The authors have nothing to acknowledge.

Todos os procedimentos foram revistos e aprovados pelo Institutional Review Board do Hospital da Universidade Nacional Chungnam. 1. Medição com ultra-sonografia <ol><li> Defina a postura do paciente. <ol><li> Coloque o braço do paciente em decúbito dorsal, com ambos os braços sobre a cama. </li></ol></li><li> Determinar os locais de medição no membro superior do paciente. <ol><li> Marcos, no ponto médio da dobra do pulso, o ponto médio entre o epicôndilos medial e lateral ao nível do cotovelo, e o sulco bicipital por uma caneta. </li><li> Usando uma caneta conectar diretamente estes três pontos por um governante. Marque as duas zonas-alvo na parte superior do braço e antebraço (Figura 1). <ol><li> Marque a parte proximal, 10 centímetros proximal ao ponto de cotovelo ao longo da linha entre o cotovelo eo sulco bicipital. </li><li> Marque a parte distal, 10 cm distais ao ponto de cotovelo ao longo da linha entre o cotovelo e punho. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Medir a espessura do tecido subcutâneo e o músculo do membro superior. O procedimento deve ser realizado por um perito sonographer. <ol><li> Ligue o sistema de ultra-som. Entre no modo 2D dos tecidos moles através do teclado. Definir a profundidade de 5 cm. <ol><li> Escolha o transdutor linear 14l5. </li><li> Aplicar gel suficiente para o transdutor de ultra-sons. Concentre-se no tecido subcutâneo. </li></ol></li><li> Coloque o transdutor de ultra-som perpendicularmente ao eixo ventral do membro superior. Use a visão de curto eixo. Capturar a imagem, onde a espessura do gel é de pelo menos 1 cm e o contorno do tecido mole não é distorcida. </li><li> Medem-se as espessuras do tecido muscular e subcutânea. <ol><li> Desenha uma linha seleccionando o calibrador no software através do teclado do sistema de ultra-sons </li><li> Medir a espessura do músculo, definida como a distância entre o ponto mais alto na fronteira do osso para o ponto mais altona porção limite da fáscia (Figura 2). </li><li> Medir a espessura do tecido subcutâneo, definida como a distância a partir da pele para o fáscia. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. A aplicação clínica da ultra-sonografia para BCRL <ol><li> Medir a espessura do tecido subcutâneo e o músculo do membro superior na linha de base. <ol><li> Realizar as medições da linha de base na ordem mostrada na Etapa 1. </li></ol></li><li> Instrua o paciente para realizar uma série de DRP usando um 0,5 kg halteres 14. <ol><li> Dar ao paciente uma meia de compressão ou um curativo multicamadas para vestir. Escolher um 0,5 kg halteres. </li><li> Instrua o paciente a realizar os PRE na seguinte ordem: (1) haltere voar, (2) tríceps extensão, (3) um braço bent-over linha, (4) rosca direta, (5) raise lado haltere, e (6 ) levantar os braços para a frente (Figura 3). <ol><li> Instrua o paciente para completar a 6exercícios duas vezes por dia, de acordo com o seguinte calendário: 5 vezes cada um durante a semana 1 st, 10 vezes cada durante a semana 2 nd, 15 vezes cada durante a semana de 3 rd, 20 vezes cada durante a 4ª semana, e 25 vezes cada durante 5 semanas th -8 th (Figura 4). </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Use ultra-sonografia para identificar os efeitos terapêuticos do PRE comparativamente com a terapia convencional. <ol><li> Medir a espessura do tecido subcutâneo e o músculo do membro superior a 4 e 8 semanas. Realizar as medições na ordem mostrada na Etapa 1. </li></ol></li><li> Calcula-se a espessura do tecido subcutâneo e muscular no início do estudo, e 4 semanas, 8 semanas. </li><li> Analisar os dados. <ol><li> Compare a diferença entre ambos os braços usando um teste t emparelhado. Comparar as mudanças no tecido subcutâneo e da espessura do músculo usando um com medidas repetidas ANOVA. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

As avaliações de BCRL pode ser realizada através de várias técnicas, incluindo circunferências de braço de medição de fita, medição de deslocamento de água, espectroscopia de bioimpedância, perometry (volúmetro optoeletrônicos), linfocintilografia, diagnóstico clínico, ou inchaço auto-relatos por parte do paciente. No entanto, não existem padrões para a medição do BCRL; o diagnóstico e a duração do tratamento pode ser determinada empiricamente em um número de maneiras, dependendo da clínica. <...

