Bu eser ANR (ANR-11-LABX-0016-01) ve aynı zamanda tarafından finanse edilen IHU Cesti projesi tarafından yönetilen "Investissements d'Avenir" Fransız hükümeti programı'nın parçası olan Labex IGO proje (n ° ANR-11-LABX-0016-01) bağlamında gerçekleşmiştir " Fransız Ulusal araştırma Ajansı (ANR tarafından) (ANR-10-IBHU-005) yönetilen Investissements d'Avenir"Fransız hükümeti programı. IHU Cesti projesi de Nantes Métropole ve Région Pays de la Loire tarafından desteklenmektedir.

Yazarlar onlar rakip hiçbir mali çıkarları var bildirin.

Evlat edinen toplam splenocytes aktarım yeni aşılı alıcı içine indüklenen veya bir tedavi ile potentiated düzenleyici satır olup olmadığını belirlemek için etkili bir yoldur. Ana ışınlama kaynaklı geçici lymphopenia transferden sonra hücre hayatta kalma ve hoşgörü kurulması teşvik etmektedir. Ayrıca, alt öldürücü ışınlama sırasında bağışıklık sulandırma, bulaşıcı tolerans34denilen bir fenomen yeni düzenleyici hücrelere dönüştürmek tolerogenic öze...

Sıçan kalp homogreft hoşgörü indüksiyon tedavisi, hoşgörü indüksiyon ve bakım, mekanizmaları deşifre değerlendirmek için bir güvenilir organ nakli model ve işlevsel olarak yetkili ve baskın düzenleyici hücreleri uyarmak için bir potansiyele sahiptir. Aşağıdaki protokolleri bir tam uyuşmazlığı heterotopik kalp nakli Lewis 1W donör sıçan (LEW.1W, RT1u) dan Lewis 1A alıcı fareye (LEW.1A, RT1bir) açıklar. Bu greft birlikte akut ret hızla (yaklaşık 7 gün içinde) oluşur ve kolayca palpasyonla karın üzerinden ölçüm yenerek greft tarafından tespit edilebilir. Burada sıçan kalp homogreft tolerans ikna etmek için üç Protokolü öneriyorum. Bu modeller tolerans indüklenen ve/veya farklı düzenleyici hücre tipleri tarafından yapılmaktadır. İlk, bir adenovirus CD40Ig kodlama ile CD40-CD40L etkileşimleri engelleme (AdCD40Ig) indüklenen CD8 nesil+ Tregs tolerans adoptively ne zaman ikna yeteneğine sahip ikincil aşılı alıcıların1' e transfer. Ayrıca, CD8 tükenmesi+ hücreleri (anti-CD8α antikorlar ile) AdCD40Ig tedavi alıcılar oluşturulan Bregs ve RegMCs2'. CD8 derin analizi+ özellikleri vurgulanır İnterlökin-34 (IL-34) ve Fibroleukin-2 (FGL-2)3,4,5,6 tanımlanan çeşitli immunoregulatory moleküllerin önemli rol Tregs . IL-34 overexpression (bir AAV vektör ile) Tregs RegMCs üretimi ile indüklenen ise overexpression FGL-2 Bregs, karmaşık ağ düzenleyici hücrelerin temel indüklenen.
Kronik ret yavaş yavaş gelişir ve uzun vadeli bir derinlemesine analiz kronik ret karşı tolerans ayırt etmek zorundadır. Greft için hücre infiltrasyonu, genellikle değerlendirildi fibrozis, kalınlaşma yükünün vasküler duvar ve tamamlayıcı C4d tarafından immunohistology7. Histoloji yöntemleri hayvan kurban gerektirir veya biyopsi grefti iken, burada biz tolere homogreft farklı özelliklerini değerlendirmek için basit bir yöntem tarif: ortaya çıkması ve düzenleyici hücreleri ve kan Anti-donör spesifik antikor yanıtlarını fonksiyonu Akış Sitometresi tarafından örnek (burada, Floresans aktif hücre (FACS) sıralama kullanılır).
Bakım tedavisi tutuklanması sonra homogreft için hoşgörü genellikle düzenleyici hücreleri8indüksiyon ile ilişkilidir. Son yıllarda çalışmalar odaklı CD4 üzerinde+Tregs oybirliği ile karakterize onlar anahtar işaretleri Foxp3 tarafından+, CD25yüksekve CD127-9,10,11. Benzer şekilde, çeşitli işaretçileri için CD8 atfedilmiştir+ Tregs, CD122 gibi+, CD28-, CD45RCdüşük, PD1+ve Helios+ 1,12,13,14 , 15 , 16 , 17. yaş, GITR, CTLA4 ve sitokinler ifadesi üzerinde (IL-10, TGFβ, Il-34, IL-35, FGL-2) bir Treg profil3,4,6,13, ayrıca ilişkili bulunmuştur 18,19,20,21. Ancak, Bregs, RegMCs veya NKTregs, gibi gelişmekte olan düzenleyici hücre popülasyonlarının ilgili belirli işaretleri yok. Gerçekten de, Bregs çoğunlukla olgunlaşmamış CD24 rapor edilen+ hücreleri, belirsiz CD27 ifade ve bazen üretimi IL-10, TGFβ veya granzyme B22,23,24. Myeloid hücre lineage karmaşıklığı CD14, CD16, CD80, CD86, CD40, CD209a veya CD16325,26gibi onların Düzenleyici veya proinflamatuar profili tanımlamak için birkaç işaretleri bir arada gerektirir. Son olarak, bazı işaretleri NKTregs CD11b gibi tanımlamak için bildirilmiş olan+, CD27+, TGFβ+, ama daha fazla çalışmalar hakkında diğer phenotypically27,28,29 açıklamak için gerekli ,30,31,32. Böylece, delillerin baskılayıcı aktivitenin daha fazla yeni biyolojik, tanımlanması için fenotipik açıklama meşrulaştırmak için gerekli olan yeni immunoregulatory arabulucu ve yeni hücre tedaviler kapsamı genişletmek için.
Biz süpresif etkinliği hücre değerlendirmek için iki tamamlayıcı yöntem öneriyoruz. İlk olarak, etiketli efektör T hücrelerle hücreler (ZPT) farklı oranlarıyla 6 gün içinde sunulması allojeneik donör antijen tarafından uyarılan süpresif hücre kültürü çalışmalarının vitro yöntemi oluşur ve efektör analiz T Hücre proliferasyonu bu bağışıklık suppression donör yönetmen yansıtır. Tedavi fareler hücrelerden doğrudan hücrelere saf fareler ve aşılı fareler süpresif etkinliği için (veya diğer düzenleyici hücre nüfus), tedavi olmayan, bir bastırıcı: efektör oranları aralığındaki karşılaştırılabilir. Ayrıca, bu yöntem does değil istemek birisi nakli ve sonuçları 6 gün içinde alınır. İkincisi, in vivo yöntemi amaçlanan düzenleyici hücreleri tedavi bir sıçan gelen yeni radyasyonlu aşılı alıcıya transfer oluşur. Üzerinden B hücreleri, myeloid hücrelerin veya T hücreleri iken saf olmayan tedavi fareler genellikle akut ret inhibe ve greft hayatta kalma evlat edinen transferi üzerine uzatmak mümkün değildir, bu öznitelikleri hücreleri aktivitesiyle potentiated süpresif tedavi alıcılardan gelen var 1,2,3,4,33. Alıcının ışınlama tarafından indüklenen Lymphopenia adoptively transfer edilen hücreleri kan homeostazı tarafından etkilenmez ve daha kolay Anti-donör bağışıklık yanıtı master için izin vermek için önerilir. Her iki yöntem de allojeneik vitro kullanımı üçüncü parti ZPT veya vivo içinde evlat edinen transferini süpresif için bir üçüncü taraf kalp ile aşılı alıcılar hücrelere Anti-donör özgüllük analizine izin. Vivo yöntemi temsil önemli bir sayı bir hücre, kötü gerektirir, ancak hücre altgrupları daha kolay süpresif etkinlik vitro33için tespit edilebilir.
