The authors have nothing to acknowledge.

Alle Verfahren wurden von der Institutional Review Board der Chungnam National University Hospital, geprüft und genehmigt. 1. Messung mit Ultraschall <ol><li> Stellen Sie die Körperhaltung des Patienten. <ol><li> Legen Sie den Arm des Patienten in Rückenlage, mit beiden Armen auf dem Bett. </li></ol></li><li> Bestimmen Sie die Messstellen an der oberen Extremität des Patienten. <ol><li> Mark in der Mitte Punkt der Handgelenksfalte, die Mitte zwischen den medialen und lateralen Epikondylen auf der Ebene des Ellenbogens und der Bizepsrinne durch einen Stift. </li><li> Mit schließen Sie einen Stift direkt auf diese drei Punkte von einem Herrscher. Markieren die beiden Zielbereiche auf dem Oberarm und dem Unterarm (Abbildung 1). <ol><li> Markieren Sie den proximalen Teil, 10 cm proximal zum Knickpunkt entlang der Linie zwischen dem Ellbogen und bicipital Nut. </li><li> Markieren Sie den distalen Teil, 10 cm distal der Knickpunkt entlang der Linie zwischen Ellenbogen und Handgelenk. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Messen der Dicke des subkutanen Gewebe und Muskeln der oberen Extremitäten. Das Verfahren sollte von einem Fach Sonographeur durchgeführt werden. <ol><li> Schalten Sie das Ultraschallsystem. Geben Sie 2D-Modus von Weichgewebe über die Tastatur. Stellen Sie die Tiefe bis 5 cm. <ol><li> Wählen Sie den 14L5 linearen Array-Wandler. </li><li> Tragen Sie genügend Gel auf den Ultraschallwandler. Konzentrieren Sie sich auf das subkutane Gewebe. </li></ol></li><li> Platzieren Sie den Ultraschallwandler senkrecht zur oberen Extremität ventralen Achse. Verwenden Sie die Kurzachsenansicht. Nehmen Sie das Bild, wo die Dicke des Gels beträgt mindestens 1 cm und die Weichgewebekontur nicht verzerrt wird. </li><li> Messung der Dicken des Muskels und des subkutanen Gewebes. <ol><li> Zeichnet eine Linie durch die Auswahl der Kalibrator in der Software über die Tastatur des Ultraschallsystems </li><li> Die Dicke des Muskels, definiert als der Abstand von dem höchsten Punkt auf der Grenze des Knochens bis zum höchsten Punktan dem Grenzabschnitt der Faszie (Abbildung 2). </li><li> Messen der Dicke des subkutanen Gewebes, definiert als die Entfernung von der Haut zu der Faszie. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Klinische Anwendung von Ultraschall zu BCRL <ol><li> Messen der Dicke des subkutanen Gewebe und Muskeln der oberen Extremitäten an der Basislinie. <ol><li> Führen Sie die Ausgangsmessungen in der Reihenfolge, in Schritt 1 gezeigt. </li></ol></li><li> Weisen Sie den Patienten eine Reihe von PREs auszuführen unter Verwendung einer 0,5 kg Hantel 14. <ol><li> Geben Sie dem Patienten einen Kompressionsstrumpf oder einen mehrschichtigen Verband zu tragen. Wählen Sie eine 0,5 kg Hantel. </li><li> Weisen Sie den Patienten die PREs in der folgenden Reihenfolge durchzuführen: (1) Hantel fliegen, (2) Trizepsstrecker, (3) einen Arm abgebogenen Reihe, (4) Bizeps-Curl, (5) Hantel Seite erhöhen, und (6 ) , um die Arme nach vorne anheben (Abbildung 3). <ol><li> Weisen Sie den Patienten, die 6 abzuschließenÜbungen zweimal am Tag, nach dem folgenden Zeitplan: 5 Mal jeweils während der 1. Woche, je 10 Mal während der 2. Woche, 15 - mal jeweils während der 3. Woche, 20 - mal jeweils während der 4. Woche, und 25 - mal jeweils während 5 th th -8 Wochen (Abbildung 4). </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Verwenden Sonographie die therapeutischen Wirkungen von PRE im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Therapie zu identifizieren. <ol><li> Messen der Dicke des subkutanen Gewebe und Muskeln der oberen Extremität bei 4 und 8 Wochen. Führen Sie die Messungen in der Reihenfolge, in Schritt 1 gezeigt. </li></ol></li><li> Berechnen Sie die Dicke des subkutanen Gewebes und Muskel zu Beginn der Studie, 4 Wochen und 8 Wochen. </li><li> Analysieren Sie die Daten. <ol><li> Vergleichen Sie den Unterschied zwischen den beiden Armen ein gekoppeltes t - Test verwendet wird . Vergleichen Sie die Änderungen im subkutanen Gewebe und Muskeldicke eine wiederholte Messungen ANOVA. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lasinski, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+decongestive+therapy+for+treatment+of+lymphedema.">Complete decongestive therapy for treatment of lymphedema.</a> Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 29 (1), 20-27 (2013).</li><li>Clark, B., Sitzia, J., Harlow, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+risk+of+arm+oedema+following+treatment+for+breast+cancer:+a+three-year+follow-up+study.">Incidence and risk of arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer: a three-year follow-up study.</a> Q J Med. 98 (5), 343-348 (2005).