The authors thank Miss Ching-Chun Lin and Miss Diana Lin of the Core Facility of the Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB) of Academia Sinica for offering their expertise on peptide synthesis and DNA sequencing, respectively. This study was supported by Academia Sinica.

Monoklonal antikor hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> Kültür,% 5 CO2 ilave ile 37 ° C &#39;de 175T şişelerinde serum içermeyen ortam içinde RG-M56 tek klonlu fare hibridoma hücreleri, 2. orta renk inkübasyon beş gün sonra sarı döndüğünde süpernatant toplayın. Not: hibridoma hücreleri cenin sığır serumu antikor kirlenmesini önlemek için, serum barındırmayan ortam içinde kültürlenmiştir. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca 4500 x g&#39;de santrifüj süpernatan ve hücre yıkıntıları pelet haline atın. </li><li> 5 ml kolonuna (% 50 bulamaç olarak verilir), protein G agaroz 2 ml ilave edilir ve buz soğukluğunda PBS 10 reçine hacim (10 mL) ile dengeye getirin. </li><li> Antikor süpernatant yükleyin 200 mL kolonuna (adım 1.2) ve geçişini atın. </li><li> yıkamak için sütuna buz soğukluğunda 10 ml PBS ilave edin. İki kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> protein G-bağlı antikor elüt edilmesi için sütun 50 mM glisin, pH 2.7, 10 ml ekleyin. ColCollect 10x nötralizasyon tampon 100 ul (1 M Tris, 1.5 M NaCl ve 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) ihtiva eden bir mikrosantrifüj tüpü içinde, 900 uL fraksiyonlar. </li><li> -20 ° C&#39;de% 0.03 NaN 3 ile% 50 gliserol saflaştırılmış antikor saklayın. </li></ol> 2. İnşaat ve seri olarak Kesik Rekombinant Proteinlerin İfadesi <ol><li> (10x Pfu tampon maddesi 5 uL, her dNTP 0.2 mM, 0.2 uM ileri primer 3, 0.2 uM ters primer 3, 2 mM MgSO 4, pET20b-1A59 3 plasmid DNA 1 ng ve 2.5 U: PCR reaksiyon karışımı hazırlandı ünite) Pfu DNA polimeraz, 50 ul&#39;lik nihai bir hacme kadar O GKD 2 ekleyin. <ol><li> Otomatik termal döngü çalıştırmak örnekler aşağıdaki parametreler kullanılarak: Döngü 1 (5 dakika 94 ° C); döngüleri 2-36 (30 s için 94 ° C, 30 sn için 63 ° C ve 60 sn için 72 ° C); ve çevrim 37 (7 dakika süreyle 72 ºC). </li></ol></li><li> Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR), aşağıdaki kısıtlayıcı enzim sindirimi kolaylaştırmak için PCR saflaştırma kiti 5 kullanarak ürün ekstrakte edin. </li><li> Nde I ve Xho I sınırlama enzimleri ile PCR amplifiye edilmiş DNA fragmanları sindirimi ve Nde I ve Xho I enzim ayrıldı pET-20b (+) vektörüne, bu DNA parçalarının her biri ligate. Escherichia coli DH-5α-kompetan hücreler 6 içine yapıları dönüştürmek. <ol><li> Sindirim tamponu sindirim karışım hazırlayın (20 mM Tris-asetat, 10 mM Mg (CH3COO) 2, 50 mM KCH 3 COO ve 1 mM DTT, pH 7.9) ile 1 PCR ile amplifiye DNA ya da PET-20b ug Nde I ve Xho I sınırlama (+) vektörü, DNA, ve 2 U 20 uL nihai hacim içinde enzim. </li><li> yavaşça sindirim karışımı karıştırın ve hızlı bir şekilde aşağı doğru döndürün. sınırlama tam kesim oturup sağlamak için kuru bir banyo içinde, 2 saat boyunca 37 ° C de kuluçkaya bırakılıres. </li><li> Aşağıdaki plazmid yapı kolaylaştırmak için PCR saflaştırma kiti 5 ile sınır enzimi ile sindirilmiş DNA fragmanları ekstrakte edin. </li><li> Ligasyon tamponu bağlanma karışımının hazırlanması (66 mM Tris, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP, ve 5 mM DTT, pH 7.5) önceden sindirilmiş, PCR ile amplifiye DNA 100 ng, predigested pET-20b, 10 ng (+) vektör DNA, 10 uL nihai hacim içinde, 5 U T4 DNA ligaz. </li><li> yavaşça ligasyon karışımı karıştırın ve hızlı bir şekilde aşağı doğru döndürün. Bir su banyosu içinde 18 saat boyunca 16 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> DH-5α-kompetan hücreler 100 uL ligasyon numunelerinin 10 uL koyun ve 30 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde mikrosantrifüj tüpü yerleştirmeden önce yavaşça karıştırın. Isı şoku 7 ikna etmek 90 saniye süreyle 42 ºC kuru bir banyosunda ependorf tüp koyun. Hemen 2 dakika süreyle buz üzerine tüp aktarın. </li><li> % 0.5 Bacto maya Extrac Luria-Bertani (LB) ortamı (% 1 Bacto tripton, 900 uL, eklemetüpe T ve% 0.5 NaCl, pH 7.0). 150 rpm&#39;de 45 dakika boyunca çalkalama ile 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. 10 dakika süre ile 4,000 x g &#39;de santrifüj ile hücreler pelet ve süpernatant atılır. </li><li> LB suyu 50 uL ile pelet yeniden süspanse edin ve 100 ug / ml ampisilin ihtiva eden, önceden-ısıtılmış LB plakaları üzerine her dönüşümü yayıldı. 16 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> 200 uL ucunu kullanarak tek bir koloni Pick up ve gevşek kapatılmış 15 ml tüp içinde 100 ug / ml ampisilin içeren 3 ml LB suyu içine yerleştirin. 150 rpm&#39;de 12 saat boyunca çalkalanarak 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edin. </li><li> Her bir kültürden plazmid DNA 8 ekstrakte ve sırası 9 teyit etmek için T7 destekleyici ve T7 bitirme primerler kullanılarak, sekans. </li></ol></li><li> Sekans doğrulandıktan sonra, bu, pET-20b DNA, 10 ng (+) tarafımızdan, E. coli BL-21 (DE3) &#39;e suşa YGNNV kılıf proteini geni uzunlukları farklı olan plazmidler dönüşümüısı-şok yöntemi 7 ing. adımları izleyin 2.3.6-2.3.8 dönüşümü gerçekleştirmek için. </li><li> Gevşek kapaklı 15 ml bir tüp içinde 100 ug / ml ampisilin ihtiva eden 3 ml LB suyu her bir transforme edilmiş E. coli BL-21, hücre tek bir koloni aktarın. 150 rpm çalkalanarak 37 ºC&#39;de kültür inkübe edin. </li><li> Kültür OD 600 yaklaşık 0.6 olduğu zaman 25 ° C, kültür soğutun ve yeniden birleştirici proteinin ifadesini uyarmak için 0.4 mM nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar IPTG ilave edin. 200 rpm çalkalanarak 25 ° C&#39;de fazladan 4 saat süreyle kültür inkübe edin. </li><li> mikrosantrifüj tüpü içine kültürün 1 ml&#39;sinin aktarın. 1 dakika için 12,000 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile hücreler pelet ve süpernatant atılır. </li><li> Mikropipet ile pipetleme aşağı denatürasyon tampon maddesi 100 uL (8 M üre, 20 mM sodyum fosfat, 0.5 M NaCI, pH 7.4) içinde hücre pelletini. dinç vorteks ile karıştırın. NOT: Örnek solutions artık nokta blot hibridizasyon analizi için, yarı-saydam az yapışkan ve hazır olmalıdır. </li></ol> Çakışan Peptitler 3. Tasarım ve Sentezi <ol><li> Tasarım ve her nokta lekeleme tarafından RG-M56 mAb epitop bölgesini daraltmak için YGNNV kat proteininin 195-338 aa bölgesinden 10 aa artıkları ile halefi ile örtüşen 3 seri 20-mer peptidler sentez. </li><li> Tasarım ve sentez 3 üç 8-mer peptitler (202 195 VNVSVLCR, 197 VSVLCRWS 204 ve 199 VLCRWSVR 206) aşağıdaki sentetik peptid üzerine 6 aa artıkları bir örtüşme ile noktalama yöntemiyle 195-206 aa epitop bölgesini daraltmak için. </li><li> Tasarım ve 3 7-mer sentez (196 NVSVLCR 202 ve 195 VNVSVLC 201), 6-mer (195 VNVSVL 200, 196 NVSVLC 201 ve 1En aza indirmek için komşu peptit üzerinde sırasıyla, 6, 5 üst üste