Humoral yanıt tolerans durumunu ve donör antijenleri için yönlendirilmiş antikor yanıt kontrolünü değerlendirmek için ölçülebilir. Nitekim, tolerans verici doğru humoral yanıt yokluğu ama alıcıların humoral yanıt-e doğru yeni antijenleri geliştirmek kapasite korunması ve bellek yanıtları korunması tarafından karakterize edilebilir. İlk olarak, alloantibody algılama prensibi üzerinde donör hücre tanıma alıcı antikorlar kuluçka donör hücre türü serum ile aşılı bir alıcıdan takip romanından uyarlandı. Eksojen antijenleri için yönettiği ikinci, humoral yanıt aşağıdaki uyarılması değerlendirildi: uzun vadeli hoşgörülü alıcılar ile anahtar deliği vantuzlu Hemocyanin (tam Freund's adjuvan ile emülsiyon KLH) olabilir. Belirli IgM ve IgG antikorlar antijenlere karşı varlığı 4 ila 13 gün, sırasıyla, ardından bağışıklama, enzim bağlantılı ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA)34ile tespit edilebilir. Üçüncü olarak, bağışıklık belleği yanıt korunması ve gün nakli alıcı serumu gün toplanan ile + 8 ve nakli takip +17 boyama RBCs -7 ve 3 xenogeneic kırmızı kan hücreleri (RBCs) enjeksiyonu ile tespit edilebilir. Tüm bu yöntemler belirli ikincil antikorlar ve hızlı FACS boyama tarafından daha az 1,5 saat sonuçlarında edinimi veya ELISA birkaç saat kullanarak immünglobulin alt türlerinden tanımlanması için izin.
Son olarak, bu protokoller nakli modelleri karakterizasyonu için tasarlanmıştır ve Otoimmün hastalık modelleri için uygulanan bir ölçüde olabilir. Yöntem ilkeleri tüm türler için aktarılmış.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>animals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LEW.1W and LEW.1A rats</td>
			<td>Janvier Labs, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>8 weeks old,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BN third party donor rats</td>
			<td>Janvier Labs, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>8 weeks old,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>name</td>
			<td>company</td>
			<td>catalogue number</td>
			<td>comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AdCD40Ig</td>
			<td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>home made plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL34-AAV</td>
			<td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>home made plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGL2-AAV</td>
			<td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>home made plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TCR</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>R7/3 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD25</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX39 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD8</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX8 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45RA</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX33 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD161</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>3.2.3 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD11b/c</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX42 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TCRgd</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>V65 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45RC</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX22 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD4</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX35 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45R</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#554881, His24 clone</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG-FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, INC, Baltimore, USA</td>
			<td>#112-096-071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG1</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>#MCA 194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG2a</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>#MCA 278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG2b</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>#MCA 195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgM-FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, INC, Baltimore, USA</td>
