Biz veri toplama konusundaki yardımlarından dolayı Ryan Johnson ve Leah Miller teşekkür ederim.

<ol>
	<li>Marshall, P. J., Reeb, B. C., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A. I., Zeanah, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+early+intervention+on+EEG+power+and+coherence+in+previously+institutionalized+children+in+Romania.">Effects of early intervention on EEG power and coherence in previously institutionalized children in Romania.</a> Dev. Psychopathol. 20 (03), 861-880 (2008).</li><li>Tarullo, A. R., Garvin, M. C., Gunnar, M. 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A., Pickens, J., Nawrocki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relative+right+frontal+EEG+activation+in+3-+to+6-month-old+infants+of+&amp;#34;depressed&amp;#34;+mothers.">Relative right frontal EEG activation in 3- to 6-month-old infants of &amp;#34;depressed&amp;#34; mothers.</a> Dev Psychol. 31 (3), 358-363 (1995).</li><li>Jones, N. A., Field, T., Fox, N. A., Lundy, B., Davalos, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+activation+in+1-month-old+infants+of+depressed+mothers.">EEG activation in 1-month-old infants of depressed mothers.</a> Dev. Psychopathol. (03), 491-505 (1997).</li><li>Jones, E. J. H., Venema, K., Lowy, R., Earl, R. K., Webb, S. 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F., Yale, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+Differences+in+Infant+Skills+as+Predictors+of+Child-Caregiver+Joint+Attention+and+Language.">Individual Differences in Infant Skills as Predictors of Child-Caregiver Joint Attention and Language.</a> Soc Dev. 9 (3), 302-315 (2000).</li><li>Mundy, P., Block, J., Delgado, C., Pomares, Y., Van Hecke, A. V., Parlade, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+Differences+and+the+Development+of+Joint+Attention+in+Infancy.">Individual Differences and the Development of Joint Attention in Infancy.</a> Child Dev. 78 (3), 938-954 (2007).</li><li>Welch, M. G., Myers, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroencephalographic+activity+of+preterm+infants+is+increased+by+Family+Nurture+Intervention:+A+randomized+controlled+trial+in+the+NICU.">Electroencephalographic activity of preterm infants is increased by Family Nurture Intervention: A randomized controlled trial in the NICU.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 125 (4), 675-684 (2014).</li><li>John, A. M., Kao, K., Choksi, M., Liederman, J., Grieve, P. G., Tarullo, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+infant+EEG+power+across+social+and+nonsocial+contexts.">Variation in infant EEG power across social and nonsocial contexts.</a> J Exp Child Psychol. 152, 106-122 (2016).</li><li>Gartstein, M. A., Rothbart, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+infant+temperament+via+the+Revised+Infant+Behavior+Questionnaire.">Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire.</a> Infant Behav Dev. 26 (1), 64-86 (2003).</li><li>Calkins, S. D., Fox, N. A., Marshall, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+Physiological+Antecedents+of+Inhibited+and+Uninhibited.">Behavioral and Physiological Antecedents of Inhibited and Uninhibited.</a> Child Dev. 67 (2), 523-540 (1996).</li><li>Henderson, L. M., Yoder, P. J., Yale, M. E., McDuffie, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+the+point:+electrophysiological+correlates+of+protodeclarative+pointing.">Getting the point: electrophysiological correlates of protodeclarative pointing.</a> Int. J. of Dev. Neurosci. 20 (3-5), 449-458 (2002).</li><li>Marshall, P. J., Bar-Haim, Y., Fox, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+EEG+from+5+months+to+4+years+of+age.">Development of the EEG from 5 months to 4 years of age.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 113 (8), 1199-1208 (2002).</li><li>Allen, J. J. B., Coan, J. A., Nazarian, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Issues+and+assumptions+on+the+road+from+raw+signals+to+metrics+of+frontal+EEG+asymmetry+in+emotion.">Issues and assumptions on the road from raw signals to metrics of frontal EEG asymmetry in emotion.</a> Bio Psychol. 67 (1-2), 183-218 (2004).</li><li>Davidson, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+Measures+of+Cerebral+Asymmetry:+Conceptual+and+Methodological+Issues.">EEG Measures of Cerebral Asymmetry: Conceptual and Methodological Issues.</a> Int. J. Neurosci. 39 (1-2), 71-89 (1988).</li><li>Petersen, S. E., Posner, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Attention+System+of+the+Human+Brain:+20+Years+After.">The Attention System of the Human Brain: 20 Years After.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 73-89 (2012).</li><li>Williams, J. H. G., Waiter, G. D., Perra, O., Perrett, D. I., Whiten, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+fMRI+study+of+joint+attention+experience.">An fMRI study of joint attention experience.</a> NeuroImage. 25 (1), 133-140 (2005).</li><li>Lachat, F., Hugueville, L., Lemar&#233;chal, J. -. D., Conty, L., George, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillatory+brain+correlates+of+live+joint+attention:+A+dual-EEG+study.">Oscillatory brain correlates of live joint attention: A dual-EEG study.</a> Front Hum Neurosci. 6, (2012).</li><li>Emery, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+eyes+have+it:+the+neuroethology,+function+and+evolution+of+social+gaze.">The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 24 (6), 581-604 (2000).</li><li>Redcay, E., Kleiner, M., Saxe, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Look+at+this:+the+neural+correlates+of+initiating+and+responding+to+bids+for+joint+attention.">Look at this: the neural correlates of initiating and responding to bids for joint attention.</a> Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, (2012).</li><li>Tierney, A. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Vogel-Farley, V., Tager-Flusberg, H., Nelson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+Trajectories+of+Resting+EEG+Power:+An+Endophenotype+of+Autism+Spectrum+Disorder.">Developmental Trajectories of Resting EEG Power: An Endophenotype of Autism Spectrum Disorder.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (6), e39127 (2012).</li><li>Morales, M., Mundy, P., Delgado, C. E. F., Yale, M., Neal, R., Schwartz, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaze+following,+temperament,+and+language+development+in+6-month-olds:+A+replication+and+extension.">Gaze following, temperament, and language development in 6-month-olds: A replication and extension.</a> Infant Behav Dev. 23 (2), 231-236 (2000).</li><li>Schilbach, L., Wilms, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minds+Made+for+Sharing:+Initiating+Joint+Attention+Recruits+Reward-related+Neurocircuitry.">Minds Made for Sharing: Initiating Joint Attention Recruits Reward-related Neurocircuitry.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 22 (12), 2702-2715 (2009).</li><li>Gonzalez, S. L., Reeb-Sutherland, B. C., Nelson, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+Motor+Experience+in+the+Infant+Brain+EEG+Power,+Coherence,+and+Mu+Desynchronization.">Quantifying Motor Experience in the Infant Brain EEG Power, Coherence, and Mu Desynchronization.</a> Front Psychol. 7, (2016).</li></ol>