binmekte ve 4 aa artıkları, 97 VSVLCR 202) ve 5-mer peptidleri (202 195 VNVSV 199, 196 NVSVL 200, 197 VSVLC 201 ve 198 SVLCR) noktalama yöntemiyle epitop bölgesi. </li></ol> 4. Nokta benek hibridizasyonu <ol><li> 10 mg / mL&#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar, dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) içinde, her sentez peptidi çözülür. Not: sentetik peptidler değişik çözünürlüğe üstesinden gelmek için, tüm sentetik peptidler DMSO içinde çözündürülmelidir. DMSO tamamen hidrofobik ya da hidrofilik peptitleri çözündürmek için iyi bir çözücüdür. </li><li> 2 dakika boyunca metanol ile poliviniliden florit (PVDF) membran bekletin. NOT: PVDF membran DMSO dayanıklı% 100 kadardır; diğerleri kadar olmayabilir. </li><li> modifiye Towbin tamponu (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glisin ve% 0.1 SDS, pH 8.3) için, PVDF membranı ile dengeye2 dakika. Not:% 10-20 (h / h) metanol transfer sonuçlarını geliştirmek için modifiye Towbin tamponu ilave edilebilir. </li><li> modifiye Towbin tamponu ile kromatografi bir parça kağıt durulayın. kromatografi kağıdı üzerine PVDF membran yerleştirin. modifiye Towbin tampon sonraki adıma geçmeden önce PVDF membran yüzeyinden kaybolana kadar bekleyin. </li><li> 10 uL ucu ile membrana her peptid numunesi 2 ul ekle. 10 dakika süre ile kromatografi kağıdı üzerinde PVDF membran hava-kurutun. Çok fazla difüzyon önlemek için zar üzerine yavaş ve aşamalı olarak, her peptit örnek ekleyin. </li><li> hafifçe çalkalanarak oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika boyunca% 5 yağsız süt ile TBST tamponu içinde membran (% 0.05 (h / h) Tween-20, 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCI, pH 7.4) ile bloke edin. </li><li> zara% 5 yağsız süt ile TBST tamponu içinde 1.000: 1 oranında bir nihai seyreltme ile RG-M56 mAb ekleyin. hafifçe çalkalanarak 1 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de membran inkübe edin. </li><li> bu nedenle antikorunu çıkarındökülmesinden. hafifçe çalkalanarak 5 dakika süreyle TBST tamponu içinde membran yıkayın. İki kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> zara% 5 yağsız süt ile TBST tamponu içinde 5.000: 1 bir son seyreltide ikincil antikor (keçi anti-fare IgG, Fc, konjuge alkalin fosfataz) ekleyin. hafifçe çalkalanarak 1 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de membran inkübe edin. </li><li> antikor çözüm atın. hafifçe çalkalanarak 5 dakika süreyle TBST tamponu içinde membran yıkayın. iki kez yıkama adımı yineleyin. </li><li> karanlıkta 15 dakika için oda sıcaklığında BCIP / NBT substrat çözeltisi ile membran geliştirir. Sinyal göründüğünde GKD 2 O ile membran yıkayarak gelişmekte durdurun. </li><li> membran Hava kurutun ve bir görüntü sistemi kullanılarak dot-blot görüntü yakalamak. </li><li> Görüntü analiz yazılımı 3 kullanarak her nokta leke yoğunluğunu ölçmek. </li></ol> 5. Alanin Tarama ve Değişiklik <ol><li> Tasarım ve 3 alanin ve Methi sentezonine, ikame peptidler. VAVSVLCR 202, 195 VNASVLCR 202, 195 VNVAVLCR 202, 195 VNVSALCR 202, 195 VNVSVACR 202, 195 VNVSVLAR 202 8-mer peptidi 195 VNVSVLCR 202 alanine her AA artığı yerine sentez peptidleri 195 ANVSVLCR 202, 195, ve 195 VNVSVLCA 202 . SJNNV genotip epitop peptit 195 VNVSVMCR 202 oluşturmak için metionin aa kalıntısı lösin 200 değiştirin. </li><li> alanin tarama ve ikame mutagenez nokta blotlama gerçekleştirmek için Bölüm 4 izleyin. </li></ol>