O linfedema é definido como uma condição de localizada rica em proteínas de retenção e tecido fluido inchaço causado por um 1,2 sistema linfático comprometida. Como linfedema progride, fibrócitos e / ou adipócitos proliferar nas áreas afectadas, levando a alterações na textura da pele e do tecido subcutâneo e um aumento da vulnerabilidade a infecções bacterianas e fúngicas 3,4. A observação destas mudanças em várias partes das extremidades podem elucidar melhor a gravidade e extensão do linfedema. O sistema linfático subfascial contribui para a gravidade do linfedema mais do que o sistema linfático epifascial. Uma pesquisa recente tem se concentrado principalmente no uso da ultra-sonografia no diagnóstico de linfedema 5,6. A US é um método relativamente barato para observar as características dos tecidos moles. Um estudo anterior relatou que linfedema pode ser confiavelmente diagnosticado com ultra-sonografia, comparando tele espessura da pele e tecido subcutâneo e também pela avaliação da conformidade do tecido subcutâneo em um ambiente clínico 7,8. Além disso, os ultra-sonografia é amplamente utilizado na prática clínica devido à sua fácil acessibilidade, a segurança da exposição à radiação, e inexpensiveness 5,6. Apesar destes benefícios, os estudos sobre a ultra-sonografia para o linfedema só foram focados no diagnóstico, não na avaliação de intervenção terapêutica. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar não só a utilidade do ultrassom em elucidar os efeitos da PRE em BCRL, mas também se ultra-sonografia tem um significado clínico como um teste de acompanhamento para confirmar a eficácia do tratamento. Este estudo foi realizado para estabelecer o protocolo para ultra-sonografias realizadas para examinar linfedema.

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ultrasonographic evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema

O linfedema é uma das complicações mais comuns após cirurgia de câncer de mama. Existem muitas ferramentas de diagnóstico para o linfedema, mas nenhum método padrão ainda existe. Resistência progressiva Exercício (PRE) é esperado para melhorar linfedema, sem inchaço adicional. Este estudo mostrou que os efeitos terapêuticos do PRE em linfedema usando ultra-sonografia para medir a alteração na espessura do tecido muscular e subcutânea. A espessura do tecido subcutâneo diminuiu mais no grupo pré que no grupo não-PRE. A ultra-sonografia é amplamente utilizado em muitas clínicas por causa de sua fácil acessibilidade, segurança e inexpensiveness. O ultra-som é uma das melhores ferramentas para diagnosticar e determinar a eficácia do tratamento em linfedema relacionados com o cancro da mama (BCRL).

Este estudo incluiu 32 pacientes com diagnóstico de BCRL. A espessura do músculo e tecido subcutâneo e das circunferências dos membros superiores proximal e distal foram medidos no início do estudo, 4 semanas e 8 semanas após o PRE. Examinadores medida da circunferência do membro superior com uma fita métrica, e, em seguida, a espessura do músculo e tecido subcutâneo foram medidos por ultrassonografia. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente num grupo pré e um grupo não-P...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema at JoVE.com

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Esta ultra-sonografia estudo utilizou para o diagnóstico e exames de seguimento para confirmar a eficácia do tratamento de resistência progressiva Exercício (PRE) em linfedema relacionados com o cancro da mama (BCRL). A ultra-sonografia pode ser aplicada de forma eficaz para garantir o diagnóstico e tratamento do linfedema.

Ultrassonográfico Avaliação do linfedema relacionados com o cancro da mama

Lymphedema is one of the most common complications after breast cancer surgery. There are many diagnostic tools for lymphedema, but no standard method yet ...

ultrasonographic-evaluation-of-breast-cancer-related-lymphedema

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

9.1K visualizações.  Chungnam National University Hospital (CNUH).  Esta ultra-sonografia estudo utilizou para o diagnóstico e exames de seguimento para confirmar a eficácia do tratamento de resistência progressiva Exercício (PRE) em linfedema relacionados com o cancro da mama (BCRL). A ultra-sonografia pode ser aplicada de forma eficaz para garantir o diagnóstico e tratamento do linfedema. 

Vídeo: Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery of the next generation of novel drug targets. It is becoming apparent that more complex models of cancer are required to fully appreciate the contributing factors that drive tumorigenesis in vivo and increase the efficacy of novel therapies that make the transition from pre-clinical models to clinical trials.
Here we present a methodology for generating uniform and reproducible tumor spheroids that can be subjected to siRNA functional screening. These spheroids display many characteristics that are found in solid tumors that are not present in traditional two-dimension culture. We show that several commonly used breast cancer cell lines are amenable to this protocol. Furthermore, we provide proof-of-principle data utilizing the breast cancer cell line BT474, confirming their dependency on amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 and mutation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA) when grown as tumor spheroids. Finally, we are able to further investigate and confirm the spatial impact of these dependencies using immunohistochemistry.

