Akış Sitometresi çekirdek tesis Pennsylvania State Üniversitesi Millennium bilim Complex adlı teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

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	<li>Davies, L. C., Taylor, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-resident+macrophages:+Then+and+Now.">Tissue-resident macrophages: Then and Now.</a> Immunology. 144 (4), 541-548 (2015).</li><li>Kahn, S. E., Hull, R. L., Utzschneider, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+linking+obesity+to+insulin+resistance+and+type+2+diabetes.">Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.</a> Nature. 444 (12), 840-846 (2006).</li><li>Van Gaal, L. F., Mertens, I. L., De Block, C. 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Yazarlar ifşa etmek yok çatışması var.

Komorbiditeler ateroskleroz, basit yağlanma, steatohepatitis gibi taklit ve tip 2 diyabet diyet kaynaklı metabolik bozukluk modelleri temel moleküler mekanizmaları hastalık progresyon daha iyi anlamak için yaygın olarak kullanılır. Collagenase bağımlı sindirim genellikle doku hücreleri hücre dışı Matriks (ECM)16,27den kurtarmak için ayırmak için kullanılır. Collagenase gibi enzimler hücre komşu için yapısal destek sağlayan kolajen bozab...

Fare modelleri yoğun insan hastalıkları dinamiklerini incelemek için kullanılmaktadır. Fareler hastalıklı bir durumda doku yerleşik hücre uygun yalıtım Patogenez moleküler ve hücresel katkılar hastalığı1anlamak için bir platform sağlar. Kritik önemi olan bir obezite bozukluğudur. Obezite sıklığı 2 diyabet, kalp-damar hastalıkları ve yağlı karaciğer hastalığı2,3yazın ve insülin direnci ile paralel olarak dünya çapında yükselmeye devam ediyor. Aşırı besin tüketimi daha da azalmış fiziksel aktivite olan aort ve karaciğer4gibi diğer periferik dokuların hücresel ortamı değiştirmek Yağ dokusundan kaynaklanan değişmiş sinyalleri tetikleyen tarafından çarpık. Bu tür bozulma metabolik homeostazı sonuçları bir kronik düşük dereceli sistemik inflamasyon5.
Klasik makrofajlar aorta ve karaciğer gibi beyaz Yağ dokusundan (WAT) onların işe alım için ikamet aktivasyonu sadece bozukluk metabolik sinyallerin başlatmak ama aynı zamanda iltihabı6,7sürdürmek için gösterilmiştir. Makrofajlar fenotipik ve fonksiyonel heterojen şiddetle obezite patogenezi ile ilişkilidir ilgili komorbiditeler7. Makrofaj polarizasyon dinamik plastisite bu hücreler bir dizi ilerleme koordine aktif fenotipleri ve inflamasyon8çözünürlüğe sergilemek sağlar. Klasik aktif (M1) makrofajlar iltihap yayılmasında karıştığı iken, alternatif olarak aktif (M2) makrofajlar çözünürlük ve doku onarımı9,10ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Vücudun metabolik stres uğrar gibi beyaz yağ dokusu anormal derecede birikir. Genişletilmiş yağ dokusu çeker ve derinden insülin direnci, hiperglisemi ve sonuçta tip 2 diabetes mellitus, insülin direnci veya hiperglisemi11tanıtmak için normal adipocyte işlevini değiştirme inflamatuar hücreleri korur, 12. Buna paralel olarak, beyaz yağ dokusu değişikler yanıt inflamatuar sinyalleri tarafından yayımlanan olarak klasik aktif (M1) yağ doku makrofajlar (TYS)13,14sızmış. Çok hücreli bu organ aort ve karaciğer4gibi diğer vücut organlarının normal fonksiyon raydan çıktı bir çağlayan sinyal yayıyor.
Karaciğer yakındaki dysregulated WAT15kaynaklanan uyaranlara yanıt olarak uyum sağlar metabolik bir elektrik santrali var. Hepatik makrofajlar veya Kupffer hücreleri, metabolik değişiklikler, hem parenkima dönüşümü inflamatuar sitokinlerin ve parenkimal olmayan hücre fenotip salgılar ve doku remodeling teşvik. Karaciğer lipid birikimi, iltihap, aşırı hücre dışı matriks mevduat, nekroz ve karaciğer hasarı geniş yelpazede katkıda inflamatuar hakaret non alkolik yağlı karaciğer hastalığı ile ilgili nihai işlev kaybı aşağıdaki gibidir 16,17,18.
Vücudun kronik metabolik stres19uğrar gibi güvenliği aşılan WAT ve karaciğer fonksiyon için paralel olarak büyük arterlerin lipidler Arteryel duvardaki içinde birikir. Arteryel lipid birikimi kemokinler aktive endotel hücreleri tarafından salgılanmasını ve monosit20sonraki işe alım tetikler. Bir kez işe, monosit çoğalırlar, ayırt etmek, lipoproteinler yutmayın ve köpük hücreleri haline. Atherogenesis başlatılan ve pro-inflamatuar etkinliği tarafından sürekli işe ve doku ikamet lipid yüklü makrofajlar. Bu aterojenik microenvironment geçirilen ekstraselüler ve hücre içi stres sinyallerini succumbing, bu makrofajlar sonra art arda sıralı sinyal bir apoptotik meşgul. Bu köpük hücreleri ölürken dolu lipid içeriklerini daha sonra plak rüptürü, miyokard enfarktüsü ve inme için neden lezyon nekrotik çekirdeğini katkıda bulunur.
Topluca, makrofaj fenotipleri heterojen kısmen enflamatuar degisimler WAT, karaciğer ve aort8,21gibi dysregulated dokularda gözlenen tarafından indüklenen obezite orchestrates. Karakterizasyonu işe ve ikamet makrofajlar doku makrofaj fenotip1işlemek potansiyel moleküler hedeflerin içgörü sağlayabilir. Etkili bir şekilde gelen obezite kaynaklı iltihaplı doku makrofajlar karakterize etmek için bir tek hücre süspansiyon Enzimatik sindirim elde edilebilir. Böyle ayrılma iletişim kurallarının yeterince bağ dokusu bağışıklık hücre ölümü en aza indirilmesi ve optimum hücre verim sağlayan aşağılayıcı içinde etkili olması gerekir. Enzim karışımı doku ve yapısal onun makyaj türüne bağlıdır. Aort damarı gibi esnek doku karaciğer ve WAT doku ayrılma elde etmek için kıyasla daha güçlü enzimatik aktivite gerektirir. Tek hücre süspansiyon, doku ikamet makrofajlar olabilir belirsizliğe yer bırakmadan ile karakterize veya transkripsiyon profil oluşturma gibi daha da aşağı akım analizleri için izole.
Burada bir doku özel iletişim kuralı etkin bir şekilde izole ve doku yerleşik makrofajlar indüklenen geleneksel beslenme obezite elde edilen karakterize için collagenase bağlı doku sindirim ve renkliden Akış Sitometresi kullanan anlatılan, ateroskleroz, basit yağlanma ve steatohepatitis fare modelleri. Eşzamanlı lökosit-(CD45 ve/veya CD11b) ve makrofaj - karşı antikor ile hücre yüzey işaretlerinin boyama (F4/80) belirli antijenleri kez makrofaj nüfus22tanımlamak için kullanılır. Floresans aktif hücre (FACS) sıralama yüksek saflıkta, saptanan bu nüfus sıralamak için kullanılan güçlü bir stratejidir. Sıralanmış nüfus daha sonra aşağı akım moleküler analizi (gibi nicel gerçek zamanlı Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu)23kullanarak fenotip belirli bir gen profilleri için değerlendirilebilir. Standart Akış Sitometresi ve Akış Sitometresi tabanlı cep sıralama makrofajlar içinde büyük ölçüde türdeş olmayan hücre süspansiyon ayrım içinde güçlü araçlar olmakla birlikte, eski protokoller başarılı çıkış sağlamak için optimize edilmiş olması gerekir. Bu çalışmada, etkili bir şekilde izole etmek ve uygun doku belirli makrofajlar karakterize protokolleri açıklanmıştır; daha da önemlisi, bu çalışmada, önlemek ve/veya bunları çözmek için proaktif ve LNB'ler stratejileri yanı sıra sık sık ortaya çıkan teknik sorunları içine çok önemli bilgiler sağlar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="940">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">26G x 5/8 in Needles</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305115</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:321px;">23G x 0.75 in needle x 12 in. tubing Blood Collection Set</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">367297</td>
