The authors have nothing to acknowledge.

모든 절차를 검토하고 충남 대학교 병원의 임상 시험 심사위원회의 승인을했다. 초음파 1. 측정 <ol><li> 환자의 자세를 설정합니다. <ol><li> 침대에 두 팔과 더불어, 앙와위에서 환자의 팔을 놓습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 환자의 상지의 측정 위치를 결정합니다. <ol><li> 손목 주름의 중간 지점에 마크 내측 팔꿈치의 수준 측면 epicondyles와 펜으로 bicipital 홈 사이의 중간 점. </li><li> 펜을 사용하여 직접 통치자에 의해이 세 점을 연결합니다. 상단과 팔뚝 (그림 1)에있는 두 개의 대상 영역을 표시합니다. <ol><li> 팔꿈치와 bicipital 홈 사이의 선을 따라 팔꿈치 지점에 인접 부분, 10cm의 근위부를 표시합니다. </li><li> 팔꿈치와 손목 사이의 선을 따라 팔꿈치 포인트의 말단 부분, 10cm의 말단을 표시합니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 상지의 피하 조직과 근육의 두께를 측정한다. 절차는 당업자 소노 그래퍼가 수행되어야한다. <ol><li> 초음파 시스템에서 전환합니다. 키보드를 통해 연부 조직의 2D 모드를 입력합니다. 5cm에 깊이를 설정합니다. <ol><li> 14L5 선형 배열 변환기를 선택합니다. </li><li> 초음파 변환기에 충분한 젤을 적용합니다. 피하 조직에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. </li></ol></li><li> 상지 복부 축에 수직 초음파 변환기를 놓습니다. 짧은 축보기를 사용하십시오. 겔의 두께는 적어도 1cm이고, 연조직 형상이 왜곡하지 않은 이미지를 캡처. </li><li> 근육 및 피하 조직의 두께를 측정한다. <ol><li> 초음파 시스템의 키보드를 통해 소프트웨어의 교정기를 선택하여 선을 그립니다 </li><li> 가장 높은 지점에 뼈의 경계에서 가장 높은 지점에서 거리로 정의 근육의 두께를 측정근막의 경계 부분에 (그림 2). </li><li> 근막에 피부로부터의 거리로 정의 피하 조직의 두께를 측정한다. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> BCRL하는 초음파 2. 임상 응용 프로그램 <ol><li> 기준선에서의 상지의 피하 조직과 근육의 두께를 측정한다. <ol><li> 단계 1에 도시 된 순서로베이스 라인 측정을 수행한다. </li></ol></li><li> 0.5 kg 아령 (14)를 사용하는 대가로 일련의를 수행하기 위해 환자를 지시한다. <ol><li> 환자에게 압축 스타킹 또는 착용 다층 붕대를 제공합니다. 0.5 kg 아령을 선택합니다. </li><li> 다음 순서로 PRES을 수행하기 위해 환자를 지시한다 : (1) 아령, (2) 삼두근 확장, (3) 한 팔 굽혀 오버 행 (4) 이두근 컬, (5) 아령 측면 인상 및 비행 (6 ) 앞으로 팔을 들어 올려 (그림 3). <ol><li> 6를 완료하기 위해 환자 지시운동을 하루에 두 번, 다음 일정에있어서, 상기 1 차 주 동안 5 회, 2 차 주 동안 10 회, 제 3 회 주 동안 15 회, 4 번째 주 동안 20 회, 25 회 5 일 -8 일 주 (그림 4) 동안 각. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 기존 치료에 비해 PRE의 치료 효과를 확인하기 위해 초음파를 사용합니다. <ol><li> 4 주와 8 주에 피하 조직 및 상지의 근육의 두께를 측정한다. 단계 1에 도시 한 순서로 측정을 수행한다. </li></ol></li><li> 기준 4 주, 8 주 후에 피하 조직과 근육의 두께를 계산한다. </li><li> 데이터를 분석 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 페어링 t의 -test를 사용하여 두 팔 사이의 차이를 비교한다. 반복 - 측정 ANOVA를 이용하여 피하 조직과 근육 두께의 변화를 비교. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

BCRL의 평가는 팔 둘레 테이프 측정 물 변위 측정 bioimpedance 분광법 perometry (광전자 volumeter), 림프, 임상 진단, 또는 환자가 스스로보고 팽윤 등 다양한 방법을 통해 수행 될 수있다. 그러나 BCRL의 측정에 대한 기준은 없습니다; 치료의 진단 기간 병원에 따라 여러 가지 방법으로 경험적으로 결정될 수있다. 임상 적으로, 줄자로 팔 둘레를 측정하는 가장 인기있는 편리한 방법입?...