Yazarlar rapor açıklama yok yok.

Birincisi, net uygulama doğru olduğunu ve empedansları indirimine gidildiği kritiktir. İkincisi, EEG, net uygulama ve paradigma gerektirecektir neyi ebeveyn onlar konuşarak veya arası sınırları zorlayan olur bebek, göz teması yapmadan telaşlı olursam bebeği sakinleştirmek nasıl yardımcı olabileceğini ebeveyne açıklamak için önemlidir sosyal ve sosyal olmayan koşullar. Ayrıca, EEG verileri etkileyebilir ve net zarar verebilir net, çekerek bebekleri korumak için anne talimat. Üçüncü olarak,...

Sosyal etkileşimler bebek nöral gelişim 1, 2 için çok önemlidir. Son araştırmalar sosyal beyinde 3, 4 gelişimine ağırlık vermeye başlamış olsa da, sosyal angajman katılan nöral süreçleri iyi anlaşılamamıştır. bildirilen yöntemin amacı bebek elektroensefalografi (EEG) güç, nöronal iletişimden salınan gerilimin bir ölçüsü, kontrollü sosyal ve nonsocial bağlamlarda göre nasıl farklılaştığını değerlendirmektir. Bu yöntem diferansiyel olarak nöral aktivasyon ile nasıl belirli sosyal girdinin yönleri değerlendirilmesi için izin verir ve fonksiyonel nöral aktivasyon değerlendirirken kayıt bağlamında rolünü dikkate almak gelecekteki çalışmalar için etkileri bulunmaktadır. EEG bu bebek hareketine invazif olmayan ve sağlam olduğu için, bebek beyin aktivitesini ölçmek için bir çok uygun bir yöntemdir. elektrot oluşan bir kapak pnöronal iletişim sırasında serbest serebral korteks elektriksel aktivite kaydetmek için bebek kafasına görüşlü. EEG güç belirli bir süre boyunca, her elektrot bölgesinde gerilimin bir ölçüsüdür. EEG sinir aktivitesinin bir fonksiyonel ölçüsüdür ve bu nedenle kısmen EEG kaydedildiği altında hemen koşullarını yansıtmaktadır. Nedeniyle, nitelikleri, EEG güçlü bir mesafede olan denekler tasarım kullanılarak bağlamlarında ve böylece göstergesi bağlama özgü aktivasyon için karşılaştırılabilir bir potansiyele sahiptir. Bu nedenle, EEG sinir özellikle sosyal etkileşim öğeleri ve bağlama spesifik aktivasyonunun daha genel olarak, her iki değerlendirmek için de kullanılabilir. bebek EEG genellikle sadece bir şartla sırasında kaydedildiği Ancak bu potansiyel tam olarak gerçekleşmemiştir. Birçok çalışmada her zaman açıkça sosyal ve nonsocial girişi arasında ayrım yapmaz bir &quot;dinlenme durumunda&quot; veya başlangıca sırasında bebek EEG gücünü kaydettik. Bazı durumlarda, EEG bebek olarak kaydedilirs, bir deneyci bir tombala tekerleği 5, 6, 7 dönmeye izlemek bir deneyci darbe izlemek 8 kabarcıklar veya deneyci bir çıngırak 9, 10 sallamak izle. Ancak, bebekler deneyci veya nesne birine katılabilir ve bebek özellikleri onların dikkatinizi nasıl etkileyebilir. Böylece onlar deneyci için katılıyor, bazı bebekler için bazal sosyal olabilir ve onlar nesneye öncelikle katılmak eğer diğer bebekler için taban nonsocial olabilir. EEG kaydı bağlamını yansıtırken, araştırmacılar nedeniyle bebeklerin kayıt anında katılıyor ne farklılıklardan olarak stabil veya basitçe olabilir gelişimsel olarak anlamlı yorumlayabilir bazal EEG bireysel farklılıkları gözlenmektedir. Bir nesneyi tutarken bebeklerin bir kadın şarkı izlerken Nitekim, bir çalışmada EEG kaydedildi <supclass = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 11. Bebek EEG güç bebek kadın veya nesneye dikkat olmamasına bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Bu, sosyal etkileşim sinir bazları belirlemek için bebek EEG enerji işlevsel niteliği ve EEG kayıt sırasında kontrollü koşullar kullanılarak