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The authors have no conflicts of interest related to this report.

Bu protokol, mAb tanınan lineer epitopunu belirlemek için hızlı ve basit bir teknik sunmaktadır. dikkate peptit sentezi ve sentez peptidlerin üretim verimliliği maliyeti alarak, virüs kaplama proteininin antijenik bölgenin peptit tarama analizinden önce seri kesik rekombinant proteinleri ifade azaltılmıştır. 10 ila 50 arasındaki moleküler ağırlıklara sahip bir araya getiren proteinler kDa kolaylıkla bu sistem ile ifade edilebilir Bu nedenle, güvenli ve etkili bir E.coli pET ifade sistemi, b...

Bağışıklık sisteminde, V, D ve J segmentlerinin rekombinasyon antikorları patojenik enfeksiyon ana korumak için çeşitli antijenlere bağlanması için tamamlayıcılığı belirleyici bölgelerinde (CDR&#39;ler) muazzam varyasyonlarını oluşturmak için sağlar. antijenlere karşı antikorların nötralize savunma antikorlarının CDR ve antijenlerin epitoplarına arasındaki mekansal tamamlayıcılık bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, bu moleküler etkileşim bir anlayış profilaktik aşı tasarımı ve terapötik peptid ilaç geliştirme yardımcı olacaktır. Bununla birlikte, bu nötrleştirme etkileşimi, tek bir antijen birden fazla antijenik alan ile ve dolayısıyla epitop belirleme süreci daha karmaşık hale antikor çoklu CDR&#39;ler, hem de etkilenebilir. Neyse ki, miyelom hücreleri ile, bireysel antikor üreten hücrelerin sigortalar hibridom teknolojisinin gelişmesi, sn hücrelerin sürekli bölünmesi toplu sağlarBir monoklonal antikor (mAb) olarak bilinen retenin belirli bir antikor, 1. Hibridoma hücreleri, spesifik antijenin tek bir antijenik alana bağlanabilir, bu, saf, yüksek afiniteli mAbs üretir. Kurulan antijen-antikor, peptit taraması dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yaklaşımlar arasında bir ilişki ile, karşılık gelen mAb kullanan bir antijenin epitopunun belirlenmesi için kullanılabilir. sentetik peptid teknolojisindeki son gelişmeler peptid tarama tekniği daha erişilebilir ve gerçekleştirmek için daha uygun hale getirmiştir. Kısaca, üst üste binen sentetik peptidlere bir dizi, bir hedef bir antijen dizisine göre üretilir mAb hibridizasyona katı destekli zara ilişkilidir. Peptid tarama bölgesinin antikor bağlanmasını eşlemek için kolay bir yol sunar, ancak, aynı zamanda epitop peptit her AA tortu antikorun CDR arasındaki bağlanma etkileşimini değerlendirmek için tortu, tarama veya ikame arası amino asit (aa) mutagenez kolaylaştırmaktadır. 2, 3, 4 ile san bir orfoz sinir nekroz virüsü (YGNNV) kaplama proteininin lineer epitopa etkin tanımlanması için bir protokol açıklamaktadır. Protokol mAb, inşaat ve seri kesik rekombinant proteinlerin ekspresyonu sentetik üstüste binen peptit tasarım, nokta-benek hibridizasyonu, alanin tarama ve ikame mutagenezi bulunmaktadır. Peptit sentezi yüksek maliyeti göz önüne alındığında, seri arzu edilen bir hedef proteini rekombinant proteinleri kesilmesi aşamasının tadil edilmiş, ve sentetik peptid dizisi nokta-blot analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir önce antijenik bölge yaklaşık 100 ila 200 aa artıkları kadar daraltılmıştır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Hybrid-SFM medium</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12045-076</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbeccos&#039;s Phophate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>21600-069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pfu DNA Polymerase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EP0502&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Including buffers</td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase</td><td>Roche</td><td>10799009001</td><td>Including buffers</td></tr><tr><td>NdeI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0111S</td><td>Including buffers</td></tr><tr><td>XhoI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0146S</td><td>Including buffers</td></tr><tr><td>pET-20b(+) vector</td><td>Novagen, Merck Millipore</td><td>69739</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; DH-5&amp;alpha; competent cell</td><td>RBC Bioscience</td><td>RH617</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; BL-21(DE3) competent cell</td><td>RBC Bioscience</td><td>RH217</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Amresco</td><td>0339-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB broth&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrongen</td><td>12780-052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropylthio-&amp;beta;-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)</td><td>MDBio, Inc.</td><td>101-367-93-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>106009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td><td>J.T.Baker</td><td>X251-07</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Amresco</td><td>0167-5KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris</td><td>Affymetrix, USB</td><td>75825</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Amresco</td><td>0241-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Amresco</td><td>0105-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Amresco</td><td>0854-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaN&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S2002-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BCIP/NBT</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>NEL937001PK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, Fc fragment antibody</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115-055-008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Immobilon-P (Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>IPVH00010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein G Agarose Fast Flow</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>16-266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick PCR Purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UVP BioSpectrum 600 Image System</td><td>UVP</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VisionWorks LS Analysis Software Ver 6.8</td><td>UVP</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MyCycler thermal cycler</td><td>BioRad</td><td>1709713</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