			<td>#115-095-164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>streptavidin HRP</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#554066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KLH</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#9013-72-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Solution without calcium and magnesium,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB substrate reagent kit</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#555214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTraceTM CFSE cell proliferation kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#C34554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium 1X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#31870-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicilline streptomycine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#15630-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non essential amino acids</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#11140-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#11360-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 beta mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor&#174; 450 Cell</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#65-0842-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#G3126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase D</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics, Germany</td>
			<td>#11088882001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0.9%</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>#B230561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic dynabeads</td>
			<td>Dynal, Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#11033</td>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Comp eBeads</td>
			<td>Ebiosciences, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>#01-1111-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naplbuphine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terramycine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer lactate</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysis solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 8,29g NH4Cl (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA A-9434), 1g KHCO3 (Prolabo 26 733.292) and 37.2mg EDTA (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA E5134) in 800ml H2O. Adjust pH to 7.2-7.4 and complete to 1L with H2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase D</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 1g collagenase in 500 ml RPMI-1640 + 5 ml Hepes + 2% FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS-FCS (2%)-EDTA (0.5%)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 5 mL EDTA 0,1M (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA E5134) and 20ml FCS to 1ml PBS 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFSE (Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer Kit Invitrogen)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 50&#181;g (=1 vial) of CFDA SE (component A) in 90&#956;l DMSO (component B) solution to obtain a 10mM stock solution. Then, dilute stock solution at 1/20 000 in PBS 1X to obtain a 0.5&#956;M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>complete medium for coculture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500ml complete RPMI-1640 medium with 5 ml Penicillin (80 unit/ml)-Steptomycin (80 mg/ml), 5 ml L-Glutamine, 5 ml Non Essential Amino Acids (100X), 5ml Pyruvate Sodium (100mM), 5 ml HEPES buffer (1M), 2.5 ml b mercaptomethanol (7 ml of 2-bmercaptoethanol stock diluted in 10 ml RPMI), 10% FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>name</td>
			<td>company</td>
			<td>catalog number</td>
			<td>comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>equipments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>falcon 50ml</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>falcon 15ml</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sieve</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning plastic culture dishes</td>
			<td>VWR, Pessac</td>
			<td>#391-0439</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100&#181;m and 60&#181;m tissue filters</td>
			<td>Sefar NITEX, Heiden, Switzerland</td>
			<td>#03-100/44 and #03-60/35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 wells U bottom plates for coculture</td>
			<td>&#160;Falcon U-bottom Tissue Culture plate, sterile, Corning</td>
			<td>#353077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>96 wells V bottom plates for FACS staining</td>
			<td>ThermoScientifique, Danemark</td>
			<td>#249570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 wells flat bottom ELISA plates</td>
			<td>Nunc Maxisorb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>seringue for spleen crush</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#309649</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>ELISA reader</td>
			<td>SPARK 10M, Tecan, Switzerland</td>
			<td>SPARK 10M, Tecan, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>bain marie&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X rays irradiator</td>
			<td>Lincolshire, England</td>
			<td>Faxitron CP160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solar agitator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Canto II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Aria II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>12302D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro and in vivo assessment of t, b and myeloid cells suppressive activity and humoral responses from transplant recipients