metodolojik önemini de göstermektedir. Sosyal etkileşim karmaşık ve çok-yönlüdür. EEG naturalistik etkileşim sırasında kaydedildi nedenle, (örneğin işitme dili, yüz yüze ya da ortak dikkat çekici etkileşen) etkileşimin farklı yönlerini nöral işlenmesini ayrı kızdırmak için zor olabilir. Bu sorunu gidermek için bir strateji her sosyal etkileşim belli bir bölümünü içeren farklı koşullar da dahil olmak üzere içerir. Bu nedenle, bu paradigma EEG güç sosyal giriş spesifik tipine göre değişir kadar sistematik olarak karşılaştırmak için tasarlanmıştır. paradigma rec kapsar rapor içinde-konularording bebek EEG 4 koşullarında. Bu kayıt, bağlama bağlı olarak değişir nasıl - - ve sosyal girişler belirli türde rollerini değerlendirmek için koşullar bebek EEG gücünde fonksiyonel yapısını incelemek için her iki tasarlanmıştır. bebek iki bilgisayar ekranlarında nesneleri gördüğüm yerde Birincisi, bir nonsocial koşul dahil edildi. bilgisayar ekranlarında nesneleri sunan yerine bir deneyci bir nesne manipüle sahip olarak, bu durum açıkça nonsocial ve sosyal girdinin hiçbir formunu içerir. deneyci Resimlere bebeğin dikkatini yönettiği ve resimler hakkında konuştuk nerede Sonra, bir ortak dikkat koşulu dahil edildi. Yüz yüze etkileşim, dil giriş ve eklem ilgi eklenen bileşen: ortak dikkat koşulu dolayısıyla sosyal girişi üç tür içerir. Bu nedenle, nonsocial ve ortak dikkat koşulları üç boyutta (yüz yüze etkileşimi, dil giriş ve ortak dikkat varlığı) ile farklılık gösterir. Böylece herhangi bir farknonsocial ve eklem dikkat koşulları arasında EEG gücünde Erences bu üç sosyal girdilerin herhangi atfedilebilecek olabilir. Bu nedenle, ilave 2 koşullar sosyal giriş yönü nonsocial ve ortak dikkat koşulları arasında nöral aktivitede herhangi bir gözlenen farklılıklar açıklanmaktadır olan ayrı alay alındı. dilin etkisini değerlendirmek için, bir dil-tek koşulu bebek bilgisayarlarda resimler üzerinde deneyci yorumunu duyuyordu ama deneyci göremiyordu nereye dahil edildi. EEG güç eklem dikkat ve nonsocial durumuna göre dil-tek koşullarında benzerdi Dolayısıyla, eğer bu etki diline isnat edilebilir. Son olarak, deneyi yüz yüze bebek ile ve olumsal bebek ile meşgul burada, sosyal bir etkileşim durumu dahil yüz yüze etkileşim etkisini değerlendirmek için. EEG güç n kıyasla ortak ilgi ve sosyal nişan koşullarında benzer olsaydıonsocial durum, eklem dikkat ve nonsocial koşulları arasındaki farkı etkileşim-yüz yüze bağlanabilir. eklem dikkat ve nonsocial koşullar arasındaki fark dili okunur ve sosyal etkileşim koşullarından anlatmadık, bu ortak dikkat varlığı özellikle EEG güç farklılıklarını açıklayan olduğunu öneririm. Bu ortak ilgi için kapasite de 12 kurulan bir yaş olduğu gibi bu paradigma, 12 aylık bebeklerde ile pilot edildi. Buna ek olarak, bu süre içinde ortak dikkat hayatı 13, 14 2. yılında dil gelişimi için özellikle önemlidir, bu nedenle bu bağlamda nöral aktivasyon bu yaşta özel ilgi oldu. paradigma da koşulların standardize edilir sağlarken bebeklerin ilgisini korumak üzere tasarlanmış ve soc tipleridir okunurial girişi. Dört koşulların her biri mevcut olan (ortak dikkat ve sosyal etkileşim koşulları) veya yok (nonsocial ve dil-de koşulları) olmak deneyi arasında alternatif sekiz bloktan toplam, bir kez tekrarlanır. tutarlılığı korumak amacıyla, nesnelerin fotoğraflarını tüm koşullarda sunulmaktadır ve aynı sözleri bloklar arasında kullanılır. Her blok içinde, nonsocial nesnelerin 10 fotoğraf