peptide scanning-assisted identification of a monoclonal antibody-recognized linear b-cell epitope

bağışıklık sisteminin bir antijenik epitopa tanımlanması aşılar ve peptid ilaçların geliştirilmesi kolaylaştırabilir nötralize edici antikorların bir koruyucu mekanizma anlaşılabilmiştir. Peptid tarama delikanlı monoklonal bir antikor (mAb) tarafından tanınan lineer epitop harita basit ve etkili bir yöntemdir. Burada, yazarlar nötrleştirici mAb kullanılarak sinir nekroz virüsü kaplama proteininin antigenik tanınması için seri kesik rekombinant proteinleri, sentetik peptid tasarımı ve nokta-benek hibridizasyonu ile ilgili bir epitop belirlenmesi yöntemi sunulmaktadır. Bu teknik, bir poliviniliden florür (PVDF) membran üzerinde sentetik peptidler ve mAb&#39;lerin nokta benek hibridizasyonu dayanır. RG-M56 mAb tarafından tanınan bir viral kat proteininin en az antijenik bölge 6-mer peptit epitopu üzerine peptit haritalama kesilmiş adım adım daraltıldığı edilebilir. Buna ek olarak, alanin tarama mutajenezi ve tortu, altikamesi veya epitopu oluşturan her bir amino asit tortusu bağlanması önem karakterize etmek için gerçekleştirilebilir. epitop sitesini kuşatan kalıntıları peptid konformasyon düzenlenmesinde kritik roller oynamaya bulundu. tanımlanan epitop peptit bir X-ışını kırılım çalışmasının ve fonksiyonel rekabet veya tedavi için epitopunun peptid-antikor komplekslerinin kristalleri meydana getirmek üzere kullanılabilir.

Bu deneyin amacı, mAb kullanılarak nokta blotlama yoluyla bir epitopu belirlemek için yapıldı. Hızlı ve verimli bir şekilde mAb tarafından algılanan antijenik bölge daraltmak için, C-terminali bir 6xHis füzyon etiketidir tam boyunda ve seri olarak kesildi YGNNV rekombinant kaplama proteinleri bir E. coli pET ifade sistemi 10 (Şekil 1 A) ile ilgili olarak ifade edildi. Elde edilen rekombinant proteinleri nokta benek hibridiza...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope at JoVE.com

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Here, the authors present a simple and efficient protocol to define a linear antigenic epitope using a purified monoclonal antibody and peptide scanning through dot-blot hybridization. The identified epitope can then be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Peptid, bir monoklonal antikor tarafından tanınan lineer B-hücresi epitopunun belirlenmesi: Tarama destekli

The identification of an antigenic epitope by the immune system allows for the understanding of the protective mechanism of neutralizing antibodies that ...

peptide-scanning-assisted-identification-monoclonal-antibody

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.3K Görüntüleme.  Academia Sinica. Here, the authors present a simple and efficient protocol to define a linear antigenic epitope using a purified monoclonal antibody and peptide scanning through dot-blot hybridization. The identified epitope can then be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Video: Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Semi-automated Biopanning of Bacterial Display Libraries for Peptide Affinity Reagent Discovery and Analysis of Resulting Isolates

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. Peptide affinity reagents can be used for similar applications to antibodies, including sensing and therapeutics, but are more robust and able to perform in more extreme environments. Specific enrichment of peptide capture agents to a protein target of interest is enhanced using semi-automated sorting methods which improve binding and wash steps and therefore decrease the occurrence of false positive binders. A semi-automated sorting method is described herein for use with a commercial automated magnetic-activated cell sorting device with an unconstrained bacterial display sorting library expressing random 15-mer peptides. With slight modifications, these methods are extendable to other automated devices, other sorting libraries, and other organisms. A primary goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive methodology and expound the thought process applied in analyzing and minimizing the resulting pool of candidates. These techniques include analysis of on-cell binding using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), to assess affinity and specificity during sorting and in comparing individual candidates, and the analysis of peptide sequences to identify trends and consensus sequences for understanding and potentially improving the affinity to and specificity for the target of interest.