</li><li>Hayes, S. C., Speck, R. M., Reimet, E., Stark, A., Schmitz, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+effect+of+weight+lifting+on+lymphedema+following+breast+cancer+differ+by+diagnostic+method:+results+from+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Does the effect of weight lifting on lymphedema following breast cancer differ by diagnostic method: results from a randomized controlled trial.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 130 (1), 227-234 (2011).</li><li>Fu, M. R., Ridner, S. H., Armer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-breast+cancer+lymphedema:+part+1.">Post-breast cancer lymphedema: part 1.</a> Am J Nurs. 109 (7), 48-54 (2009).</li><li>Rockson, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonography+in+the+Evaluation+of+Breast+Cancer-Related+Lymphedema.">Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.</a> Lymphatic Research and Biology. 14 (1), 1 (2016).</li><li>Suehiro, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significance+of+Ultrasound+Examination+of+Skin+and+Subcutaneous+Tissue+in+Secondary+Lower+Extremity+Lymphedema.">Significance of Ultrasound Examination of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue in Secondary Lower Extremity Lymphedema.</a> Ann Vasc Dis. 6 (2), 180-188 (2013).</li><li>Lee, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonographic+Evaluation+of+Therapeutic+Effects+of+Complex+Decongestive+Therapy+in+Breast+Cancer-Related+Lymphedema.">Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Therapeutic Effects of Complex Decongestive Therapy in Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.</a> Ann Rehabil Med. 37 (5), 683-689 (2013).</li><li>DiSipio, T., Rye, S., Newman, B., Hayes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+unilateral+arm+lymphoedema+after+breast.">Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast.</a> Lancet Oncol. 14 (6), 500-515 (2013).</li><li>Stanton, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphatic+drainage+in+the+muscle+and+subcutis+of+the+arm+after+breast+cancer+treatment.">Lymphatic drainage in the muscle and subcutis of the arm after breast cancer treatment.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 117 (3), 549-557 (2008).</li><li>Godoy, M. F. G., Pereira, M. R., Oliani, A. H., Godoy, J. M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergic+Effect+of+Compression+Therapy+and+Controlled+Active+Exercises+Using+a+Facilitating+Device+in+the+Treatment+of+Arm+Lymphedema.">Synergic Effect of Compression Therapy and Controlled Active Exercises Using a Facilitating Device in the Treatment of Arm Lymphedema.</a> Int J Med Sci. 9 (4), 280-284 (2012).</li><li>Cormie, P., Pumpa, K., Galv&#227;o, D. A., Turner, E., Spry, N., Saunders, C., Zissiadis, Y., Newton, R. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+it+safe+and+efficacious+for+women+with+lymphedema+secondary+to+breast+cancer+to+lift+heavy+weights+during+exercise:+a+randomised+controlled+trial.">Is it safe and efficacious for women with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer to lift heavy weights during exercise: a randomised controlled trial.</a> J Cancer Surviv. 7 (3), 413-424 (2013).</li><li>Bok, S. K., Jeon, Y., Hwang, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonographic+evaluation+of+the+effects+of+progressive+resistive+exercise+in+breast+cancer-related+lymphedema.">Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of progressive resistive exercise in breast cancer-related lymphedema.</a> Lymphatic Research and Biology. 14 (1), 18-24 (2016).</li><li>Milne, H. M., Wallman, K. E., Gordon, S., Courneya, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+combined+aerobic+and+resistance+exercise+program+in+breast+cancer+survivors:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 108 (2), 279-288 (2008).</li><li>Schmitz, K. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weight+lifting+for+women+at+risk+for+breast-cancer-related+lymphedema.">Weight lifting for women at risk for breast-cancer-related lymphedema.</a> JAMA. 304 (24), 2699-2705 (2010).</li><li>Kiel, K. D., Rademacker, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early-stage+breast+cancer:+Arm+edema+after+wide+excision+and+breast+irradiation.">Early-stage breast cancer: Arm edema after wide excision and breast irradiation.</a> Radiology. (1), 279-283 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Auswertungen der BCRL kann durch verschiedene Techniken durchgeführt werden, einschließlich Armumfang Bandmessung, Wasser Wegmessung, Bioimpedanzspektroskopie, perometry (optoelektronischen Volumeter), Lymphoszintigraphie, Kliniker Diagnose oder schwellend Selbst Berichte des Patienten. Allerdings gibt es keine Standards für die Messung von BCRL; die Diagnose und Behandlungsdauer kann empirisch in einer Anzahl von Weisen bestimmt werden, auf der Klinik ab. Klinisch Armumfang von Maßband ...