Ana endişe Ekiminde indüksiyon düzenleyici hücre aracılığıyla belirli tolerans ulaşmaktır. Dayanıklılık mekanizmaları güvenilir modelleri gerektirir. Burada, costimulation sinyalleri abluka veya gen transferi yoluyla immunoregulatory moleküllerinin upregulation indüklenen sıçan, kardiyak homogreft tolerans modelleri açıklar. Bu modellerin her düzenleyici T hücreleri (Tregs), düzenleyici B hücreleri (Bregs) veya düzenleyici myeloid hücrelerin (RegMCs) gibi düzenleyici hücreleri nesil vivo içinde izin. Bu makale, biz tanımlamak ve kendi sorumluluk tolerans indüksiyon ve bakım. belirlemek için vitro ve in vivo düzenleyici hücre etkinliği tanımlamak için kullanılan iki tamamlayıcı protokol tarif İlk olarak, vitro süpresif tahlil hücre hızlı kimlik efektör bağışıklık yanıtı üzerinde süpresif kapasiteli bir doz bağımlı şekilde izin ve sitokin ölçüm ve sitotoksisite gibi daha fazla çözümleme için kullanılabilir. İkinci olarak, hücreleri yeni radyasyonlu aşılı alıcıya, evlat edinen transferi hoşgörülü arıtılmış alıcıdan gelen vurgulanmış yönetmen graft bağışıklık yanıtı kontrol ve/veya dönüştürme yeni düzenleyici hücre (Bu hücreler tolerogenic özellikleri bulaşıcı tolerans olarak adlandırdığı tabaka). Bu yöntem bilinen fenotipik işaretçileri olan hücrelere sınırlı değildir ve herhangi bir hücre popülasyona uzatılabilir. Ayrıca, donör allospecificity düzenleyici hücre (alanında önemli bir hedefi) üçüncü donör hücreleri kullanarak tespit edilebilir veya içinde vitro veya vivo içindegrefti yönlendirilmiş. Son olarak, düzenleyici bu hücreleri belirli tolerogenic kapasitesini belirlemek için biz humoral Anti-donör antikor yanıt ve yeni veya eski bilinen antijenlere karşı humoral yanıt-e doğru geliştirmek için alıcının kapasitesini değerlendirmek için iletişim kuralları sağlar. Açıklanan tolerans modelleri daha fazla yeni biyolojik ve immunoregulatory molekülleri, belirlemek için düzenleyici hücreleri tanımlamak için kullanılan ve diğer nakli modelleri veya otoimmün hastalıklar kemirgen ya da insan için uyarlanabilir.