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for discovery of peptide affinity reagents, a robust alternative to antibodies. The semi-automated sorting method herein has streamlined biopanning to decrease the occurrence of false positives. Here we illustrate the thought process and techniques applied in evaluating candidates and minimizing downstream analysis.

Peptid benzeşme reaktif keşif ve elde edilen yalıtır analizi için bakteriyel ekran kütüphanelerin yarı otomatik Biopanning

Biopanning bacterial display libraries is a proven technique for peptide affinity reagent discovery for recognition of both biotic and abiotic targets. ...

Biyokimya

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

In organ transplantation, the function and longevity of the graft critically rely on the success of controlling immunological rejection reactivity against human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Histocompatibility guidelines are based on laboratory tests of anti-HLA immunity, which presents either as pre-existing or de novo generated HLA antibodies that constitute a major transplantation barrier. Current tests are built on a single-antigen beads (SAB) platform using a fixed set of ~100 preselected recombinant HLA antigens to probe transplant sera. However, in humans there exist a far greater variety of HLA types, with no two individuals other than identical twins who can share the same combination of HLA sequences. While advanced technologies for HLA typing and direct sequencing can precisely capture any mismatches in DNA sequence between a donor's and recipient's HLA, the SAB assay, due to its limited variety in sequence representation, is unable to precisely detect alloantibodies specifically against the donor HLA mismatches. We sought to develop a complementary method using a different technology to detect and characterize anti-donor HLA antibodies on a personalized basis. The screening tool is a custom peptide array of donor HLA-derived sequences for probing post-transplant sera of the organ recipient to assess the risk for antibody-mediated rejection. On a single array for one donor-recipient pair, up to 600 unique peptides are made based on the donor's HLA protein sequences, each peptide carrying at least one mismatched residue in a 15-amino acid sequence. In our pilot experiments to compare antigen patterns for pre- and post-transplant sera on these arrays, we were able to detect anti-HLA signals with the resolution that also allowed us to pinpoint the immune epitopes involved. These personalized antigen arrays allow high-resolution detection of donor-specific HLA epitopes in organ transplantation.

Mismatches in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sequences between organ donor and recipient pairs are the major cause of antibody-mediated rejection in organ transplantation. Here we present the use of custom antigen arrays that are based on individual donors' HLA sequences to probe anti-donor HLA alloantibodies in organ recipients.

Peptid diziler HLA Alloantibodies Organ nakli olarak algılanması için kişiselleştirilmiş

In organ transplantation, the function and longevity of the graft critically rely on the success of controlling immunological rejection reactivity against ...

Peptide:MHC Tetramer-based Enrichment of Epitope-specific T cells

A basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an ability to identify T cells based on their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificity. Many indirect methods are available in which a bulk population of T cells is stimulated in vitro with a specific antigen and epitope-specific T cells are identified through the measurement of a functional response such as proliferation, cytokine production, or expression of activation markers1. However, these methods only identify epitope-specific T cells exhibiting one of many possible functions, and they are not sensitive enough to detect epitope-specific T cells at naive precursor frequencies. A popular alternative is the TCR transgenic adoptive transfer model, in which monoclonal T cells from a TCR transgenic mouse are seeded into histocompatible hosts to create a large precursor population of epitope-specific T cells that can be easily tracked with the use of a congenic marker antibody2,3. While powerful, this method suffers from experimental artifacts associated with the unphysiological frequency of T cells with specificity for a single epitope4,5. Moreover, this system cannot be used to investigate the functional heterogeneity of epitope-specific T cell clones within a polyclonal population.
	The ideal way to study adaptive immunity should involve the direct detection of epitope-specific T cells from the endogenous T cell repertoire using a method that distinguishes TCR specificity solely by its binding to cognate peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes. The use of pMHC tetramers and flow cytometry accomplishes this6, but is limited to the detection of high frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells only found following antigen-induced clonal expansion. In this protocol, we describe a method that coordinates the use of pMHC tetramers and magnetic cell enrichment technology to enable detection of extremely low frequency epitope-specific T cells from mouse lymphoid tissues3,7. With this technique, one can comprehensively track entire epitope-specific populations of endogenous T cells in mice at all stages of the immune response.

This protocol describes the use of peptide:MHC tetramers and magnetic microbeads to isolate low frequency populations of epitope-specific T cells and analyze them by flow cytometry. This method enables the direct study of endogenous T cell populations of interest from in vivo experimental systems.

