Name: characterization of cell membrane extensions and studying their roles in cancer cell adhesion dynamics
Uploaded: 2018-03-26T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 11 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Cell Membrane Extensions and Studying Their Roles in Cancer Cell Adhesion Dynamics at JoVE.com

Ohse Grant Vakfı Bu eser finanse.

1. hücre uzantısı özellikleri
<ol><li>SW-13, SW-Neo ve CO2 ' Dulbecco'nın modifiye kartal orta % 10 fetal sığır serum ve 10.000 U/mL penisilin ve streptomisin ('büyüme aracı olarak' belirlenmiş) ile desteklenmiş bir standart oksijen kuluçka 37,0 ° C'de ve %5 SW-DKK3 hücreleri korumak.<ol>
<li>Bir hemasitometre kullanarak hücreleri saymak ve iyi SW-13, SW-Neo ve SW-DKK3 hat başına 5000 hücre ayrı 6-şey kalıplara plaka ve gecede büyüme aracı olarak steril cam coverslips üzerinde büyür.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Her şey için gecede büyüme Aspire edin sonra büyüme orta, hücreleri 1 mL sıcak fosfat tamponlu tuz (PBS) ile yıkayın ve hücreleri % 3.7 formaldehit 10 dk 1 mL ile düzeltin.</li>
	<li>Her şey ile 1 mL % 0.05 kristal Menekşe 30 dk. yıkama aşırı aspiratı formaldehit ve leke hücrelerinde uzak üç yıkama 1 mL deiyonize su kullanarak boya. Not: boya alımı düzeyine bağlı olarak, birkaç ek yıkar hücre görselleştirme tanıtmak için boyama arka plan çıkarmak için gerekli olabilir.<ol>
<li>İnce uçlu forseps kullanarak, coverslips almak ve yüzü aşağı bir damla temiz montaj reaktif etiketli cam Slayttaki yer onları.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Işık mikroskobunda rastgele her coverslip hücre uzantısı tahlil için hücrelerin üst üste 20 sayısı seçin.<ol>
<li>Photomicrographs her görüş alanı 400 x büyütme oranında al. Doğrudan uzantısı türlerinin her biri 20 temsilcisi hücreleri için saymak. Not: Bu nedenle, güvenilir sonuçlar alabilmek sınanan her koşul için 20 izole hücreler incelenmesi gerekir. Filopodia 5 mikron veya daha az bir üs ve tek bir tepe ile hücresel uzantıları tarafından tanımlanan. Lobopodia bir üs 5 ila 20 mikron, birden çok apices uzunluğu içeren uzantıları ile hücresel uzantıları tarafından tanımlanan. Lamellipodia 20 mikron uzunluğunda olan veya olmayan apices daha büyük hücre uzantıları tarafından tanımlanan. Test edilmiş hücre türüne bağlı olarak hücre uzantıları boyutları farklı olabilir ve parametreleri tanımlama arıtma gerektirebilir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Her hücre türü (Yani, SW-13, SW-Neo, SW-DDK) her hücre uzantısında muayene 6 kuyular arasında belirlemek.</li>
	<li>Bir tek yönlü Varyans analizi (ANOVA) istatistiksel test kullanarak, hücre zarının uzantıları farklı test hücre tipleri arasında ortalama yüzdesini farklılıkları karşılaştırın.</li>
</ol>2. yapışma tahlil
<ol><li>SW-13, SW-Neo ve SW-DKK3 hücreleri 37,0 ° C ve % 5 CO2 büyüme orta'de standart bir oksijen kuluçka korumak.<ol>
<li>Bir hemasitometre kullanarak, say ve iyi başına 100.000 hücre SW-13, SW-Neo ve SW-DKK3 ayrı 6-şey kalıplara plaka ve gecede büyüme ortamında büyümek.</li>
		<li>Her biri aşağıda test 6 belirlenen zaman puan için bir tabak kullanarak tohum 6-şey plakaları her hücre türü için test. Not: Zaman Puan farklı hücre tipleri için farklı olabilir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Gecede kuluçka sonra sıcak PBS bir kez yıkama hücrelerle sonra her şey için 0.5 mL 1 x enzimatik olmayan hücre ayrılma çözümü ekleyin.<ol>
<li>Hücre ayrılma çözümü yaymak için plaka girdap. Tanımlanan zaman noktaları (Yani, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 ve 15 dk) belirlenen plaka Aspire edin ve sonra üç kez 1 mL sıcak PBS solüsyon ile yıkayın.</li>
		<li>Yıkama arasında hafifçe gevşek bağlı hücreler ayırmak plakalara dokunun.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Kalan PBS ve kalan hücreleri ile 1 mL % 3.7 formaldehit 10 min için plaka bağlı düzeltme Aspire edin.</li>
	<li>1 mL % 0.05 kristal Menekşe 30 dk için hücrelerle leke sonra aşırı boya uzak 1 mL deiyonize su ile yıkayın. Hücre görselleştirme tanıtmak için yıkama titre. Not: boya alımı düzeyine bağlı olarak, birkaç ek yıkar hücre görselleştirme tanıtmak için gerekli olabilir.</li>
