviyi sağlamak için etkin bir şekilde uygulanabilir. 

Video: Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

Bir Mouse Lenfatik damarları Non-invaziv Optik Görüntüleme

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Analysis of Lymph Node Volume by Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging in the Braf/Pten Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Melanoma

Tyr::CreER+,BrafCA/+,Ptenlox/lox&#160;genetically engineered mice (Braf/Pten mice) are widely used as an in vivo model of metastatic melanoma. Once a primary tumor has been induced by tamoxifen treatment, an increase in metastatic burden is observed within 4-6 weeks after induction. This paper shows how Ultra-High-Frequency UltraSound (UHFUS) imaging can be exploited to monitor the increase in metastatic involvement of the inguinal lymph nodes by measuring the increase in their volume.
The UHFUS system is used to scan anesthetized mice with a UHFUS linear probe (22-55 MHz, axial resolution 40 &#181;m). B-mode images from the inguinal lymph nodes (both left and right sides) are acquired in a short-axis view, positioning the animals in dorsal recumbency. Ultrasound records are acquired using a 44 &#181;m step size on a motorized mechanical arm. Afterward, two-dimensional (2D) B-mode acquisitions are imported into the software platform for ultrasound image post-processing, and inguinal lymph nodes are identified and segmented semi-automatically in the acquired cross-sectional 2D images. Finally, a total reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) volume is automatically obtained along with the rendering of the lymph node volume, which is also expressed as an absolute measurement.
This non-invasive in vivo technique is very well tolerated and allows the scheduling of multiple imaging sessions on the same experimental animal over 2 weeks. It is, therefore, ideal to assess the impact of pharmacological treatment on metastatic disease.

Melanoma is a very aggressive disease that quickly spreads to other organs. This protocol describes the application of ultra-high-frequency ultrasound imaging, coupled with 3D rendering, to monitor the volume of the inguinal lymph nodes in the Braf/Pten mouse model of metastatic melanoma.

Braf/Pten Genetiği Mühendisliğiyle Tasarlanmış Melanom Fare Modelinde Ultra Yüksek Frekanslı Ultrason Görüntüleme ile Lenf Düğümü Hacminin Analizi

Tyr::CreER+,BrafCA/+,Ptenlox/lox&#160;genetically engineered mice (Braf/Pten mice) are widely used as an in vivo model of metastatic melanoma. Once a ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of breast cancer patients. In this paper a new approach for the detection of breast cancer is described, based on tracking the mammary architectural elements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 
The paper focuses on the scanning protocols and image processing algorithms and software that were designed to fit the diffusion properties of the mammary fibroglandular tissue and its changes during malignant transformation. The final output yields pixel by pixel vector maps that track the architecture of the entire mammary ductal glandular trees and parametric maps of the diffusion tensor coefficients and anisotropy indices. 
The efficiency of the method to detect breast cancer was tested by scanning women volunteers including 68 patients with breast cancer confirmed by histopathology findings. Regions with cancer cells exhibited a marked reduction in the diffusion coefficients and in the maximal anisotropy index as compared to the normal breast tissue, providing an intrinsic contrast for delineating the boundaries of malignant growth. Overall, the sensitivity of the DTI parameters to detect breast cancer was found to be high, particularly in dense breasts, and comparable to the current standard breast MRI method that requires injection of a contrast agent. Thus, this method offers a completely non-invasive, safe and sensitive tool for breast cancer detection.

We describe how to obtain parametric and vector maps of the diffusion tensor of the breast using magnetic resonance imaging. The protocol and final output following imaging processing are tailored for tracking breast architectural features and detecting breast malignancy.

Manyetik Rezonans Difüzyon Tensor Görüntüleme ile Meme Mimari Özellikleri İzleme ve algılama Meme Kanseri

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

Tıp

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Fare Servikal lenf nodu Yüksek frekanslı Ultrasonik Görüntüleme

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients subjected to axillary surgery and/or radiations. Its etiology is multifactorial and include also tumor-specific pathological features, such as lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and extranodal extension (ENE). To date, no widely employed guidelines for the early diagnosis of BCRL are available. Here, we illustrate a protocol for a digitally assisted BCRL assessment using a 3D laser scanner (3DLS) and a tablet computer. It has been specifically optimized in a discovery cohort of high-risk breast cancer patients. This study provides a proof-of-principle that augmented reality tools, such as 3DLS, can be incorporated into the clinical workup of BCRL to allow for a precise, reproducible, reliable, and cheap diagnosis.