Baskılayıcı etkinlik (Resim 2), ZPT (şekil 1), Yanıtlayıcı hücreleri ve Tregs aynı anda boylama takip değerlendirilmesi veya ayrı ayrı (şekil 4), ve diğer sözde düzenleyici hücreler (şekil 3),-ebilmek var olmak Düzenleyici hücrelerin ve vitro ölçüm CFSE parlaklık (şekil 5) tarafından doğrudan enjeksiyon ta...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients at JoVE.com

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Burada, hoşgörü Ekiminde teşvik ve içinde in vitro ve in vivo değerlendirmek için bir protokol farklı hücre alt kümeleri alıcıdan gelen süpresif kapasitesi ve donör veya eksojen antijenleri doğru alıcının bağışıklık durumu mevcut.

Vitro ve In Vivo değerlendirme T, B ve Myeloid hücrelerin süpresif etkinlik ve nakli alıcılardan gelen Humoral yanıt

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

14.0K Görüntüleme.  INSERM, Université de Nantes. Burada, hoşgörü Ekiminde teşvik ve içinde in vitro ve in vivo değerlendirmek için bir protokol farklı hücre alt kümeleri alıcıdan gelen süpresif kapasitesi ve donör veya eksojen antijenleri doğru alıcının bağışıklık durumu mevcut.

Video: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Humoral immunity is the branch of the immune system maintained by B cells and mediated through the secretion of antibodies. Upon B cell activation, the immunoglobulin locus undergoes a series of genetic modifications to alter the binding capacity and effector function of secreted antibodies. This process is highlighted by a genomic recombination event known as class switch recombination (CSR) in which the default IgM antibody isotype is substituted for one of IgG, IgA, or IgE. Each isotype possesses distinct effector functions thereby making CSR crucial to the maintenance of immunity. Diversification of the immunoglobulin locus is mediated by the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). A schematic video describing this process in detail is available online (http://video.med.utoronto.ca/videoprojects/immunology/aam.html). AID's activity and the CSR pathway are commonly studied in the assessment of B cell function and humoral immunity in mice. The protocol outlined in this report presents a method of B cell isolation from murine spleens and subsequent stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce class switching to IgG3 (for other antibody isotypes see Table 1). In addition, the fluorescent cell staining dye Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is used to monitor cell division of stimulated cells, a process crucial to isotype switching 1, 2. The regulation of AID and the mechanism by which CSR occurs are still unclear and thus in vitro class switch assays provide a reliable method for testing these processes in various mouse models. These assays have been previously used in the context of gene deficiency using knockout mice 3. Furthermore, in vitro switching of B cells can be preceded by viral transduction to modulate gene expression by RNA knockdown or transgene expression 4-6. The data from these types of experiments have impacted our understanding of AID activity, resolution of the CSR reaction, and antibody-mediated immunity in the mouse.