Peptid: Epitop-spesifik T-hücrelerinin MHC tetramer bazlı Zenginleştirme

A  basic necessity for researchers studying adaptive immunity with in vivo experimental models is an  ability to identify T cells based on their T cell ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein

Qa-1 (HLA-E in human) belongs to a group of non-classical major histocompatibility complex 1b (MHC-Ib) molecules. Recent data suggest that Qa-1 molecules play important roles in surveying cells for structural and functional integrity, inducing immune regulation, and limiting immune responses to viral infections. Additionally, functional augmentation of Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T cells through epitope immunization has shown therapeutic effects in several autoimmune disease animal models, e.g. experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, collagen-induced arthritis, and non-obese diabetes. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a method that can efficiently and quickly identify functional Qa-1 epitopes in a protein. Here, we describe a protocol that utilizes Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T cell lines specific for an overlapping peptide (OLP) library for determining Qa-1 epitopes in a protein. This OLP library contains 15-mer overlapping peptides that cover the whole length of a protein, and adjacent peptides overlap by 11 amino acids. Using this protocol, we recently identified a 9-mer Qa-1 epitope in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). This newly mapped MOG Qa-1 epitope was shown to induce epitope-specific, Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T cells that enhanced myelin-specific immune regulation. Therefore, this protocol is useful for future investigation of novel targets and functions of Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T cells.

Qa-1 (HLA-E in human) belongs to a group of non-classical major histocompatibility complex 1b molecules. Immunization with Qa-1-binding epitopes has been shown to augment tissue-specific immune regulation and ameliorate several autoimmune diseases. Herein we describe an overlapping peptide library strategy for the identification of Qa-1 epitopes in a protein.

Qa-1 epitopları bir protein eşlemek için çakışan Peptide Kütüphane

Qa-1 (HLA-E in human) belongs to a group of non-classical major histocompatibility complex 1b (MHC-Ib) molecules. Recent data suggest that Qa-1 molecules ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

Kanda dolaşan nadir antijen spesifik B hücreleri Discriminative insan monoklonal antikorların üretimi

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

Tetrameric Fluorescent Antigen Arrays for Single-Step Identification of Antigen-Specific B Cells

Fluorescent antigen production is a critical step in the identification of antigen-specific B cells. Here, we detailed the preparation, purification, and the use of four-arm, fluorescent PEG-antigen conjugates to selectively identify antigen-specific B cells through avid engagement with cognate B cell receptors. Using modular click chemistry and commercially available fluorophore kit chemistries, we demonstrated the versatility of preparing customized fluorescent PEG-conjugates by creating distinct arrays for proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) and insulin, which are important autoantigens in murine models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Assays were developed for each fluorescent conjugate in its respective disease model using flow cytometry. Antigen arrays were compared to monovalent autoantigen to quantify the benefit of multimerization onto PEG backbones. Finally, we illustrated the utility of this platform by isolating and assessing anti-insulin B cell responses after antigen stimulation ex vivo. Labeling insulin-specific B cells enabled the amplified detection of changes to co-stimulation (CD86) that were otherwise dampened in aggregate B cell analysis. Together, this report enables the production and use of fluorescent antigen arrays as a robust tool for probing B cell populations.

This protocol details the customizable production and use of fluorescent probes for labeling antigen-specific B cells.

Fluorescent antigen production is a critical step in the identification of antigen-specific B cells. Here, we detailed the preparation, purification, and ...

Biyomühendislik

Single-cell Screening Method for the Selection and Recovery of Antibodies with Desired Specificities from Enriched Human Memory B Cell Populations

The human antibody repertoire represents a largely untapped source of potential therapeutic antibodies and useful biomarkers. While current computational methods, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), yield enormous sets of data on the antibody repertoire at the sequence level, functional data is required to identify which sequences are relevant for a particular antigen or set of antigens. Here, we describe a method to identify and recover individual antigen-specific antibodies from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a human blood donor. This method utilizes an initial enrichment of mature B cells and requires a combination of phenotypic cell markers and fluorescently-labeled protein to isolate IgG memory B cells via flow cytometry. The heavy and light chain variable regions are then cloned and re-screened. Although limited to the memory B cell compartment, this method takes advantage of flow cytometry to interrogate millions of B cells and returns paired heavy and light chain sequences from a single cell in a format ready for expression and confirmation of specificity. Antibodies recovered with this method can be considered for therapeutic potential, but can also link specificity and function with bioinformatic approaches to assess the B cell repertoire within individuals.

The BSelex method to identify and recover individual antigen-specific antibodies from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells combines flow cytometry with single cell PCR and cloning.