bilgisayar ekranlarında sekans görünür. Nesneleri (örneğin, çiçek, eldiven) 10 kategorileri ve her bir nesnenin dört renk vardır. Bu nedenle, aynı nesne 10 kategori bloklar arasında değişen nesneleri bir renk ile her blokta sunulmaktadır. uyaranlar bebekler için ilginç seçildi. Her nesne ekranda göründüğü gibi ortak dikkat ve dil-tek koşullar sırasında, deneyci bir metne ifadeyi yapar. eklemde sol veya sağ bilgisayar ekranında işaret edecek belirtilen talimatlar ile 10 belirli sözleri (vardırDikkat şart). Sözler ortak dikkat ve dil-tek koşullar için aynıdır ancak değişken bir sipariş bebek ilgisini korumak için ve özellikle deyişler ile nesnenin belirli kategoriler ilişkilendirerek önlemek için de söylenir. İfadelerin sırası ilk ortak ilgi blok ve ilk dil-tek blok için aynıdır. Sipariş sonra ikinci ortak ilgi ve dil-tek bloklar için değiştirir. Son olarak, işaret yönü her ortak dikkat bloğu için değişir ve sözde randomize bebekler yönünü tahmin edemez öyle mi.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Amplifier</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We used a net amps 300 system. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Sensor Nets</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We used HDGSN 130 nets with 128 channels in pediatric sizes. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/geodesic-sensor-nets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Software</td>
			<td>Netstation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/net-station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Computer</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>An apple computer is required to run the Netstation software. The operating system just has to match the version of Netstation used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 is compatible with PCs running Microsoft Windows 
			XP SP3, Vista SP1, 7 SP1, 8/8.1 and 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Software - E-Prime 2.0 Professional Edition</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td>http://www.psychology-software-tools.mybigcommerce.com/e-prime-2-0-professional/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Monitors</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>LCD monitors are appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p9541?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Karter Scientific Labware Manufacturing Co.</td>
			<td>http://www.kartersci.com/7ml_Volume_3ml_Graduated_Transfer_Pipette_Karter_p/206h2.htm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfectant-Control 3 Disinfectent Germicide</td>
			<td>Maril Products Inc</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Control-Disinfectant-Germicide-Cntrl3-Concntr/dp/B007AZ37VC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Processing Software</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td>https://www.ibm.com/marketplace/cloud/statistical-analysis-and-reporting/purchase/us/en-us#product-header-top</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coding Software - The Observer XT</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>http://www.noldus.com/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>General Note: This equipment list includes what was used in the presented study, however other systems and products with the same capabilities are also appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg

bebekler sosyal etkileşim sırasında bebek beyin gelişimi için sosyal etkileşimlerin önemine rağmen, çok az araştırma fonksiyonel nöral aktivasyon değerlendirdi. EEG (EEG) güç bebek işlevsel sinir aktivasyonunu değerlendirmek için avantajlı bir tekniktir. Ancak, birçok çalışmalar rekor bebek EEG tek tedavi durumu sırasında. Bu protokol kapsamlı sosyal girdilerin farklı türleri farklı şekilde bebek EEG ile nasıl birbirinden bebek EEG hem sosyal ve nonsocial bağlamlarda aktiviteyi hem de alay değerlendirmek için tasarlanmış bir paradigma açıklanır. içi konular paradigma dört kontrol koşulları içermektedir. nonsocial durumda, bebeklerin bilgisayar ekranlarında nesneleri görüntülemek. ortak dikkat koşulu resimlere bebeğin dikkatini yönlendiren bir deneyci içerir. dil, yüz yüze etkileşim ve ortak dikkat varlığı: ortak dikkat koşulu sosyal girişinin üç türlerini içerir. farklılıklarnonsocial ve ortak dikkat koşulları arasında bebek EEG giriş bu üç tip herhangi birine bağlı olabilir. Bu nedenle, iki koşullar (deneyci bir ekran gizli iken dil girişi ile bir ve yüz yüze etkileşimi ile) bebek sinir aktivasyonu desen sürüş bağlamsal faktörleri değerlendirmek için alındı. Örnek sonuçlar bebek EEG enerji fonksiyonel yapısını destekleyen, beyin bölgesine göre hem de genel olarak ve diferansiyel olarak, duruma göre değiştirilebilir yani bebek EEG gücünü göstermektedir. Bu teknik açıkça sosyal ya da nonsocial olan koşulları içermesi avantajlıdır ve sosyal girişin belirli türden EEG güç ile nasıl incelenmesi için izin verir. Bu paradigma, sosyoekonomik statü, yaş ne kadar bireysel farklılıkları değerlendirmek etkilemek için kullanılabilir ve ebeveyn-çocuk etkileşimi kaliteli sosyal beynin gelişimi ile ilgilidir. bebek EEG güç göstermiştir fonksiyonel doğasına bağlı olarak, gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar should açıkça sosyal ya da nonsocial olan EEG kayıt bağlam ve tasarım koşulları rolünü düşünün.