Lymphödem ist als Bedingung für die lokalisierte eiweißreiche Flüssigkeitsretention und Gewebe , die durch eine kompromittiert Lymphsystem 1,2 verursachte Quellen. Als Lymphödem fortschreitet, wuchern Fibrocyten und / oder Adipozyten in den betroffenen Gebieten, auf Veränderungen in der Textur der Haut und des subkutanen Gewebes und eine erhöhte Anfälligkeit für bakterielle Infektionen und Pilzinfektionen führen 3,4. Die Beobachtung dieser Veränderungen in den verschiedenen Teilen der Extremitäten können ferner die Schwere und das Ausmaß der Lymphödem aufzuklären. Das subfascial Lymphsystem trägt zur Schwere von Lymphödem mehr als die epifaszialen Lymphsystem. Neuere Forschungen haben über die Verwendung von Ultraschall in der Diagnose von Lymphödem 5,6 hauptsächlich konzentriert. Ultraschall ist ein relativ preiswertes Verfahren Weichgewebeeigenschaften zu beobachten. Eine frühere Studie berichtet, dass Lymphödem zuverlässig mit Ultraschall diagnostiziert werden, indem t Vergleicher Dicke der Haut und des subkutanen Gewebes und auch durch die Einhaltung des subkutanen Gewebes in einer klinischen Umgebung 7,8 auswertet. Darüber hinaus ist Sonografie ist weit verbreitet in der Klinik wegen seiner leichten Zugänglichkeit, Sicherheit von Strahlenbelastung und Kostengünstigkeit 5,6 verwendet. Trotz dieser Vorteile, Studien über die Sonografie für Lymphödem haben nur auf die Diagnose konzentriert, nicht auf der Bewertung der therapeutischen Intervention. Daher hat die vorliegende Studie, um zu bestimmen, nicht nur die Brauchbarkeit von Ultraschall bei der Aufklärung der Wirkungen von PRE auf BCRL gerichtet, sondern auch, ob Sonographie eine klinische Bedeutung als Follow-up-Test in die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung zu bestätigen. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, das Protokoll für Ultraschall zu etablieren durchgeführt Lymphödem zu untersuchen.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ACUSON S2000</td><td>Siemens</td><td>10041461</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eco Gel 99</td><td>Seung Won Medical Corp.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ultrasonographic evaluation of breast cancer-related lymphedema