			<td style="width:349px;">Used for cannulation of subhepatic IVC during liver perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">21G 1 1/2 in. Needles</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305156</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">1mL syringe with rubber stops</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309659</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">10mL Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309604</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">1mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309659</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">F4/80 PE</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">123110</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">CD11c PE/Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">117318</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">CD11b PE/Cy5</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15-0112-81</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Anti-mouse CD16/32 Fc Block&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">101320</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">CD45 Pacific Blue</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">103126</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">PE Rat IgG2a</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400508</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">PE/Cy7 Armenian Hamster IgG</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400922</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">PE/Cy5 Rat IgG2b</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400610</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Pacific Blue Rat IgG2c</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">400717</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15-017-CV</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">1X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">70 micron cell strainers</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Corning, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352350</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">&#160;1.7 mL microcentrifuge tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C2170</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:321px;">Paraformaldehyde Aqueous Solution -16X</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAS #30525-89-4</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:321px;">Micro Dissecting Scissors, 3.5 inch, Straight, 23mm, Sharp&#160;</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>52132-10P</td>
			<td style="width:349px;">Used for general dissecting purposes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Forceps, 4in, full curve, 0.8mm</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>52102-37P&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:349px;">Used for general dissecting purposes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Spring dissection scissors &#8211; 3 mm Cutting edge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-10</td>
			<td style="width:349px;">Used for aorta dissection Steps 1.3.3.17 to 1.3.3.28</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Curved 0.07 x 0.04 mm Tip Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11297-10</td>
			<td style="width:349px;">Used for aorta dissection Steps 1.3.3.17 to 1.3.3.28</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Hemostatic Forceps (Curved)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13021-12</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Heparin Sodium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9041-08-1</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:321px;">35mm Cell Culture/Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-565-90</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Polystyrene Petri Dishes (10 cm) w/lid</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-757-100D</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes (Polypropylene)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-959-53A</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes&#160;(Polypropylene)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-432-22</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">5mL Round-Bottom Polystyrene Tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-959-5</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Gemini Bio-Products</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100-106</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:321px;">Ethanol (Stock Ethyl Alcohol Denatured, Anyhydrous)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EX0285-1</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BSA-50</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Collagenase Type II</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C6885</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Collagenasse Type XI</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7657</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Hyaluronidase Type I</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3506</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">DNAse</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DN25</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Collagenase Type I</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0130</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1310-73-2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:321px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">449709-10G</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">500mL beaker&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">02-540M</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">4 cm Hemostatic clamp</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">52120-40</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Toothed forceps</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">52104-33P</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">50 micron Disposable filters</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Systemex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-0042-2317</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:321px;">Collagenase Type IV</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">ThermoFischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17104019</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:321px;">Ammonium Chloride Potassium (ACK)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">ThermoFischer Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1049201</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Razors (0.22 mm (0.009&#34;))</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">VWR International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">55411-050</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:321px;">Texas Red Live/Dead stain</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:349px;">Red viability stain (in Figure 1A)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, characterization, and purification of macrophages from tissues affected by obesity-related inflammation