	<li>100 x büyütme hafif bir mikroskop kullanarak, her şey her tabak içinde kalan ekli hücreleri saymak. Not: Saydam cetvelleri veya ince kalem kılavuzları plaka alt tarafında işaretleme kullanımı tekrarlanan aynı hücreleri sayma önlemek için yardımcı olacaktır.</li>
	<li>Her plaka için iyi başına bağlı hücre ortalama sayısını belirleyin.</li>
	<li>SW-13, SW-Neo ve SW-DDK3 hücreleri arasında hücre dekolmanı kullanarak iki yönlü ANOVA istatistiksel test belirli bir dönem içinde oranı karşılaştırın.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Libe, R., Fratticci, A., Bertherat, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adrenocortical+cancer:+pathophysiology+and+clinical+management.">Adrenocortical cancer: pathophysiology and clinical management.</a> Endocrine-related cancer. 14 (1), 13-28 (2007).</li><li>Veeck, J., Dahl, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+Wnt+pathway+in+cancer:+the+emerging+role+of+Dickkopf-3.">Targeting the Wnt pathway in cancer: the emerging role of Dickkopf-3.</a> Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1825 (1), 18-28 (2012).</li><li>Friedl, P., Gilmour, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+cell+migration+in+morphogenesis,+regeneration+and+cancer.">Collective cell migration in morphogenesis, regeneration and cancer.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10 (7), 445-457 (2009).</li><li>Jacquemet, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-type+calcium+channels+regulate+filopodia+stability+and+cancer+cell+invasion+downstream+of+integrin+signalling.">L-type calcium channels regulate filopodia stability and cancer cell invasion downstream of integrin signalling.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 13297 (2016).</li><li>Machesky, L. M., Li, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fascin:+Invasive+filopodia+promoting+metastasis.">Fascin: Invasive filopodia promoting metastasis.</a> Commun Integr Biol. 3 (3), 263-270 (2010).</li><li>Petrie, R. J., Harlin, H. M., Korsak, L. I., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activating+the+nuclear+piston+mechanism+of+3D+migration+in+tumor+cells.">Activating the nuclear piston mechanism of 3D migration in tumor cells.</a> J Cell Biol. 216 (1), 93-100 (2017).</li><li>Korah, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+silencing+of+RASSF1A+deregulates+cytoskeleton+and+promotes+malignant+behavior+of+adrenocortical+carcinoma.">Epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A deregulates cytoskeleton and promotes malignant behavior of adrenocortical carcinoma.</a> Molecular cancer. 12, 87 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+FOXO1-mediated+dedifferentiation+blocking+role+for+DKK3+in+adrenocortical+carcinogenesis.">A novel FOXO1-mediated dedifferentiation blocking role for DKK3 in adrenocortical carcinogenesis.</a> BMC cancer. 17 (1), 164 (2017).</li><li>Barry, D. J., Durkin, C. H., Abella, J. V., Way, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+source+software+for+quantification+of+cell+migration,+protrusions,+and+fluorescence+intensities.">Open source software for quantification of cell migration, protrusions, and fluorescence intensities.</a> J Cell Biol. 209 (1), 163-180 (2015).</li><li>Cliffe, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+3D+analysis+of+complex+single+border+cell+behaviors+in+coordinated+collective+cell+migration.">Quantitative 3D analysis of complex single border cell behaviors in coordinated collective cell migration.</a> Nat Commun. 8, 14905 (2017).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Burada hücre uzantıları kolaylığı, birkaç çukur-falls ve çeşitli test koşulları uygulanabilir güvenilir tekrarlanabilirlik ile karakterize bir vitro nicel yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, basit, ölçülebilir yapışma ve/veya hareketliliği deneyleri fonksiyonel önemini potansiyel: hücre zarı uzantılarında gözlenen değişiklikler ilişkilendirmek için aynı anda gerçekleştirilebilir.
Ancak, bu yöntemlerin olası bazı sınırlamalar takdim edebilir miyim...