Lymphödem ist eine der häufigsten Komplikationen nach einer Brustkrebsoperation. Es gibt viele Diagnose-Tools für ein Lymphödem, aber keine Standardmethode existiert noch. Progressive Widerstand Übung (PRE) wird erwartet, dass ein Lymphödem ohne zusätzliche Schwellung zu verbessern. Diese Studie zeigte die therapeutischen Wirkungen von PRE auf Lymphödem durch Ultraschall mit der Änderung der Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Gewebes zu messen. Die Dicke des subkutanen Gewebes verringert mehr in der PRE-Gruppe als in der nicht-PRE-Gruppe. Ultrasonography ist weit verbreitet in vielen Kliniken wegen seiner leichten Zugänglichkeit, Sicherheit und Kostengünstigkeit. Ultraschall ist eine der besten Werkzeuge für die Diagnose und die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung auf Brustkrebs im Zusammenhang mit Lymphödem (BCRL) zu bestimmen.

Diese Studie umfasste 32 Patienten mit BCRL diagnostiziert. Die Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Gewebes und den Umfängen der proximalen und distalen oberen Extremitäten wurden zu Beginn der Studie gemessen, 4 Wochen und 8 Wochen nach der PRE. Prüfende gemessen, um den Umfang der oberen Gliedmaßen mit einem Maßband, und dann wurden die Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Gewebes durch Ultraschall gemessen. Die Patienten wurden randomisiert in eine PRE-Gruppe geteilt und eine ni...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema at JoVE.com

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Diese Studie verwendete Ultraschall für die Diagnose und Follow-up-Tests die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung von Progressive Widerstand Übung (PRE) bei Brustkrebs im Zusammenhang mit Lymphödem (BCRL) zu bestätigen. Ultraschall kann effektiv Diagnose und Behandlung von Lymphödemen, um sicherzustellen, angewendet werden.

Ultrasonographic Beurteilung von Brustkrebs im Zusammenhang mit Lymphödem

Lymphedema is one of the most common complications after breast cancer surgery. There are many diagnostic tools for lymphedema, but no standard method yet ...

ultrasonographic-evaluation-of-breast-cancer-related-lymphedema

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

9.8K Aufrufe.  Chungnam National University Hospital (CNUH).  Diese Studie verwendete Ultraschall für die Diagnose und Follow-up-Tests die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung von Progressive Widerstand Übung (PRE) bei Brustkrebs im Zusammenhang mit Lymphödem (BCRL) zu bestätigen. Ultraschall kann effektiv Diagnose und Behandlung von Lymphödemen, um sicherzustellen, angewendet werden. 

Serie: Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

Nicht-invasive optische Abbildung des lymphatischen Gefäßsystem eines Maus

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Analysis of Lymph Node Volume by Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging in the Braf/Pten Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Melanoma

Tyr::CreER+,BrafCA/+,Ptenlox/lox&#160;genetically engineered mice (Braf/Pten mice) are widely used as an in vivo model of metastatic melanoma. Once a primary tumor has been induced by tamoxifen treatment, an increase in metastatic burden is observed within 4-6 weeks after induction. This paper shows how Ultra-High-Frequency UltraSound (UHFUS) imaging can be exploited to monitor the increase in metastatic involvement of the inguinal lymph nodes by measuring the increase in their volume.
The UHFUS system is used to scan anesthetized mice with a UHFUS linear probe (22-55 MHz, axial resolution 40 &#181;m). B-mode images from the inguinal lymph nodes (both left and right sides) are acquired in a short-axis view, positioning the animals in dorsal recumbency. Ultrasound records are acquired using a 44 &#181;m step size on a motorized mechanical arm. Afterward, two-dimensional (2D) B-mode acquisitions are imported into the software platform for ultrasound image post-processing, and inguinal lymph nodes are identified and segmented semi-automatically in the acquired cross-sectional 2D images. Finally, a total reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) volume is automatically obtained along with the rendering of the lymph node volume, which is also expressed as an absolute measurement.
This non-invasive in vivo technique is very well tolerated and allows the scheduling of multiple imaging sessions on the same experimental animal over 2 weeks. It is, therefore, ideal to assess the impact of pharmacological treatment on metastatic disease.

