This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

Protokolü kurumların insan araştırma etik kurulunun yönergeleri takip eder. Sağlıklı insan donörlerden Buffy coat Bölge Kan Transfüzyon Merkezi (Lille, Fransa) elde edilmiştir. Buffy kat elde edilen Numune bir Inserm koleksiyon (n ° DC2010-1209) olarak ilan edilmiştir. 1. Malzeme ve Kültür Medya Hazırlık <ol><li> 1x PBS elde etmek için steril damıtılmış su içinde, 10X fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) ile seyreltilir. </li><li> Ve% 10 toplanmış insan serumu olmadan gentamisin (40 ug / ml) ve L-glutamin (2 mM) ile takviye edilmiş RPMI 1640 ortamı sağlayın. </li></ol> Monosit türevli makrofajlar 2. Primer Kültürleri (MDM), <ol><li> 1x PBS ile buffycoat (25 mi) seyreltin. Dikkatlice oda sıcaklığında, 20 dakika boyunca 1600 x g&#39;de Ficoll / leucosep tüp ve santrifüj yüklemek. </li><li> Yeni bir tüp içine arayüzde monositleri toplayın. 10 ml ile yıkayın 3x PBS% 0.1 etılendiamıntetra içeren 1x1,000 xg, 370 x g ve 10 dakika her biri için 160 x g ve daha sonra bir kez 1 x PBS içinde tek başına 160 x g&#39;de, 10 dakika boyunca arka arkaya santrifüjleme ile asetik asit (EDTA). </li><li> Serumsuz 5 mi RPMI-1640 ortamı içinde hücre pelletini ve kap başına 1 x 10 6 hücre yoğunluğunda 35 mm&#39;lik kaplara hücreleri tohum. </li><li> Inkübatörde 90 dakika boyunca çökelme sonra yapışmayan hücreler ihtiva eden üst sıvıyı atmak. 1 ml PBS ile, monositlerin 3x oluşan yapışmış olan hücrelerin yıkayın; Daha sonra, daha önce serumsuz hücreler% 10 gliserol içeren taze ortam (h / h) insan serumunun 1 ml. </li><li> 6 günlük bir kültürden sonra, alternatif farklı makrofajlar (M2) elde rekombinant insan IL-4 (15 ng / ml) ekleyin ve 6 gün için muhafaza etmek. Daha sonra, M1, makrofajlar elde etmek üzere 4 saat 12. günde lipopolisakarit (100 ng / ml) ile farklılaştırılmış makrofajlar tedavi. </li></ol> 2D Elektroforez için M1 ve M2 Makrofaj Proteinlerin 3. Ekstraksiyon <ol><li> Yıkama macrophyaşları 25 mM Tris, 30 mM Tris pH 8, 4,% 3 ihtiva eden tampon içinde pH 7,4 ve hurda ile üç kez - [(3-kolamidopropil) -dimetilamonyo] -1-propansülfonat (CHAPS), 2M tioüre ve 7 M üre. </li><li> -20 ° C&#39;de bir buz ve deposunda 5 dakika için 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüplerine için müsait bir mikser kullanılarak Hücreleri. </li><li> Ticari bir Bradford reaktifi kullanılarak protein konsantrasyonunu belirleyin. Kullanılana kadar -20 ° C&#39;de, proteinlerin 100 ul alikotları saklayın. </li></ol> 4. izoelektro-odaklanma NOT: Karanlıkta bütün etiketleme prosedürleri uygulayın. <ol><li> 37 ° C&#39;de 1 saat boyunca 2 mM Tris (2-karboksietil) fosfin (TCEP); ihtiva eden liziz tamponu ile 9 ul ayarlandı her bir örnek (M1 ve M2 makrofajlar) 5 ug azaltır. </li><li> 0.8 nM / ug protein konsantrasyonunda M1 özü ve M2 sülfidril-reaktif boya ekstreye siyanin 3 (Cy3) ekleyin. M1 siyanin 5 (Cy5) ilave et ve M2 0.8 nM / ug protein konsantrasyonunda alır ve inkübe37 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika karıştırıldı. </li><li> 7 M üre, 2 M tioüre, 4% CHAPS, 130 mM ditiotreitol (DTT) ve% 2 pharmalytes ihtiva eden numune tampon maddesinin eşit hacmi eklenerek reaksiyonu durdurun. </li><li> Mix bir yandan Cy5 etiketli M2 örnekleri ile M1 örnekleri Cy3 etiketli ve başka bir el Cy5 etiketli M1 örnekleri ile M2 örnekleri Cy3 etiketli. </li><li> Bir İmmobilize pH gradyanı Rehydrate (IPG) şerit (240 mm, pH 3-10 doğrusal gradyan) 7 M üre, bir İsoelektrik 2 M tiyoüre ve% 4 CHAPS odaklanarak içeren tamponda etiketli karışık örneklerin 450 ul (İEF) hücre sistemi herhangi bir akım uygulamadan 24 saat karıştırıldı. </li><li> 3 saat ve 3 saat sonunda 8,000 V 8000 V bir gradyan ile, 6 saat süre ile 1000 V bir gradyan daha sonra da 3 saat boyunca 300 volt (V) &#39;de odaklama yapın ve. </li></ol> 5. İkinci Boyut NOT: Karanlıkta bütün elektroforez işlemleri gerçekleştirin. <ol><li> Dengeleme tamponunda IPG şeritler içeren inkübe10 dakika süre ile 0.1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 6 M üre,% 2 sodyum dodesil sülfat (w / v) (SDS) ve% 30 (h / h) gliserol ing. </li><li> % 12.5 PAGE jelleri üzerine, ikinci boyutta (SDS-poliakrilamid jel elektroforezi (PAGE)) için dengelenmiş IPG şerit aktarma ve agaroz, erime noktası düşük ile sağlanır. </li><li> Bromofenol mavisi önü jelin dibine ulaşana kadar, gece boyunca 300 V ve ardından, 70 V sabit gerilimde, bir Ettan-Daltsix sistemi kullanılarak 20 ° C &#39;de elektroforez yapınız. </li></ol> 6. Görüntü Alma ve Biyoinformatik Analizi <ol><li> Cy5 100 um bir piksel boyutu ile görüntü elde etmek için Cy3 için 532/580 nm ve 633/670 nm uyarım / emisyon dalga boylarında, bir DIGE Görüntüleyici tarayıcı ile iki düşük floresan cam plakalar arasına dökülmektedir Tarama jeller. </li><li> Daha önce 12 ayrıntılı olarak ticari yazılım ile görüntü analizi yapın. </li><li> Hesaplayın ve her görüntüde spot hacimleri normale. Bir pervane gibi bir normalize nokta hacmi atamaHer nokta, toplam değerinin ortion jel saptanmıştır. </li><li> Iki grup (M1 ve M2) arasındaki normalize nokta hacim değeri karşılaştırarak makrofajlar her tip protein nokta hacimlerindeki farklılıkları analiz. Değişim 1.5 kat (p &lt;0.05, tek yönlü ANOVA analizi) ise anlamlı nokta hacimleri arasındaki farkı düşünün. </li></ol>