림프 부종은 체액 저류 및 조직이 손상 림프 시스템 1, 2에 의해 단백질이 풍부한 인한 부종 지역화의 조건으로 정의된다. 림프 부종이 진행됨에 따라, 섬유 세포 및 / 또는 지방 세포는 피부와 피하 조직과 세균 및 진균 감염 3,4으로 증가 취약점의 질감의 변화를 선도하는, 영향을받는 지역에 확산. 사지의 여러 부분에서 이러한 변화의 관찰은 더 심각와 림프 부종의 정도를 규명 할 수있다. subfascial 림프 시스템은 더 epifascial 림프계보다 림프 부종의 정도에 기여한다. 최근의 연구는 주로 림프 부종 5,6의 진단에서 초음파의 사용에 초점을 맞추고있다. 초음파는 연부 조직의 특성을 관찰하기 위해 상대적으로 저렴한 방법이다. 이전의 연구는 림프 부종 확실 t 비교하여 초음파 진단을 할 수 있다고보고그 피부 및 피하 조직의 두께 또한 임상 설정 7,8에서 피하 조직의 적합성을 평가함으로써. 또한, 초음파 검사가 널리 때문에 쉬운 접근성, 방사선 노출에 안전, 쌈 5,6의 병원에서 사용된다. 이러한 장점에도 불구하고, 림프 부종에 대한 초음파에 대한 연구뿐만 아니라 치료 적 개입의 평가에 진단에 초점을 맞추고있다. 따라서, 현재의 연구에 BCRL PRE의 효과를 아는데 초음파의 유용성뿐만 아니라 결정하는 목표이지만 초음파 치료 효능을 확인의 후속 테스트와 같은 임상 적 의의를 가지고 있는지 여부도. 본 연구는 림프 부종을 조사하기 위해 수행 초음파에 대한 프로토콜을 확립 하였다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ACUSON S2000</td><td>Siemens</td><td>10041461</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eco Gel 99</td><td>Seung Won Medical Corp.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ultrasonographic evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema

림프 부종은 유방암 수술 후 가장 흔한 합병증의 하나이다. 이 림프 부종에 대한 다양한 진단 도구가 있지만 표준 방법은 아직 존재하지 않는다. 진보적 인 저항 운동 (PRE)를 추가 붓기없이 림프 부종을 개선 할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 근육 및 피하 조직의 두께의 변화를 측정하기 위하여 초음파를 이용하여 림프 부종의 PRE의 치료 효과를 보였다. 피하 조직의 두께는 비 PRE 군보다 PRE기를 더 감소 하였다. 초음파 널리 때문에 쉬운 접근성, 안전성, 경제성의 많은 병원에서 사용된다. 초음파 진단 및 유방암 관련 림프 부종 (BCRL)에 치료 효과를 판정하기위한 최선의 도구 중 하나이다.

이 연구는 BCRL으로 진단 된 32 명의 환자를 포함했다. 근육 및 피하 조직 및 근위 및 원위 상지의 둘레의 두께는 기준선 4 주 및 PRE 후 8주 측정 하였다. 시험관 줄자와 상지의 둘레를 측정 한 다음, 근육 내 및 피하 조직의 두께를 초음파로 측정 하였다. 환자 임의로 PRE 기 및 비 PRE 그룹으로 나누었다. 참가자는 측정 및 평가 세션 전에 자신의 그룹 할당을 공개하지 않을 생각...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema at JoVE.com

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

진단 및 추적 검사에 대한이 연구 활용 초음파 유방암 관련 림프 부종 (BCRL)에서 진보적 인 저항 운동 (PRE)의 치료 효능을 확인합니다. 초음파 진단 및 림프 부종의 치료를 위해 효과적으로 적용 할 수있다.

유방암 관련 림프 부종의 초음파 평가

Lymphedema is one of the most common complications after breast cancer surgery. There are many diagnostic tools for lymphedema, but no standard method yet ...

ultrasonographic-evaluation-of-breast-cancer-related-lymphedema

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

9.6K 조회수.  Chungnam National University Hospital (CNUH).  진단 및 추적 검사에 대한이 연구 활용 초음파 유방암 관련 림프 부종 (BCRL)에서 진보적 인 저항 운동 (PRE)의 치료 효능을 확인합니다. 초음파 진단 및 림프 부종의 치료를 위해 효과적으로 적용 할 수있다. 