Following antigen exposure, subpopulations of activated B cells undergo a process known as class switch recombination (CSR) to produce antibody isotypes with distinct effector functions. The protocol outlined in this report explains how CSR can be induced and analyzed in vitro for the purposes of studying B cell function.

Sınıf Anahtarı Rekombinasyon murin B Hücreleri Saf İndüksiyon ve Değerlendirme

Humoral immunity is the branch of the immune system maintained by B cells and mediated through the secretion of antibodies. Upon B cell activation, the ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Fare T-hücrelerinin, T-hücre reseptörleri retroviral İletimi

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

Primer insan T hücrelerinin piggyBac Transposon Sistem Modifikasyon

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of immunotherapies. Here we describe the use of fluorescent target array (FTA) technology, which utilizes vital dyes such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), violet laser excitable dyes (CellTrace Violet: CTV) and red laser excitable dyes (Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor 670: CPD) to combinatorially label mouse lymphocytes into &#62;250 discernable fluorescent cell clusters. Cell clusters within these FTAs can be pulsed with major histocompatibility (MHC) class-I and MHC class-II binding peptides and thereby act as target cells for CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. These FTA cells remain viable and fully functional, and can therefore be administered into mice to allow assessment of CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of FTA target cells and CD4+ T cell-meditated help of FTA B cell target cells in real time in vivo by flow cytometry. Since &#62;250 target cells can be assessed at once, the technique allows the monitoring of T cell responses against several antigen epitopes at several concentrations and in multiple replicates. As such, the technique can measure T cell responses at both a quantitative (e.g.&#160;the cumulative magnitude of the response) and a qualitative (e.g.&#160;functional avidity and epitope-cross reactivity of the response) level. Herein, we describe how these FTAs are constructed and give an example of how they can be applied to assess T cell responses induced by a recombinant pox virus vaccine.

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in detail in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response. Here we describe the use of fluorescent target arrays (FTAs) in an in vivo T cell assay that assesses &#62;250 parameters simultaneously by flow cytometry.

T hücre yanıtlarının Değerlendirme Floresan hedef Dizilerin Kullanımı<em&gt; In vivo</em

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of ...

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic progenitors of both mouse and human origin. It is now used to address a growing variety of complex genetic, cellular and molecular questions related to hematopoiesis, and is at the cutting edge of efforts to translate these basic findings to therapeutic applications. The procedures are straightforward and routinely yield robust results. However, achieving successful hematopoietic differentiation in vitro requires special attention to the details of reagent and cell culture maintenance. Furthermore, the protocol features technique sensitive steps that, while not difficult, take care and practice to master. Here we focus on the procedures for differentiation of T lymphocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). We provide a detailed protocol with discussions of the critical steps and parameters that enable reproducibly robust cellular differentiation in vitro. It is in the interest of the field to consider wider adoption of this technology, as it has the potential to reduce animal use, lower the cost and shorten the timelines of both basic and translational experimentation.

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells can be differentiated to T cells in vitro using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Success in this procedure requires careful attention to reagent/cell maintenance, and key technique sensitive steps. Here we discuss these critical parameters and provide a detailed protocol to encourage adoption of this technology.

T hücrelerinin türetilmesi<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Fare Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic ...