Identifying novel drug targets that transition from pre-clinical testing to human trials is a scientific priority. To that end, here we describe a functional genomics approach for examining the impact of gene depletion on cancer cell line spheroids, which more appropriately model human cancers in vivo.

Utilizando Genómica Funcional de triagem para identificar alvos de drogas potencialmente romance em Spheroid culturas de células de câncer

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Invasive Behavior of Human Breast Cancer Cells in Embryonic Zebrafish

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying cancer metastasis in vivo, other efficient, reliable, low-cost models are needed to quickly access the potential effects of (epi)genetic changes or pharmacological compounds. As such, we illustrate and explain the feasibility of xenograft models using human breast cancer cells injected into zebrafish embryos to support this goal. Under the microscope, fluorescent proteins or chemically labeled human breast cancer cells are transplanted into transgenic zebrafish embryos, Tg (fli:EGFP), at the perivitelline space or duct of Cuvier (Doc) 48 h after fertilization. Shortly afterwards, the temporal-spatial process of cancer cell invasion, dissemination, and metastasis in the living fish body is visualized under a fluorescent microscope. The models using different injection sites, i.e., perivitelline space or Doc are complementary to one another, reflecting the early stage (intravasation step) and late stage (extravasation step) of the multistep metastatic cascade of events. Moreover, peritumoral and intratumoral angiogenesis can be observed with the injection into the perivitelline space. The entire experimental period is no more than 8 days. These two models combine cell labeling, micro-transplantation, and fluorescence imaging techniques, enabling the rapid evaluation of cancer metastasis in response to genetic and pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we describe xenograft zebrafish models using two different injection sites, i.e., perivitelline space and duct of Cuvier, to investigate the invasive behavior and to assess the intravasation and extravasation potential of human breast cancer cells, respectively.

Comportamento invasiva de células de cancro da mama humano em Embryonic Zebrafish

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying ...

Live-imaging of Breast Epithelial Cell Migration After the Transient Depletion of TIP60

The wound-healing assay is efficient and one of the most economical ways to study cell migration in vitro. Conventionally, images are taken at the beginning and end of an experiment using a phase-contrast microscope, and the migration abilities of cells are evaluated by the closure of wounds. However, cell movement is a dynamic phenomenon, and a conventional method does not allow for tracking single-cell movement. To improve current wound-healing assays, we use live-cell imaging techniques to monitor cell migration in real time. This method allows us to determine the cell migration rate based on a cell tracking system and provides a clearer distinction between cell migration and cell proliferation. Here, we demonstrate the use of live-cell imaging in wound-healing assays to study the different migration abilities of breast epithelial cells influenced by the presence of TIP60. As cell motility is highly dynamic, our method provides more insights into the processes of wound healing than a snapshot of wound closure taken with the traditional imaging techniques used for wound-healing assays.

Here, we present the real-time monitoring of cell migration in a wound-healing assay using TIP60-depleted MCF10A breast epithelial cells. The implementation of live-cell imaging techniques in our protocol allows us to analyze and visualize single-cell movement in real time and across time.

Imagens ao vivo de migração de células epiteliais da mama após o esgotamento de transiente de TIP60

The wound-healing assay is efficient and one of the most economical ways to study cell migration in vitro. Conventionally, images are taken at the ...

Evaluating the Role of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer-related Fatigue

Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to objectively measure the severity of this condition. Here we describe an optimized method for assessing mitochondrial function of PBMCs collected from fatigued cancer patients. Using a compact extracellular flux system and sequential injection of respiratory inhibitors, we examined PBMC mitochondrial functional status by measuring basal mitochondrial respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and energy phenotype, which describes the preferred energy pathway to respond to stress. Fresh PBMCs are readily available in the clinical setting using standard phlebotomy. The entire assay described in this protocol can be completed in less than 4 hours without the involvement of complex biochemical techniques. Additionally, we describe a normalization method that is necessary for obtaining reproducible data. The simple procedure and normalization methods presented allow for repeated sample collection from the same patient and generation of reproducible data that can be compared between time points to evaluate potential treatment effects.

Our goal was to develop a practical protocol to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with fatigue in cancer patients. This innovative protocol is optimized for clinical use involving only standard phlebotomy and basic laboratory procedures.

Avaliando o papel da função mitocondrial em fadiga relacionadas ao câncer

Fatigue is a common and debilitating condition that affects most cancer patients. To date, fatigue remains poorly characterized with no diagnostic test to ...