Zenginleştirilmiş İnsan Hafızası B Hücre Popülasyonlarından İstenilen Özgülliklerle Antikorların Seçimi ve Geri Kazanımı İçin Tek Hücreli Tarama Yöntemi

The human antibody repertoire represents a largely untapped source of potential therapeutic antibodies and useful biomarkers. While current computational ...

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

CD4 T cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. As a versatile cell population, CD4 T cells have been classified as distinct functional subsets based on the cytokines they secreted: for example, IFN-&#947; for CD4 T helper 1 cells, IL-4 and IL-13 for CD4 T helper 2 cells, IL-21 for CD4 T follicular helper cells, and IL-17 for CD4 T helper 17 cells. Analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD4 T cells based on cytokine secretion after HBV-derived peptides stimulation could provide information not only about the magnitude of HBV-specific CD4 T-cell response but also about the functional subsets of HBV-specific CD4 T cells. Novel approaches, such as transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, could provide more detailed functional information about HBV-specific CD4 T cells. These approaches usually require isolation of viable HBV-specific CD4 T cells based on peptide-major histocompatibility complex-II multimers, while currently the information about HBV-specific CD4 T-cell epitopes is limited. Based on an HBV-derived peptide matrix, a method has been developed to evaluate HBV-specific CD4 T-cell responses and identify HBV-specific CD4 T-cell epitopes simultaneously using peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples from chronic HBV infection patients.

Based on a hepatitis B virus (HBV)-derived peptide matrix, HBV-specific CD4 T-cell responses could be evaluated in parallel with identification of HBV-specific CD4 T-cell epitopes.

Peptit Matrisi Bazlı HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitoplarının HBV'ye Özgü CD4 T hücre yanıtlarının analizi ve tanımlanması

CD4 T cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. As a versatile cell population, CD4 T cells have been classified as distinct ...

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design1,2. Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay is scaled to 384-well format. The scaled down protocol reduces reagent costs by 75% and is higher throughput than previously described 96-well protocols1,3-5. Specifically, the experimental design permits robust and reproducible analysis of up to 15 peptides against one MHC II allele per 384-well ELISA plate. Using a single liquid handling robot, this method allows one researcher to analyze approximately ninety test peptides in triplicate over a range of eight concentrations and four MHC II allele types in less than 48 hr. Others working in the fields of protein deimmunization or vaccine design and development may find the protocol to be useful in facilitating their own work. In particular, the step-by-step instructions and the visual format of JoVE should allow other users to quickly and easily establish this methodology in their own labs.

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design. &#160;Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay scaled to 384-well plates is described. This cost effective format should prove useful in the fields of protein deimmunization and vaccine design and development.

Peptid Epitopların Kantitatif Analiz için bir yüksek veri akışı MHC II Bağlanma Deneyi

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or ...

Biyoloji

Development of a Colloidal Gold-based Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Detection of Cetacean Myoglobin

This protocol describes the development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on the sandwich format that can be used to differentiate the myoglobin (Mb) of cetaceans from that of seals and other animals. The strip provides rapid and on-the-spot screening for cetacean meat, thereby restraining its illegal trade and consumption. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with reactivity toward the Mb of cetaceans were developed. The amino acid sequences of Mb antigenic reactive regions from various animals were analyzed in order to design two synthetic peptides (a general peptide and a specific peptide) and thereafter raise the mAbs (subclass IgG1). The mAbs were selected from hybridomas screened by indirect ELISA, western blot and dot blot. CGF5H9 was specific to the Mbs of rabbits, dogs, pigs, cows, goats, and cetaceans while it showed weak to no affinity to the Mbs of chickens, tuna and seals. CSF1H13 can bind seals and cetaceans with strong affinity but showed no affinity to other animals. Cetacean samples from four families (Balaenopteridae, Delphinidae, Phocoenidae and Kogiidae) were used in this study, and the results indicated that these two mAbs have broad binding ability to Mbs from different cetaceans. These mAbs were applied on a sandwich-type colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip. CGF5H9, which recognizes many species, was colloid gold-labeled and used as the detection antibody. CSF1H13, which was coated on the test zone, detected the presence of cetacean and seal Mbs. Muscle samples from tuna, chicken, seal, five species of terrestrial mammals and 15 species of cetaceans were tested in triplicate. All cetacean samples showed positive results and all the other samples showed negative results.

This protocol describes the development of two IgG class monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) strongly reactive to myoglobin of cetaceans. These mAbs are applied on a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on the sandwich format to differentiate the Mb of cetaceans from seal and other animals.