Dysregulated WNT sinyal Adrenokortikal maligniteler1' de kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan yöntemleri DKK3 susturmak, WNT sinyal, negatif bir regülatör adrenal korteks dedifferentiation olayını temsil eder ve bağlamında tümör oluşumu hücre-uzantı repertuar değişir teşvik olup olmadığını araştırmak. DKK3 38 kDa ile bir N-terminal sinyal peptid glikoprotein salgılanan ve önceki çalışmalar zorunlu ifadesini hücre döngüsü tutuklama sonuçlandı, saldırgan kötü huylu davranış inhibe ve Mezenkimal epitel ters göstermiştir olduğunu geçiş2.
Adrenokortikal Karsinom (ACC) ve diğer kanser Malign davranışını tümör hücreleri çevreleyen yüzeyler ile arayüz yeteneği etkisinde bölümünde sırayla tümör hücre işgali kolaylaştırır hücre dışı matriks dahil olmak üzere ve geçiş3. Öncelikle filopodia oluşumu ile çeşitli bağlamlarda belirli hücre zarı kanseri ilerleme uzantılarında rolünün giderek gösterilen. Örneğin, overexpression L tipi kalsiyum kanal filopodia oluşumu teşvik ve tümör hücre işgali4teşvik bulundu. Benzer şekilde, Fascin, en az bağlayıcı protein bağlıdır bir aktin dokusu normal ifade de kanser hücrelerinin filopodia oluşumu5ile birlikte overexpressed mevcuttur. Lobopodia oluşumu sağlar etkili ekstra hücresel matris ile geçirmek non-Malign fibroblastlar, Fibrosarkom hücreleri metalloproteinaz etkinliği hücre geçişi kolaylaştırmak için lobopodia yerine itimat gösterilmiştir ancak, ve istila6. Biz o tümörü göstermiştir bastırıcılarının Ras Derneği etki alanı aile 1 izoformu (RASSF1A) de dahil olmak üzere ve DKK3, hücre iskeleti öğeleri değiştirebilir ve lamellipodia oluşumu teşvik ve invaziv özellikleri7,8taş koymak için işlev görebilir.
Bu nedenle, bu genlerin karsinojenezis ve hücre zarının uzantısı değişiklikler, özellikle filopodia, lobopodia ve lamellipodia oluşumu test koşullarında değerlendirilmesi ile ilişkilerini katılan etkileri karakterize etmek için önemlidir. Geçerli state-of-art teknikleri veri toplama ve yorumu giderek karmaşık mikroskobu yöntemleri, floresan etiketleme ve/veya karmaşık bilgisayar algoritmaları kullanımını içerir. Bu yöntemler yeni ve güçlü analitik araçlar sağlarken, kendi karmaşıklığı onların yaygın kullanımı ve adaptasyon hücre biyolojisi deneylerde sınırlar. Ayrıca, kesin miktar ve hücre uzantısı Morfoloji değişimler gözlenmesi değil genellikle ölçülen9,10. Buna ek olarak, biz doğru bir şekilde standart mikroskobik teknikler ve kolayca adapte vitro yöntemleri kullanarak hücre uzantısı değişiklikler quantifies bir teknik tanıtmak. Bu yöntemler aynı zamanda her hücre uzantı türü aynı anda her hücre analiz için sayısal ve hücre zarının uzantısı repertuar genel değişiklikleri belirlemek. Biz de nasıl bu değişiklikler hücre adezyon özellikleri için ilgili olabilir gösterir.
Deneysel örnek olarak, önceden oluşturulmuş hücre kültürünü SW-13, SW-DDK3, stabil pCMV6-giriş/DKK3 plazmid vektörleri ile transfected ve yapısal DKK3, böbrek üstü bezi bir farklılaştırıcı faktör overexpresses belirlenmiş kullanacağız. Sigara transfected SW-13 hücreleri ve stabil SW-Neo, belirlenmiş boş ile vektör (pCMV6-giriş), transfected SW-13 hücreleri deneysel denetimler olarak görev yapacak.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>11965-092</td><td>Supplemented with fetal bovine serum and penicllin and streptomycin</td></tr><tr><td>Deulbeco&#039;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8537</td><td>1X solution, used directly</td></tr><tr><td>3.7% formaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F8775</td><td>Dilute stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>0.05% crystal violet&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Harleco</td><td>192-12</td><td>Dilute stock solution</td></tr><tr><td>De-ionized water</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope with 400X magnification&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>6-well plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>353046</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Cell dissociation solution non-enzymatic 1X</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5914&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1X solution, used directly</td></tr></tbody></table>