Establishment and Characterization of Three Afatinib-resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma PC-9 Cell Lines Developed with Increasing Doses of Afatinib

Acquired resistance to molecular target inhibitors is a severe problem in cancer therapy. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in most countries. The discovery of "oncogenic driver mutations," such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations, and subsequent development of molecular targeted agents of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib) have dramatically altered lung cancer treatment in recent decades. However, these drugs are still not effective in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying EGFR-activating mutations. Following acquired resistance, the systemic progression of NSCLC remains a significant obstacle in treating patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. Here, we present a stepwise dose escalation method for establishing three independent acquired afatinib-resistant cell lines from NSCLC PC-9 cells harboring EGFR-activating mutations of 15-base pair deletions in EGFR exon 19. Methods for characterizing the three independent afatinib-resistance cell lines are briefly presented. The acquired resistance mechanisms to EGFR TKIs are heterogeneous. Therefore, multiple cell lines with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs must be examined. Ten to twelve months are required to obtain cell lines with acquired resistance using this stepwise dose escalation approach. The discovery of novel acquired resistance mechanisms will contribute to the development of more effective and safe therapeutic strategies.

A method for establishing afatinib-resistance cell lines from lung adenocarcinoma PC-9 cells was developed, and resistant cells were characterized. The resistant cells can be used to investigate epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistance mechanisms, applicable for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Estabelecimento e caracterização de três linhagens de células PC-9 de adenocarcinoma de pulmão resistentes ao Afatinib desenvolvidas com doses crescentes de Afatinib

Acquired resistance to molecular target inhibitors is a severe problem in cancer therapy. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in ...

Differentiation of Mouse Breast Epithelial HC11 and EpH4 Cells

Cadherins play an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation as well as neoplasia. Here we describe the origins and methods of the induction of differentiation of two mouse breast epithelial cell lines, HC11 and EpH4, and their use to study complementary stages of mammary gland development and neoplastic transformation.
The HC11 mouse breast epithelial cell line originated from the mammary gland of a pregnant Balb/c mouse. It differentiates when grown to confluence attached to a plastic Petri dish surface in medium containing fetal calf serum and Hydrocortisone, Insulin and Prolactin (HIP medium). Under these conditions, HC11 cells produce the milk proteins &#946;-casein and whey acidic protein (WAP), similar to lactating mammary epithelial cells, and form rudimentary mammary gland-like structures termed &#34;domes&#34;.
The EpH4 cell line was derived from spontaneously immortalized mouse mammary gland epithelial cells isolated from a pregnant Balb/c mouse. Unlike HC11, EpH4 cells can fully differentiate into spheroids (also called mammospheres) when cultured under three-dimensional (3D) growth conditions in HIP medium. Cells are trypsinized, suspended in a 20% matrix consisting of a mixture of extracellular matrix proteins produced by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma cells, plated on top of a layer of concentrated matrix coating a plastic Petri dish or multiwell plate, and covered with a layer of 10% matrix-containing HIP medium. Under these conditions, EpH4 cells form hollow spheroids that exhibit apical-basal polarity, a hollow lumen, and produce &#946;-casein and WAP.
Using these techniques, our results demonstrated that the intensity of the cadherin/Rac signal is critical for the differentiation of HC11 cells. While Rac1 is necessary for differentiation and low levels of activated RacV12 increase differentiation, high RacV12 levels block differentiation while inducing neoplasia. In contrast, EpH4 cells represent an earlier stage in mammary epithelial differentiation, which is inhibited by even low levels of RacV12.

We describe techniques for differentiation induction of two breast epithelial lines, HC11 and EpH4. While both require fetal calf serum, insulin, and prolactin to produce milk proteins, EpH4 cells can fully differentiate into mammospheres in three-dimensional culture. These complementary models are useful for signal transduction studies of differentiation and neoplasia.

Diferenciação das células Epiteliais do Peito do Camundongo HC11 e EpH4

Cadherins play an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation as well as neoplasia. Here we describe the origins and methods of the induction ...

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less aggressive breast tumors, the 5-year survival rate of TNBC patients is 77% due to their characteristic drug-resistant phenotype and metastatic burden. Toward this end, murine models have been established aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies limiting TNBC tumor growth and metastatic spread. This work describes a practical guide for the TNBC orthotopic model where MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells suspended in a basement membrane matrix are implanted in the fourth mammary fat pad, which closely mimics the cancer cell behavior in humans. Measurement of tumors by caliper, lung metastasis assessment via in vivo and ex vivo imaging, and molecular detection are discussed. This model provides an excellent platform to study therapeutic efficacy and is especially suitable for the study of the interaction between the primary tumor and distal metastatic sites.