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the viral capsid (CA) core into the cytoplasm. Subsequently, the viral Reverse Transcriptase (RT), as part of a namesake nucleoprotein complex termed the Reverse Transcription Complex (RTC), converts the viral single-stranded RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA copy (vDNA). This leads to the biogenesis of another nucleoprotein complex, termed the pre-integration complex (PIC), composed of the vDNA and associated virus proteins and host factors. The PIC-associated viral integrase (IN) orchestrates the integration of the vDNA into the host chromosomal DNA in a temporally and spatially regulated two-step process. First, the IN processes the 3&#39; ends of the vDNA in the cytoplasm and, second, after the PIC traffics to the nucleus, it mediates integration of the processed vDNA into the chromosomal DNA. The PICs isolated from target cells acutely infected with HIV-1 are functional in vitro, as they are competent to integrate the associated vDNA into an exogenously added heterologous target DNA. Such PIC-based in vitro integration assays have significantly contributed to delineating the mechanistic details of retroviral integration and to discovering IN inhibitors. In this report, we elaborate upon an updated HIV-1 PIC assay that employs a nested real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)-based strategy for measuring the in vitro integration activity of isolated native PICs.

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complex (PIC)-associated integration activity in the cytoplasmic extracts of acutely infected cells. The integration of PIC-associated HIV-1 DNA into heterologous target DNA is quantified by using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction strategy.

Ölçümü<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; HIV-1 Preintegration Kompleksleri Entegrasyon Etkinliği

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the ...

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are used for host defense. For the quantitative determination of the functional status of the humoral immune response of an individual, both serum Abs and circulating ASCs are commonly measured as functional readouts. In humans, peripheral blood is the most convenient and readily accessible sample that can be used for the determination of the humoral immune response elicited by host B cells. Distinct B-cell subsets, including ASCs, can be isolated directly from peripheral blood via selection with lineage-specific Ab-conjugated microbeads or via cell sorting with flow cytometry. Moreover, purified na&#239;ve and memory B cells can be activated and differentiated into ASCs in culture. The functional activities of ASCs to contribute to Ab secretion can be quantified by ELISpot, which is an assay that converges enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA) and western blotting technologies to enable the enumeration of individual ASCs at the single-cell level. In practice, the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used to evaluate vaccine efficacy because of the ease of handling of a large number of blood samples. The methods of isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, the differentiation of B cells into ASCs in vitro, and the employment of ELISpot for the quantification of total IgM- and IgG-ASCs will be described here.

Human peripheral blood is commonly used for the assessment of the humoral immune response. Here, the methods for isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, differentiating human B cells into antibody (Ab)-secreting B cells (ASCs) in culture, and enumerating the total IgM- and IgG-ASCs via an ELISpot assay are described.

İzolasyon, Farklılaşma ve Niceleme İnsan Kanı B Hücreleri Antikor salgılayan: ELISPOT Hümoral Bağışıklık bir Fonksiyonel Göstergesi&#39;nin olarak

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Salmonella typhimuriumyalıtım-makrofajlar üzerinden Phagosomes içeren

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ.
This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood.
The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Here, we provide a demonstration of the suction blister cutaneous recall model. The model allows a simple access to study human in vivo adaptive immune responses, for instance in the context of vaccine development.

İnsan T-hücre hatırlama yanıt Vivo içinde çalışmaya emme Blister iletişim kuralı

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to substrates to create phosphorylated products. The use of &#947;-32-P labeled NTP precursors allows simultaneous monitoring of substrate utilization and product formation by radiography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose plates allows rapid separation and sensitive quantification of substrate and product. We present a method for utilizing the thin-layer chromatography to assay the pyrophosphokinase activity of a purified (p)ppGpp synthetase. This method has previously been used to characterize the activity of cyclic nucleotide and dinucleotide synthetases and is broadly suitable for characterizing the activity of any enzyme that hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate bond or transfers a terminal phosphate from a phosphate donor to another molecule.

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a pppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Here, we describe a method for purifying histidine-tagged pyrophosphokinase enzymes and utilizing thin layer chromatography of radiolabelled substrates and products to assay for the enzymatic activity in vitro. The enzyme activity assay is broadly applicable to any kinase, nucleotide cyclase, or phosphor-transfer reaction whose mechanism includes nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis.

Bir arınma ve In Vitro etkinliği tahlil için (p) ppGpp sentetaz Clostridium difficile üzerinden

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to ...