Breast cancer related lymphedema is frequent in breast cancer survivors, but there are not widely employed guidelines for its diagnosis and quantification. Here, we introduce a reliable and cost-effective protocol to define, quantify, and compare upper limb volume in breast cancer patients.

Meme Kanserine Bağlı Lenfödem Prognostikasyon ve Tanısında Artırılmış Gerçeklik Araçlarının Entegre Edilmesi

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

Farelerin Hindlimb Sekonder Lenfödem Indükleme için Gözden Geçirilmiş Bir Yöntem

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

A Murine Tail Lymphedema Model

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. The affected limb enlarges because of accumulation of fluid, adipose, and fibrosis. There is no cure for this disease. A mouse tail model that uses a focal full thickness skin excision near the base of the tail, resulting in tail swelling, has been used to study lymphedema. However, this model may result in vascular comprise and consequent tail necrosis and early tail swelling resolution, limiting its clinical translatability. The chronic murine tail lymphedema model induces sustained lymphedema over 15 weeks and a reliable perfusion to the tail. Enhancements of the traditional murine tail lymphedema model include 1) precise full thickness excision and lymphatic clipping using a surgical microscope, 2) confirmation of post-operative arterial and venous perfusion using high resolution laser speckle, and 3) functional assessment using indocyanine green near infrared laser lymphangiography. We also use tissue nanotransfection technology (TNT) for novel non-viral, transcutaneous, focal delivery of genetic cargo to the mouse tail vasculature.

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. We describe a chronic murine tail model of lymphedema and the novel use of tissue nanotransfection technology (TNT) for genetic cargo delivery to the tail.

Bir Murine Kuyruk Lenfödem Modeli

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. The affected limb enlarges because of accumulation of fluid, adipose, and fibrosis. ...

Sjögren Sendromunun Tükürük Bezi Ultrason Muayenesi Tekniği

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune condition commonly affecting the exocrine glands, causing oral or ocular dryness and extraglandular manifestations including arthralgia, cytopenia, and lymphoma. The presence of autoantibodies against SSA/Ro, labial salivary gland biopsy, ocular staining, Schirmer's test, or salivary flow assessment are included in the current classification criteria of SS. However, the availability and invasiveness of these procedures limit their widespread use in clinical settings. Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is a non-invasive imaging modality for the evaluation of the salivary gland parenchyma and is increasingly utilized to aid diagnosis and monitoring in SS. 
This article presents the protocol of SGUS for image acquisition at the parotid and submandibular glands. The objective is to present a standardized, reproducible, and practical approach to diagnostic SGUS for SS in daily clinical settings. Major salivary glands are scanned in a stepwise approach, beginning at the angle of the mandible for the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, followed by the deep lobe below the ramus of the mandible. Submandibular areas are then scanned for the submandibular glands. The steps in obtaining salivary gland images at each anatomical site are explained in the accompanying video. The echogenicity and echotexture at the thyroid gland are taken as a reference. The homogeneity, the presence and distribution of hypoechoic areas within the glands, and the border of the salivary glands are examined. The sizes and features of intra-/peri-glandular lymph nodes are recorded. The most distinctive sonographic feature in SS is glandular heterogeneity with the presence of hypoechoic/hyperechoic areas within the glands. 
In summary, while SGUS cannot diagnose SS on its own, it can supplement the current classification criteria of SS and guide the clinical decision for salivary gland biopsy to support the diagnosis of SS in patients with sicca syndrome or suspicious systemic features, combined with autoantibody testing.

Yazar Spotlight: Bağ Dokusu Hastalığı Araştırmalarında Standartlaştırılmış Tükürük Bezi Ultrason Protokolüne Odaklanma

Salivary gland ultrasonography is a promising tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity and complications in Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The scanning technique for salivary gland ultrasound examination relevant to SS is described in the article.

Sjögren Sendromu için Tükürük Bezlerinin Ultrasonografik Değerlendirmesi: Tanı ve İzleme Öngörüleri

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune condition commonly affecting the exocrine glands, causing oral or ocular dryness and extraglandular ...

Meme Kanseri ile ilgili Lenfödem Ultrasonografik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

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Sjögren Sendromu için Tükürük Bezlerinin Ultrasonografik Değerlendirmesi: Tanı ve İzleme Öngörüleri

Sjögren Sendromu için Tükürük Bezlerinin Ultrasonografik Değerlendirmesi: Tanı ve İzleme Öngörüleri