This work presets an advanced protocol to accurately assess tumor loading by detection of green fluorescent protein and bioluminescence signals as well as the integration of quantitative molecular detection technique.

Estudando o câncer de mama triplo negativo usando modelo de câncer de mama ortotópico

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less ...

Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is commonly reported by patients both during and after receiving treatment for cancer. Current CRF diagnoses rely on self-report questionnaires which are subject to report and recall biases. Objective measurements using a handheld dynamometer, or handgrip device, have been shown in recent studies to correlate significantly with subjective self-reported fatigue scores. However, variations of both the handgrip fatigue test and fatigue index calculations exist in the literature. The lack of standardized methods limits the utilization of the handgrip fatigue test in the clinical and research settings. In this study, we provide detailed methods for administering the physical fatigue test and calculating the fatigue index. These methods should supplement existing self-reported fatigue questionnaires and help clinicians assess fatigue symptom severity in an objective and quantitative manner.

Simple and accessible methods were developed to measure the motor aspect of cancer-related fatigue objectively and quantitatively. We describe, in detail, ways to administer the physical fatigue test using a simple handgrip device as well as methods to calculate fatigue indices.

Medindo o aspecto motor da fadiga relacionada ao câncer usando um dinamômetro portátil

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is commonly reported by patients both during and after receiving treatment for cancer. Current CRF diagnoses rely on ...

Orthotopic Transplantation of Breast Tumors as Preclinical Models for Breast Cancer

Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response are critical for translational breast cancer research. Immortalized cell lines are easy to grow and genetically modify to study molecular mechanisms, yet the selective pressure from cell culture often leads to genetic and epigenetic alterations over time. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models faithfully recapitulate the heterogeneity and drug response of human breast tumors. PDX models exhibit a relatively short latency after orthotopic transplantation that facilitates the investigation of breast tumor biology and drug response. The transplantable genetically engineered mouse models allow the study of breast tumor immunity. The current protocol describes the method to orthotopically transplant breast tumor fragments into the mammary fat pad followed by drug treatments. These preclinical models provide valuable approaches to investigate breast tumor biology, drug response, biomarker discovery and mechanisms of drug resistance.

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and transplantable genetically engineered mouse models faithfully recapitulate human disease and are preferred models for basic and translational breast cancer research. Here, a method is described to orthotopically transplant breast tumor fragments into the mammary fat pad to study tumor biology and evaluate drug response.

Transplante Ortotópico de Tumores mamários como Modelos Pré-Clínicos para o Câncer de Mama

Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response are critical for translational breast cancer research. ...

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Breast cancer (BC) remains a leading cause of death for women. Despite more than $700 million invested in BC research annually, 97% of candidate BC drugs fail clinical trials. Therefore, new models are needed to improve our understanding of the disease. The NIH Microphysiological Systems (MPS) program was developed to improve the clinical translation of basic science discoveries and promising new therapeutic strategies. Here we present a method for generating MPS for breast cancers (BC-MPS). This model adapts a previously described approach of culturing primary human white adipose tissue (WAT) by sandwiching WAT between adipose-derived stem cell sheets (ASC)s. Novel aspects of our BC-MPS include seeding BC cells into non-diseased human breast tissue (HBT) containing native extracellular matrix, mature adipocytes, resident fibroblasts, and immune cells; and sandwiching the BC-HBT admixture between HBT-derived ASC sheets. The resulting BC-MPS is stable in culture ex vivo for at least 14 days. This model system contains multiple elements of the microenvironment that influence BC including adipocytes, stromal cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix. Thus BC-MPS can be used to study the interactions between BC and its microenvironment. 
We demonstrate the advantages of our BC-MPS by studying two BC behaviors known to influence cancer progression and metastasis: 1) BC motility and 2) BC-HBT metabolic crosstalk. While BC motility has previously been demonstrated using intravital imaging, BC-MPS allows for high-resolution time-lapse imaging using fluorescence microscopy over several days. Furthermore, while metabolic crosstalk was previously demonstrated using BC cells and murine pre-adipocytes differentiated into immature adipocytes, our BC-MPS model is the first system to demonstrate this crosstalk between primary human mammary adipocytes and BC cells in vitro.

This protocol describes the construction of an in vitro microphysiological system for studying breast cancer using primary human breast tissue with off the shelf materials.

Modelando o câncer de mama no tecido mamário humano usando um sistema microfisiológico

Breast cancer (BC) remains a leading cause of death for women. Despite more than $700 million invested in BC research annually, 97% of candidate BC drugs ...