Melanoma is a very aggressive disease that quickly spreads to other organs. This protocol describes the application of ultra-high-frequency ultrasound imaging, coupled with 3D rendering, to monitor the volume of the inguinal lymph nodes in the Braf/Pten mouse model of metastatic melanoma.

Analyse des Lymphknotenvolumens mittels Ultrahochfrequenz-Ultraschallbildgebung im gentechnisch veränderten Mausmodell des Melanoms von Braf/Pten

Tyr::CreER+,BrafCA/+,Ptenlox/lox&#160;genetically engineered mice (Braf/Pten mice) are widely used as an in vivo model of metastatic melanoma. Once a ...

Krebsforschung

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of breast cancer patients. In this paper a new approach for the detection of breast cancer is described, based on tracking the mammary architectural elements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 
The paper focuses on the scanning protocols and image processing algorithms and software that were designed to fit the diffusion properties of the mammary fibroglandular tissue and its changes during malignant transformation. The final output yields pixel by pixel vector maps that track the architecture of the entire mammary ductal glandular trees and parametric maps of the diffusion tensor coefficients and anisotropy indices. 
The efficiency of the method to detect breast cancer was tested by scanning women volunteers including 68 patients with breast cancer confirmed by histopathology findings. Regions with cancer cells exhibited a marked reduction in the diffusion coefficients and in the maximal anisotropy index as compared to the normal breast tissue, providing an intrinsic contrast for delineating the boundaries of malignant growth. Overall, the sensitivity of the DTI parameters to detect breast cancer was found to be high, particularly in dense breasts, and comparable to the current standard breast MRI method that requires injection of a contrast agent. Thus, this method offers a completely non-invasive, safe and sensitive tool for breast cancer detection.

We describe how to obtain parametric and vector maps of the diffusion tensor of the breast using magnetic resonance imaging. The protocol and final output following imaging processing are tailored for tracking breast architectural features and detecting breast malignancy.

Tracking der Brust architektonische Details und Erkennen von Brustkrebs mit Magnet-Resonanz-Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

Medizin

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 &#181;m, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse&#160; model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological&#160; analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.

This protocol describes the application of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) for imaging mouse cervical lymph nodes. This technique optimizes visualization and quantification of cervical lymph node morphology, volume and blood flow. Image-guided biopsy of cervical lymph nodes and processing of lymph tissue for histological evaluation is also demonstrated.

Hochfrequenz-Ultraschall-Bildgebung der Maus Halslymphknoten

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal ...

Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients subjected to axillary surgery and/or radiations. Its etiology is multifactorial and include also tumor-specific pathological features, such as lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and extranodal extension (ENE). To date, no widely employed guidelines for the early diagnosis of BCRL are available. Here, we illustrate a protocol for a digitally assisted BCRL assessment using a 3D laser scanner (3DLS) and a tablet computer. It has been specifically optimized in a discovery cohort of high-risk breast cancer patients. This study provides a proof-of-principle that augmented reality tools, such as 3DLS, can be incorporated into the clinical workup of BCRL to allow for a precise, reproducible, reliable, and cheap diagnosis.

Breast cancer related lymphedema is frequent in breast cancer survivors, but there are not widely employed guidelines for its diagnosis and quantification. Here, we introduce a reliable and cost-effective protocol to define, quantify, and compare upper limb volume in breast cancer patients.