characterization of cell membrane extensions and studying their roles in cancer cell adhesion dynamics

Hücre zarı'nın uzantısı repertuar onların ya da göçmen potansiyelleri de dahil olmak üzere kanser hücrelerinin çeşitli kötü huylu davranışlar modüle. Nasıl hücre sinyallemesi olayların etkisi kanser hücre davranış ve saldırganlık belirlemek için kritik doğru şekilde sınıflandırmak ve hücre uzantıları ölçmek ve bir hücrenin yapışkanlı kapasitesi üzerindeki etkisini ölçmek için yeteneğidir. Burada, vitro tasarım ve bir hücre uzantısı quantification yöntemiyle birlikte kurulan vitro modelinde bir yapışma kapasite tahlil Adrenokortikal Karsinom (ACC) için kullanımını açıklar. Özellikle, DKK3, sözde Tümör baskılayıcı ve bir yanlısı farklılaşma faktörü üzerine etkileri membran uzantısı fenotip ACC hücre satırının SW-13 test ediyoruz. Biz nispeten basit, güvenilir sağlamak için bu deneyleri teklif ve kolay yorumlanabilir ölçümleri bu özellikleri çeşitli deneysel koşullarda ölçer.

Yukarıdaki deneyleri kullanarak, hücre uzantısı morfoloji ve hücre adezyon özellikleri DKK3 overexpression etkileri kurulan ACC hücre hattında SW-13, vitrotest edildi. DKK3 overexpressing hücreleri stabil Myc-DDK etiketli pCMV6-giriş/DKK3 plazmid Vektörler ve SW-DKK3 belirlenmiş hücrelerle SW-13 transfecting tarafından üretildi. Benzer şekilde, stabil boş vektör pCMV6-giriş ile transfected hücreleri transfection ve passaging denetimi olarak oluşturulan ve SW-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Cell Membrane Extensions and Studying Their Roles in Cancer Cell Adhesion Dynamics at JoVE.com

Characterization of Cell Membrane Extensions and Studying Their Roles in Cancer Cell Adhesion Dynamics

Bu çalışmada yardımcı programı ve kolaylığı nicel hücre zarı uzantısı ölçüm ve hücre yapışkanlı kapasite için onun korelasyon gösterir. Temsil edici bir örnek olarak, biz burada Dickkopf ilgili biraz protein 3 (DKK3) artan lobopodia oluşumu teşvik ve vitroAdrenokortikal Karsinom hücre adhesiveness hücreleri göstermek.