Obezite büyük ölçüde doku yerleşik makrofajlar gibi monosit kaynaklı makrofajlar tarafından aracılık ettiği kronik bir enflamatuar devlet teşvik etmektedir. Diyet kaynaklı obezite (DIO) makrofaj heterojenite rolü eğitim değerli bir modeldir; Ancak, yeterli makrofaj izolasyonların iltihaplı dokulara elde etmek zordur. Bu protokol için biz yalıtım adımları ve doku yerleşik makrofajlar uygun nüfusu yüksek yağlı (HFD) veya yüksek yağ/yüksek kolesterol (18 hafta takip fareler elde etmek için çalışmalarımız elde gerekli hata giderme kılavuzu anahat HFHCD) diyet müdahale. Bu iletişim kuralı obezite ve karaciğer, beyaz yağ dokuları (WAT) ve aort damarı da dahil olmak üzere ateroskleroz okudu üç hallmark dokular üzerinde duruluyor. Biz nasıl ikici kullanımı vurgulayın Akış Sitometresi yalıtım yeni bir boyut ve doku yerleşik makrofajlar karakterizasyonu elde edebilirsiniz. Bu iletişim kuralının temel bir bölümünü doku özgü Enzimatik sindirim ve makrofaj yalıtım ve akış sitometrik çözümlemesi için boyama sonraki hücre yüzeyine antikor temel inceliklerini giderir. Bu iletişim kuralı mevcut karmaşıklığı floresan aktif hücre (FACS) sıralama temel giderir ve geniş karakterizasyon yeterli sıralanmış hücre gruplarından elde etmek için bu karmaşıklığı için açıklamalar sunar. Alternatif zenginleştirme yöntemleri gibi FACS ile çalışırken esneklik ve zaman yönetimi için izin yoğun karaciğer hücreleri sıralamak için dahil edilir. Kısacası, bu iletişim kuralı çok sayıda belirli bir çalışma içinde iltihaplı doku makrofaj heterojenite değerlendirmek için araştırmacı yardımcıları ve olumlu hücresel yalıtım ve karakterizasyonu için başarılı olmuştur anlayışlı sorun giderme ipuçları sağlar iltihap DIO-aracılı bağışıklık hücrelerinin.