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There are no declared conflict of interest.

Bu tarifnamede tarif edilen protokol makrofajlar, M1 (pro-enflamatuar) ve M2 (anti-iltihap) olarak iki alt-tip farklı uyaranların etkisini analiz etmek için bir yöntem göstermektedir. Daha önce 7 yayınlanan M1 ve M2 makrofajların birincil kültürleri monositlerin farklılaşması elde edilmiştir. 2D DIGE jel elektroforezi prosedür, Cy3 ve Cy5 floresans bir tarayıcı için uyarım / emisyon dalga iki kez jel tarama yapmak için SDS-PAGE için izoelektro-odaklanma, düş...

Makrofajlar, ayırt edici fonksiyonel fenotipleri elde edebiliyoruz heterojen ve plastik hücrelerdir. İn vivo olarak, bu hücreler mikrobiyal ürünler, sitokinler, vb. 1 mikro çevre signalssuch büyük bir çeşitlilik yanıt. İn vitro, pro-enflamatuar fenotip (M + -1) makrofaj lipopolisakarit (LPS) ve interlökin-4 (IL-4) gibi sitokinler tarafından anti-iltihabik bir fenotipe (M2) tarafından indüklenebilir. Dahası, makrofajlar belirli sinyalleri 2 üzerine, tersine M2 fenotip bir aktive M1 geçiş yapabilirsiniz. Fenotip bağlı olarak, makrofajlar farklı işlevlere sahip olacaktır. M1 makrofajlar mikroorganizmaları ve tümör hücrelerini öldürmeye 3, tümör nekroz faktörü α (TNF-α) gibi pro-enflamatuar sitokinleri üreten hücrelerdir. Buna karşılık, M2 makrofajlar anti-enflamasyon üreterek yara iyileşmesi ve fibrozis gibi bu enflamatuar yanıtı önlemekörneğin 3,4, TGF-β Y faktörler. Daha önce Boyum 6 uyarlanan bir teknik kullanarak 5 tarif edilen sağlıklı donörlerden elde edilen insan periferal kan tek-çekirdekli hücreleri Ficoll yoğunluk farklı santrifüjü yoluyla izole edilmiştir. Kültür makrofajlar primer kültür 7 6 gün sonra M1 veya M2 fenotip ayırt edilebilir. Protein ekspresyonu ya da ana bilgisayar patojenik veya mikrobik toksinler gibi çeşitli kontrollü uyaranlarla altında makrofajların iki alt tip arasında, protein değişikliklerin analizi, pro- ve anti-inflamatuar makrofaj özelliğe deşifre yararlı olacaktır. Proteomiks özellikle yukarı veya çeşitli uyaranlara altında insan kültürlü makrofajlar aşağı-regüle olan proteinlerin doğrudan izlenmesi için benzersiz araçlardır. Floresan boyalar gibi düşük duyarlılık ve görüntü analizi 8 gibi 2D jel elektroforezi sınırlamaları, bazı çözdük &lt;<html> / Sup&gt;. Sistein kalıntıları ile reaksiyona sokulması boyalar lizin kalıntıları 9 ile reaksiyona kıyasla tespit karşı artmış bir hassasiyet. Önceki bir çalışmada, klasik, gümüş-lekeli 2D elektroforez 11 kıyasla çok az örnekleri 10 analizinde DIGE doygunluk etiketleme yararını göstermiştir. Bu teknoloji hızlı bir makrofaj iki alt tip arasında veya aynı tipinin muamele edilmemiş ve edilmiş makrofajlar arası protein değişiklikleri analiz etmek yararlıdır. Bu proteomik tekniğin avantajları, 2 boyutlu jel 12 analiz protein boyut ve post-translasyonel modifikasyonları bilgilere erişim sahip olanlardır. Bu analiz edilebilir numunelerin sayısının sınırlandırılması, bu yüksek verimli bir yöntem değildir dikkate alınmalıdır. Kütle spektrometresi dayalı yüksek verimli deneyler gelişimi gözden olarak son 13 bu artırabilirsiniz. _content &quot;&gt; Burada elektroforez, izoelektro-odaklanma süreçleri yoluyla kültürlü makrofajlar protein çıkarılması 2D DIGE analizi gerçekleştirmek için nasıl sunmak ve yeterli 2D yazılım kullanışlılığı SDS-PAGE yanı sıra bilgi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="472">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:C43">Name</a></td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31870-074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">PBX 10 X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14200-083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">L-glutamine-200mM-100X</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">gentamycin 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">human serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>34005100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ficoll d=1,077</td>
			<td>ATGC</td>
			<td>L6115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Leucosep</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>16760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">&#160;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353846</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IL-4</td>
			<td>Promocell</td>
			<td>B-61410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>48900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">EDTA MM372,2</td>
			<td>Research Organics&#160;</td>
			<td>3.00E+01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Filter 0,22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPTORE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ur&#233;e</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>108484-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Thiour&#233;e</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">APS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Pharmalytes 3-10</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Acrylamide 40%</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Dim&#233;thylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Uygun diferansiyel proteomik analizi gerçekleştirmek için, analiz edilecek örneklerin işlenmesi doğrulanması gerekir. Önce 5 yayınlanan sunulan örnekte, makrofaj hücre kültürü kalitesi, morfolojik ve moleküler özellikler için gereklidir. Makrofajlar monositlerin farklılaşması ve kültürün homojenliği faz mikroskobu ile takip edilmiştir. Şekil 1, M1 ve M2 makrofajların primer kültürlerinde bir örnek göstermiştir. Gösterildiği gibi, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