Hücre zarının uzantıları ve rolleri kanser hücre adezyon dinamikleri eğitim karakterizasyonu

The cell membrane&#39;s extension repertoire modulates various malignant behaviors of cancer cells, including their adhesive and migratory potentials. The ...

characterization-cell-membrane-extensions-studying-their-roles-cancer

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.5K Görüntüleme.  Yale University School of Medicine. Bu çalışmada yardımcı programı ve kolaylığı nicel hücre zarı uzantısı ölçüm ve hücre yapışkanlı kapasite için onun korelasyon gösterir. Temsil edici bir örnek olarak, biz burada Dickkopf ilgili biraz protein 3 (DKK3) artan lobopodia oluşumu teşvik ve vitroAdrenokortikal Karsinom hücre adhesiveness hücreleri göstermek.

Video: Characterization of Cell Membrane Extensions and Studying Their Roles in Cancer Cell Adhesion Dynamics

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modelleme ve Görüntüleme 3-Boyutlu Toplu Hücre Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Tıp

3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a significant health problem. It is estimated that more than 16,000 people will die this year in the United States from bladder cancer. While 75% of bladder cancers are non-invasive and unlikely to metastasize, about 25% progress to an invasive growth pattern. Up to half of the patients with invasive cancers will develop lethal metastatic relapse. Thus, understanding the mechanism of invasive progression in bladder cancer is crucial to predict patient outcomes and prevent lethal metastases. In this article, we present a three-dimensional cancer invasion model which allows incorporation of tumor cells and stromal components to mimic in vivo conditions occurring in the bladder tumor microenvironment. This model provides the opportunity to observe the invasive process in real time using time-lapse imaging, interrogate the molecular pathways involved using confocal immunofluorescent imaging and screen compounds with the potential to block invasion. While this protocol focuses on bladder cancer, it is likely that similar methods could be used to examine invasion and motility in other tumor types as well.

The processes governing bladder cancer invasion represent opportunities for biomarker and therapeutic development. Here we present a bladder cancer invasion model which incorporates 3-D culture of tumor spheroids, time-lapse imaging and confocal microscopy. This technique is useful for defining the features of the invasive process and for screening therapeutic agents.

3-b hücre kültür sistemi istila eğitim ve Mesane kanserinde tedavi değerlendirmek için

Bladder cancer is a significant health problem. It is estimated that more than 16,000 people will die this year in the United States from bladder cancer. ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses. However, cell migration is also a key mechanism in cancer enabling these cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor to start metastatic spreading. Within the past years various cell migration assays have been developed to analyze the migratory behavior of different cell types. Because the locomotory behavior of cells markedly differs between a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environment it can be assumed that the analysis of the migration of cells that are embedded within a 3D environment would yield in more significant cell migration data. The advantage of the described 3D collagen matrix migration assay is that cells are embedded within a physiological 3D network of collagen fibers representing the major component of the extracellular matrix. Due to time-lapse video microscopy real cell migration is measured allowing the determination of several migration parameters as well as their alterations in response to pro-migratory factors or inhibitors. Various cell types could be analyzed using this technique, including lymphocytes/leukocytes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Likewise, also cell clusters or spheroids could be embedded within the collagen matrix concomitant with analysis of the emigration of single cells from the cell cluster/ spheroid into the collagen lattice. We conclude that the 3D collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile method to analyze the migration of cells within a physiological-like 3D environment.

Cell migration is a biological phenomenon that is involved in a plethora of physiological, such as wound healing and immune responses, and pathophysiological processes, like cancer. The 3D-collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile tool to analyze the migratory properties of different cell types within in a 3D physiological-like environment.

Bir Üç boyutlu Kollajen Matrix içindeki Hücre Göç Analizi

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Biyomühendislik

Examining the Dynamics of Cellular Adhesion and Spreading of Epithelial Cells on Fibronectin During Oxidative Stress