Apolipoprotein E eksik (ApoE KO) C57BL/6 (BL6) fareler yüksek yağ yüksek kolesterol diyet (HCHFD veya HCD) 18 hafta, 1 x 104 - 2 x 104 CD45 tutulan kullanırken+F4/80+ ne zaman iki örnek aortik makrofajlar izole olabilir havuza alınmış. HFHCD beslenen ApoE KO fareler disseke ciğeri üretilen (ki mevcut sıralama zaman bağlıdır) 5 x 10 göre5 Kupffer hücreleri daha büyük. Ne zaman yüksek yağlı diyet (HFD) kullanarak be...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation at JoVE.com

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Bu iletişim kuralı ayırmak ve karakterize bir araştırmacı doku yerleşik sağlar makrofajlar içinde çeşitli metabolik bozuklukların diyet kaynaklı modellerinden çıkarılan iltihaplı dokulara hallmark.

Yalıtım, karakterizasyonu ve obezite ile ilgili iltihap tarafından etkilenen dokular makrofajlar arıtma

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

isolation-characterization-purification-macrophages-from-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

25.1K Görüntüleme.  The Pennsylvania State University. Bu iletişim kuralı ayırmak ve karakterize bir araştırmacı doku yerleşik sağlar makrofajlar içinde çeşitli metabolik bozuklukların diyet kaynaklı modellerinden çıkarılan iltihaplı dokulara hallmark.

Video: Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

Fare Barsak ayrı dendritik hücreler ve makrofajlar İzolasyonu ve Karakterizasyonu

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

2D Elektroforez ile Makrofagların proteomik Profil

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing fetus. This tolerance is initiated during coitus, established during fecundation and implantation, and maintained throughout pregnancy. Active cellular and molecular mediators of maternal-fetal tolerance are enriched at the site of contact between fetal and maternal tissues, known as the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and the uterine and decidual tissues. This interface is comprised of stromal cells and infiltrating leukocytes, and their abundance and phenotypic characteristics change over the course of pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells that together create the local micro-environment that sustains pregnancy. An imbalance among these cells or any inappropriate alteration in their phenotypes is considered a mechanism of disease in pregnancy. Therefore, the study of leukocytes that infiltrate the maternal-fetal interface is essential in order to elucidate the immune mechanisms that lead to pregnancy-related complications. Described herein is a protocol that uses a combination of gentle mechanical dissociation followed by a robust enzymatic disaggregation with a proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymatic cocktail to isolate the infiltrating leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. This protocol allows for the isolation of high numbers of viable leukocytes (&#62;70%) with sufficiently conserved antigenic and functional properties. Isolated leukocytes can then be analyzed by several techniques, including immunophenotyping, cell sorting, imaging, immunoblotting, mRNA expression, cell culture, and in vitro functional assays such as mixed leukocyte reactions, proliferation, or cytotoxicity assays.

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

Maternal Fetal Arayüz at Fare Dokular lökosit İzolasyonu

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells are therefore characterized as an innate T cell population capable of activating and steering adaptive immune responses. The development of improved techniques for the culture and expansion of murine iNKT cells facilitates the study of iNKT cell biology in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we describe an optimized procedure for the isolation and expansion of murine splenic iNKT cells.
Spleens from C57Bl/6 mice are removed, dissected and strained and the resulting cellular suspension is layered over density gradient media. Following centrifugation, splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) are collected and CD5-positive (CD5+) lymphocytes are enriched for using magnetic beads. iNKT cells within the CD5+ fraction are subsequently stained with &#945;GalCer-loaded CD1d tetramer and purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS sorted iNKT cells are then initially cultured in vitro using a combination of recombinant murine cytokines and plate-bound T cell receptor (TCR) stimuli before being expanded in the presence of murine recombinant IL-7. Using this technique, approximately 108 iNKT cells can be generated within 18-20 days of culture, after which they can be used for functional assays in vitro, or for in vivo transfer experiments in mice.

Here we present an adapted protocol that can be used to generate a large number of murine invariant natural killer T cells from mouse spleen. The protocol outlines an approach by which splenic iNKT cells can be enriched for, isolated and expanded in vitro using a limited number of animals and reagents.