비디오: Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

마우스의 림프 Vasculature의 비 침습적 광학 이미징

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Analysis of Lymph Node Volume by Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging in the Braf/Pten Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Melanoma

Tyr::CreER+,BrafCA/+,Ptenlox/lox&#160;genetically engineered mice (Braf/Pten mice) are widely used as an in vivo model of metastatic melanoma. Once a primary tumor has been induced by tamoxifen treatment, an increase in metastatic burden is observed within 4-6 weeks after induction. This paper shows how Ultra-High-Frequency UltraSound (UHFUS) imaging can be exploited to monitor the increase in metastatic involvement of the inguinal lymph nodes by measuring the increase in their volume.
The UHFUS system is used to scan anesthetized mice with a UHFUS linear probe (22-55 MHz, axial resolution 40 &#181;m). B-mode images from the inguinal lymph nodes (both left and right sides) are acquired in a short-axis view, positioning the animals in dorsal recumbency. Ultrasound records are acquired using a 44 &#181;m step size on a motorized mechanical arm. Afterward, two-dimensional (2D) B-mode acquisitions are imported into the software platform for ultrasound image post-processing, and inguinal lymph nodes are identified and segmented semi-automatically in the acquired cross-sectional 2D images. Finally, a total reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) volume is automatically obtained along with the rendering of the lymph node volume, which is also expressed as an absolute measurement.
This non-invasive in vivo technique is very well tolerated and allows the scheduling of multiple imaging sessions on the same experimental animal over 2 weeks. It is, therefore, ideal to assess the impact of pharmacological treatment on metastatic disease.

Melanoma is a very aggressive disease that quickly spreads to other organs. This protocol describes the application of ultra-high-frequency ultrasound imaging, coupled with 3D rendering, to monitor the volume of the inguinal lymph nodes in the Braf/Pten mouse model of metastatic melanoma.

흑색종의 Braf/Pten 유전자 조작 마우스 모델에서 초고주파 초음파 이미징에 의한 림프절 부피 분석

Tyr::CreER+,BrafCA/+,Ptenlox/lox&#160;genetically engineered mice (Braf/Pten mice) are widely used as an in vivo model of metastatic melanoma. Once a ...

암 연구학

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of breast cancer patients. In this paper a new approach for the detection of breast cancer is described, based on tracking the mammary architectural elements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 
The paper focuses on the scanning protocols and image processing algorithms and software that were designed to fit the diffusion properties of the mammary fibroglandular tissue and its changes during malignant transformation. The final output yields pixel by pixel vector maps that track the architecture of the entire mammary ductal glandular trees and parametric maps of the diffusion tensor coefficients and anisotropy indices. 
The efficiency of the method to detect breast cancer was tested by scanning women volunteers including 68 patients with breast cancer confirmed by histopathology findings. Regions with cancer cells exhibited a marked reduction in the diffusion coefficients and in the maximal anisotropy index as compared to the normal breast tissue, providing an intrinsic contrast for delineating the boundaries of malignant growth. Overall, the sensitivity of the DTI parameters to detect breast cancer was found to be high, particularly in dense breasts, and comparable to the current standard breast MRI method that requires injection of a contrast agent. Thus, this method offers a completely non-invasive, safe and sensitive tool for breast cancer detection.

We describe how to obtain parametric and vector maps of the diffusion tensor of the breast using magnetic resonance imaging. The protocol and final output following imaging processing are tailored for tracking breast architectural features and detecting breast malignancy.

자기 공명 확산 텐서 영상과 유방 아키텍처 특징을 추적 및 탐지 유방암

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

의학

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

마우스 경부 림프절의 고주파 초음파 이미징

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients subjected to axillary surgery and/or radiations. Its etiology is multifactorial and include also tumor-specific pathological features, such as lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and extranodal extension (ENE). To date, no widely employed guidelines for the early diagnosis of BCRL are available. Here, we illustrate a protocol for a digitally assisted BCRL assessment using a 3D laser scanner (3DLS) and a tablet computer. It has been specifically optimized in a discovery cohort of high-risk breast cancer patients. This study provides a proof-of-principle that augmented reality tools, such as 3DLS, can be incorporated into the clinical workup of BCRL to allow for a precise, reproducible, reliable, and cheap diagnosis.

Breast cancer related lymphedema is frequent in breast cancer survivors, but there are not widely employed guidelines for its diagnosis and quantification. Here, we introduce a reliable and cost-effective protocol to define, quantify, and compare upper limb volume in breast cancer patients.