2D Elektroforez ile Makrofagların proteomik Profil

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.5K Görüntüleme.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Video: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

Farelerde Makrofajlar tükenmesi ve Sulandırma

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is the complex and tightly regulated process during which a nascent phagosome undergoes drastic transformation through well-orchestrated interactions with various cellular organelles and compartments in the cytoplasm. This process, which is essential for the physiological function of phagocytic cells by endowing phagosomes with their lytic and bactericidal properties, culminates in fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes and biogenesis of phagolysosomes which is considered to be the last and critical stage of maturation for phagosomes. In this report, we describe a live cell imaging based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamic process of lysosome to phagosome content delivery, which is a hallmark of phagolysosome biogenesis. This approach uses IgG-coated microbeads as a model for phagocytosis and fluorophore-conjugated dextran molecules as a luminal lysosomal cargo probe, in order to follow the dynamic delivery of lysosmal content to the phagosomes in real time in live macrophages using time-lapse imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here we describe in detail the background, the preparation steps and the step-by-step experimental setup to enable easy and precise deployment of this method in other labs. Our described method is simple, robust, and most importantly, can be easily adapted to study phagosomal interactions and maturation in different systems and under various experimental settings such as use of various phagocytic cells types, loss-of-function experiments, different probes, and phagocytic particles.

Canlı Makrofagların içinde Phagolysosome Biogenesis&#39;den Çalışması

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

İnsan Çift Gradient Santrifüj ile Monositlerinde ve teflon kaplı Hücre Kültürü Çantalar Makrofagların Onların Farklılaşma İzolasyonu

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

Kullanımı<em&gt; Shigella flexneri</em&gt; Otofaji-Sitoiskelet Etkileşimleri Okumak

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

Eşodaklı Mikroskopi İzole Alveoler Makrofagların anti-fungal Hareketi değerlendirilmesi

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Nucleofection İnsan THP-1 Makrofagların Yüksek Verimli Transfeksiyonu

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

Koful genel Sitosolik kantifikasyonu<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; Diferansiyel permeabilizasyon tarafından İlköğretim Makrofagların içinde

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Akış Sitometrisi ile Sıçan Böbrek gelen Makrofagların Fenotipik Karakterizasyonu

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Yalıtım, karakterizasyonu ve obezite ile ilgili iltihap tarafından etkilenen dokular makrofajlar arıtma

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main macrophage populations in the CNS: (i) the microglia, which are the resident macrophages of the CNS and are derived from yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis, and (ii) the monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which can infiltrate the CNS during disease and are derived from bone marrow progenitors. The roles of each macrophage subpopulation differ depending on the pathology being studied. Furthermore, there is no consensus on the histological markers or the distinguishing criteria used for these macrophage subpopulations. However, the analysis of the expression profiles of the CD11b and CD45 markers by flow cytometry allows us to distinguish the microglia (CD11b+CD45med) from the MDM (CD11b+CD45high). In this protocol, we show that the density gradient centrifugation and the flow cytometry analysis can be used to characterize these CNS macrophage subpopulations, and to study several markers of interest expressed by these cells as we recently published. Thus, this technique can further our understanding of the role of macrophages in mouse models of neurological diseases and can also be used to evaluate drug effects on these cells.

This protocol provides an analysis of the macrophage subpopulations in the adult mouse central nervous system by flow cytometry and is helpful for the study of multiple markers expressed by these cells.

Akış Sitometresi ile Merkezi Sinir Sisteminden Mikroglia ve Monosit Türevi Makrofajların Analizi

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...