Fare Dalak Değişmeyen Doğal Öldürücü T Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Yaygınlaştırılması için optimize Yöntemi

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

İzolasyon, Karakterizasyonu ve Dişeti Bağışıklık Hücre Ağı Fonksiyonel Sınav

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity

Macrophage accumulation in transplanted organs has long been recognized as a feature of allograft rejection1. Immunogenic monocytes infiltrate the allograft early after transplantation, mount a graft reactive response against the transplanted organ, and initiate organ rejection2. Recent data suggest that suppressive macrophages facilitate successful long-term transplantation3 and are required for the induction of transplantation tolerance4. This suggests a multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation, and function, which demands a new roadmap for the isolation and analysis of macrophage function5. Due to the plasticity of macrophages, it is necessary to provide a methodology to isolate and characterize macrophages, depending on the tissue environment, and to define their functions according to different scenarios. Here, we describe a protocol for immune characterization of graft-infiltrating macrophages and the methods we used to functionally evaluate their capacity to inhibit CD8+ T proliferation and to promote CD4+Foxp3+ Treg expansion in vitro.

Macrophages are plastic cells of the hematopoietic system that have a crucial role in protective immunity and homeostasis. In this report, we describe optimized in vitro techniques to phenotypically and functionally characterize graft-infiltrating regulatory macrophages that accumulate in the transplanted organ under tolerogenic conditions.

Greft Reaktif Bağışıklığı Engelleyen Düzenleyici Makrofajların Fonksiyonel Karakterizasyonu

Macrophage accumulation in transplanted organs has long been recognized as a feature of allograft rejection1. Immunogenic monocytes infiltrate the ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Akış Sitometrisi ile Sıçan Böbrek gelen Makrofagların Fenotipik Karakterizasyonu

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Salmonella typhimuriumyalıtım-makrofajlar üzerinden Phagosomes içeren

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of heterogeneous vesicles, whose size range between 40 and 1,000 nm. Accumulated evidence indicated that EVs play important regulatory roles in pathogen-host interactions. A deep understanding of schistosome EVs should provide insights into the mechanisms underlying schistosome-host interactions, enabling development of novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Here, we aim to further study EVs functions in schistosomes by presenting a protocol for the isolation and characterization of EVs from adult Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). EVs were isolated from in vitro culture medium using centrifugation combined with a commercial exosome isolation kit. The isolated S. japonicum EVs (SjEVs) typically possess a diameter of 100 - 400 nm, and are characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and western blotting. The usage of PKH67 dye-labeled SjEVs has demonstrated that SjEVs are internalized by the recipient cells. Overall, our protocol provides an alternative method for isolating EVs from adult schistosomes; the isolated SjEVs may be suitable for functional analysis.

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Here, we present a protocol to describe extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation in in vitro cultured medium from adult Schistosoma japonicum.

Yalıtım ve yetişkin Schistosoma japonicum üzerinden ekstraselüler veziküller karakterizasyonu

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

Cell apoptosis is a natural process and plays a critical role in embryonic development, homeostatic regulation, immune tolerance induction, and resolution of inflammation. Accumulation of apoptotic debris in the body may trigger chronic inflammatory responses that lead to systemic autoimmune diseases over time. Impaired apoptotic cell clearance has been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Apoptotic clearance is a complex process rarely detected under physiological conditions. It involves abundant surface receptors and signaling molecules. Studying the process of apoptotic cell clearance provides insightful molecular mechanisms and subsequent biological responses, which may lead to the development of new therapeutics. Here, we describe protocols for the induction of apoptotic thymocytes, the preparation of peritoneal macrophages, and the analysis of apoptotic cell clearance by flow cytometry and microscopy. All cells will undergo apoptosis at a certain stage, and many residential and circulating cells can uptake apoptotic debris. Therefore, the protocol described here can be used in many applications to characterize apoptotic cell binding and ingestion by many other cell types.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare apoptotic thymocytes and peritoneal macrophages and analyze the efficiency of efferocytosis and the specific inhibitor-mediated blocking of apoptotic thymocytes engulfment. This protocol has a broad application in cell-mediated clearance of other particles including artificial beads and bacteria.

Makrofajlar tarafından apoptotik thymocyte engulfment deneysel Analizi

Cell apoptosis is a natural process and plays a critical role in embryonic development, homeostatic regulation, immune tolerance induction, and resolution ...