유방암 관련 림프부종 예후 및 진단에 증강 현실 도구를 통합

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

마우스의 힌들보에서 보조 림프부종을 유도하기위한 개정 된 방법

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

A Murine Tail Lymphedema Model

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. The affected limb enlarges because of accumulation of fluid, adipose, and fibrosis. There is no cure for this disease. A mouse tail model that uses a focal full thickness skin excision near the base of the tail, resulting in tail swelling, has been used to study lymphedema. However, this model may result in vascular comprise and consequent tail necrosis and early tail swelling resolution, limiting its clinical translatability. The chronic murine tail lymphedema model induces sustained lymphedema over 15 weeks and a reliable perfusion to the tail. Enhancements of the traditional murine tail lymphedema model include 1) precise full thickness excision and lymphatic clipping using a surgical microscope, 2) confirmation of post-operative arterial and venous perfusion using high resolution laser speckle, and 3) functional assessment using indocyanine green near infrared laser lymphangiography. We also use tissue nanotransfection technology (TNT) for novel non-viral, transcutaneous, focal delivery of genetic cargo to the mouse tail vasculature.

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. We describe a chronic murine tail model of lymphedema and the novel use of tissue nanotransfection technology (TNT) for genetic cargo delivery to the tail.

뮤린 테일 림프부종 모델

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. The affected limb enlarges because of accumulation of fluid, adipose, and fibrosis. ...

쇼그렌 증후군의 타액선 초음파 검사 기법

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune condition commonly affecting the exocrine glands, causing oral or ocular dryness and extraglandular manifestations including arthralgia, cytopenia, and lymphoma. The presence of autoantibodies against SSA/Ro, labial salivary gland biopsy, ocular staining, Schirmer's test, or salivary flow assessment are included in the current classification criteria of SS. However, the availability and invasiveness of these procedures limit their widespread use in clinical settings. Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is a non-invasive imaging modality for the evaluation of the salivary gland parenchyma and is increasingly utilized to aid diagnosis and monitoring in SS. 
This article presents the protocol of SGUS for image acquisition at the parotid and submandibular glands. The objective is to present a standardized, reproducible, and practical approach to diagnostic SGUS for SS in daily clinical settings. Major salivary glands are scanned in a stepwise approach, beginning at the angle of the mandible for the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, followed by the deep lobe below the ramus of the mandible. Submandibular areas are then scanned for the submandibular glands. The steps in obtaining salivary gland images at each anatomical site are explained in the accompanying video. The echogenicity and echotexture at the thyroid gland are taken as a reference. The homogeneity, the presence and distribution of hypoechoic areas within the glands, and the border of the salivary glands are examined. The sizes and features of intra-/peri-glandular lymph nodes are recorded. The most distinctive sonographic feature in SS is glandular heterogeneity with the presence of hypoechoic/hyperechoic areas within the glands. 
In summary, while SGUS cannot diagnose SS on its own, it can supplement the current classification criteria of SS and guide the clinical decision for salivary gland biopsy to support the diagnosis of SS in patients with sicca syndrome or suspicious systemic features, combined with autoantibody testing.

저자 스포트라이트: 결합 조직 질환 연구에서 표준화된 타액선 초음파 프로토콜에 초점

Salivary gland ultrasonography is a promising tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity and complications in Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The scanning technique for salivary gland ultrasound examination relevant to SS is described in the article.

쇼그렌 증후군에 대한 타액선의 초음파 평가: 진단 및 모니터링 통찰력

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune condition commonly affecting the exocrine glands, causing oral or ocular dryness and extraglandular ...

유방암 관련 림프 부종의 초음파 평가

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

마우스의 림프 Vasculature의 비 침습적 광학 이미징

흑색종의 Braf/Pten 유전자 조작 마우스 모델에서 초고주파 초음파 이미징에 의한 림프절 부피 분석

자기 공명 확산 텐서 영상과 유방 아키텍처 특징을 추적 및 탐지 유방암

마우스 경부 림프절의 고주파 초음파 이미징

유방암 관련 림프부종 예후 및 진단에 증강 현실 도구를 통합

마우스의 힌들보에서 보조 림프부종을 유도하기위한 개정 된 방법

뮤린 테일 림프부종 모델

쇼그렌 증후군에 대한 타액선의 초음파 평가: 진단 및 모니터링 통찰력

쇼그렌 증후군에 대한 타액선의 초음파 평가: 진단 및 모니터링 통찰력

쇼그렌 증후군에 대한 타액선의 초음파 평가: 진단 및 모니터링 통찰력