Bebek Looking Davranış Temsilci sonuçlar 73 x 12 aylık bebeklerde 12 gelmektedir. Koşullar bebeklerin görünümlü davranışını 16 değiştirmede etkili olmuştur. amaçlandığı gibi sosyal nişan durumda, bebekler, deneyci bakarak zaman çoğunluğu geçirdi (ortalama olarak, sosyal nişan koşulu sırasında zamanın 60,06%). Bundan başka, her bebek deneyci zaman% 50&#...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG at JoVE.com

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Bu yeni protokol bebeklerde sosyal etkileşim sinirsel temellerini değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır. paradigma dil, ortak dikkat ve yüz yüze etkileşimi gibi sosyal girişler bebek sinir aktivasyonu ile ilgili ayrı nasıl çeşitli alay için tasarlanmıştır. Bebek EEG güç sosyal ve nonsocial koşulları hem sırasında kaydedilir.

Bir içi konular Deneysel Protokol Bebek EEG Sosyal Input Etkilerinin Değerlendirmek için

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

a-within-subjects-experimental-protocol-to-assess-effects-social

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.7K Görüntüleme.  Boston University.  Bu yeni protokol bebeklerde sosyal etkileşim sinirsel temellerini değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır. paradigma dil, ortak dikkat ve yüz yüze etkileşimi gibi sosyal girişler bebek sinir aktivasyonu ile ilgili ayrı nasıl çeşitli alay için tasarlanmıştır. Bebek EEG güç sosyal ve nonsocial koşulları hem sırasında kaydedilir. 

Video: A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

Bebek İşitsel İşleme ve Olaya ilişkin Beyin Salınımlılığı

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Davranış

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

Stereotaktik Enjeksiyon Tekniği uygulamak Hayvan Davranışları üzerinde Genetik Etkileri Eğitim için

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

Stres Sosyal Boyutu: Trier Sosyal Sosyal Destek ve Sosyal Kimlik Deneysel manipülasyonları Testi Stres

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

İnsanlar Yumuşak Haptic Sensations sayesinde Belirsizlik Cope Nasıl incelenmesi Deneysel Araştırma

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

Su Yoksunluk, Sakarin Fading veya Genişletilmiş Erişim Eğitim olmadan Sıçanlarda Etanol Güçlendirme Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi Bir Yöntem

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

Merdiven ve Silindir Testi: Yeni Bir Yaklaşım Hemiparkinsonian Rat Derin beyin stimülasyonu Etkileri Motor Sonuçlarını Değerlendirmek için

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

Orta yüksek topuklu koşu ve çalıştırma sırasında alt ekstremite mekanik etkisi deneyimi değerlendirmek için altın standart yürüyüş analiz yöntemlerini kullanma

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

Sahte anılar görüntüleri etkilerini değerlendirmek için bir sınıf tabanlı Deese Roediger McDermott paradigması kullanarak

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent literature has revealed that these patterns, often visible at the global level of the group, are based on self-organized, individual behaviors that follow several simple local parameters. Understanding the dynamics of human collective behavior can help to improve coordination and leadership in group and crowd scenarios, such as identifying the ideal placement and number of emergency exits in buildings.
In this article, we present the experimental paradigm HoneyComb, which can be used to systematically investigate conditions and effects of human collective behavior. This paradigm uses a computer-based multi-user platform, providing a setting that can be shaped and adapted to various types of research questions. Situational conditions (e.g., cost-benefit ratios for specific behavior, monetary incentives and resources, various degrees of uncertainty) can be set by experimenters, depending on the research question. Each participant's motions are recorded by the server as hexagonal coordinates with timestamps at an accuracy of 50 ms and with individual IDs. Thus, a metric can be defined on the playfield, and movement parameters (e.g., distances, velocity, clustering, etc.) of participants can be measured over time. Movement data can in turn be combined with non-computerized data from questionnaires garnered within the same experiment setup.
The HoneyComb paradigm is paving the way for new types of human movement experiments. We demonstrate here that these experiments can render results with sufficient internal validity to meaningfully deepen our understanding of human collective behavior.

Here, we present the computer-based, multi-agent game HoneyComb, which enables experimental investigations of collective human movement behavior via black-dot-avatars on a virtual 2D hexagonal playfield. Different experimental conditions, like variable&#160;incentives on goal fields or vision radius, can be set, and their effects on human movement behavior can be investigated.

Petek paradigma toplu insan davranışları üzerinde araştırma için

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

Deneyimli ve gözlenen duygusal Touch insanlarda yüz kas tepkileri değerlendirmek için yüz Elektromiyografi kullanma

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...