Integration von Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphödem Prognostication and Diagnosis

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

Eine überarbeitete Methode zur Induktion von Sekundärlymphödemen im Hinterglied von Mäusen

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

A Murine Tail Lymphedema Model

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. The affected limb enlarges because of accumulation of fluid, adipose, and fibrosis. There is no cure for this disease. A mouse tail model that uses a focal full thickness skin excision near the base of the tail, resulting in tail swelling, has been used to study lymphedema. However, this model may result in vascular comprise and consequent tail necrosis and early tail swelling resolution, limiting its clinical translatability. The chronic murine tail lymphedema model induces sustained lymphedema over 15 weeks and a reliable perfusion to the tail. Enhancements of the traditional murine tail lymphedema model include 1) precise full thickness excision and lymphatic clipping using a surgical microscope, 2) confirmation of post-operative arterial and venous perfusion using high resolution laser speckle, and 3) functional assessment using indocyanine green near infrared laser lymphangiography. We also use tissue nanotransfection technology (TNT) for novel non-viral, transcutaneous, focal delivery of genetic cargo to the mouse tail vasculature.

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. We describe a chronic murine tail model of lymphedema and the novel use of tissue nanotransfection technology (TNT) for genetic cargo delivery to the tail.

Ein Murinschwanz-Lymphödem-Modell

Lymphedema is extremity swelling caused by lymphatic dysfunction. The affected limb enlarges because of accumulation of fluid, adipose, and fibrosis. ...

Technik zur Ultraschalluntersuchung des Speicheldrüsensyndroms beim Sjögren-Syndrom

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune condition commonly affecting the exocrine glands, causing oral or ocular dryness and extraglandular manifestations including arthralgia, cytopenia, and lymphoma. The presence of autoantibodies against SSA/Ro, labial salivary gland biopsy, ocular staining, Schirmer's test, or salivary flow assessment are included in the current classification criteria of SS. However, the availability and invasiveness of these procedures limit their widespread use in clinical settings. Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is a non-invasive imaging modality for the evaluation of the salivary gland parenchyma and is increasingly utilized to aid diagnosis and monitoring in SS. 
This article presents the protocol of SGUS for image acquisition at the parotid and submandibular glands. The objective is to present a standardized, reproducible, and practical approach to diagnostic SGUS for SS in daily clinical settings. Major salivary glands are scanned in a stepwise approach, beginning at the angle of the mandible for the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, followed by the deep lobe below the ramus of the mandible. Submandibular areas are then scanned for the submandibular glands. The steps in obtaining salivary gland images at each anatomical site are explained in the accompanying video. The echogenicity and echotexture at the thyroid gland are taken as a reference. The homogeneity, the presence and distribution of hypoechoic areas within the glands, and the border of the salivary glands are examined. The sizes and features of intra-/peri-glandular lymph nodes are recorded. The most distinctive sonographic feature in SS is glandular heterogeneity with the presence of hypoechoic/hyperechoic areas within the glands. 
In summary, while SGUS cannot diagnose SS on its own, it can supplement the current classification criteria of SS and guide the clinical decision for salivary gland biopsy to support the diagnosis of SS in patients with sicca syndrome or suspicious systemic features, combined with autoantibody testing.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Ein Fokus auf ein standardisiertes Speicheldrüsen-Ultraschallprotokoll in der Forschung zu Bindegewebserkrankungen

Salivary gland ultrasonography is a promising tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity and complications in Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The scanning technique for salivary gland ultrasound examination relevant to SS is described in the article.

Ultraschalluntersuchung der Speicheldrüsen beim Sjögren-Syndrom: Diagnostische und überwachende Erkenntnisse

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune condition commonly affecting the exocrine glands, causing oral or ocular dryness and extraglandular ...

Ultrasonographic Beurteilung von Brustkrebs im Zusammenhang mit Lymphödem

Zusammenfassung

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Ultraschalluntersuchung der Speicheldrüsen beim Sjögren-Syndrom: Diagnostische und überwachende Erkenntnisse