The adhesion and spreading of cells onto the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential cellular processes during organismal development and for the homeostasis of adult tissues. Interestingly, oxidative stress can alter these processes, thus contributing to the pathophysiology of diseases such as metastatic cancer. Therefore, understanding the mechanism(s) of how cells attach and spread on the ECM during perturbations in redox status can provide insight into normal and disease states. Described below is a step-wise protocol that utilizes an immunofluorescence-based assay to specifically quantify cell adhesion and spreading of immortalized fibroblast cells on fibronectin (FN) in vitro. Briefly, anchorage-dependent cells are held in suspension and exposed to the ATM kinase inhibitor Ku55933 to induce oxidative stress. Cells are then plated on FN-coated surface and allowed to attach for predetermined periods of time. Cells that remain attached are fixed and labeled with fluorescence-based antibody markers of adhesion (e.g., paxillin) and spreading (e.g., F-actin). Data acquisition and analysis are performed using commonly available laboratory equipment, including an epifluorescence microscope and freely available Fiji software. This procedure is highly versatile and can be modified for a variety of cell lines, ECM proteins, or inhibitors in order to examine a broad range of biological questions.

This method is useful for quantifying the early dynamics of cellular adhesion and spreading of anchorage-dependent cells onto the fibronectin. Furthermore, this assay can be used to investigate the effects of altered redox homeostasis on cell spreading and/or cell adhesion-related intracellular signaling pathways.

Oksidatif Stres Sırasında Fibronektin Üzerine Hücresel Adezyon Dinamiğinin İncelenmesi ve Epitel Hücrelerinin Yayılması

The adhesion and spreading of cells onto the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential cellular processes during organismal development and for the ...

Biyokimya

Revealing the Cytoskeletal Organization of Invasive Cancer Cells in 3D

Cell migration has traditionally been studied in 2D substrates. However, it has become increasingly evident that there is a need to study cell migration in more appropriate 3D environments, which better resemble the dimensionality of the physiological processes in question. Migratory cells can substantially differ in their morphology and mode of migration depending on whether they are moving on 2D or 3D substrates. Due to technical difficulties and incompatibilities with most standard protocols, structural and functional analysis of cells embedded within 3D matrices still remains uncommon. This article describes methods for preparation and imaging of 3D cancer cell cultures, either as single cells or spheroids. As an appropriate ECM substrate for cancer cell migration, we use nonpepsinized rat tail collagen I polymerized at room-temperature and fluorescently labeled to facilitate visualization using standard confocal microscopes. This work also includes a protocol for 3D immunofluorescent labeling of endogenous cell cytoskeleton. Using these protocols we hope to contribute to a better description of the molecular composition, localization, and functions of cellular structures in 3D.

This article presents a method to fluorescently label collagen that can be further used for both fix and live imaging of 3D cell cultures. We also provide an optimized protocol to visualize endogenous cytoskeletal proteins of cells cultured in 3D environments.

3D İnvaziv Kanser Hücrelerinin Sitoskeletal Örgütü ortaya

Cell migration has traditionally been studied in 2D substrates. However, it has become increasingly evident that there is a need to study cell migration ...

Nanopodia - Thin, Fragile Membrane Projections with Roles in Cell Movement and Intercellular Interactions

Adherent cells in culture maintain a polarized state to support movement and intercellular interactions. Nanopodia are thin, elongated, largely F-actin-negative membrane projections in endothelial and cancer cells that can be visualized through TM4SF1 (Transmembrane-4-L-six-family-1) immunofluorescence staining. TM4SF1 clusters in 100-300 &#956;m diameter TMED (TM4SF1 enriched microdomains) containing 3 to as many as 14 individual TM4SF1 molecules. TMED are arranged intermittently along nanopodia at a regular spacing of 1 to 3 TMED per &#956;m and firmly anchor nanopodia to matrix. This enables nanopodia to extend more than 100 &#956;m from the leading front or trailing rear of polarized endothelial or tumor cells, and causes membrane residues to be left behind on matrix when the cell moves away. TMED and nanopodia have been overlooked because of their extreme fragility and sensitivity to temperature. Routine washing and fixation disrupt the structure. Nanopodia are preserved by direct fixation in paraformaldehyde (PFA) at 37 &#176;C, followed by brief exposure to 0.01% Triton X-100 before staining. Nanopodia open new vistas in cell biology: they promise to reshape our understanding of how cells sense their environment, detect and identify other cells at a distance, initiate intercellular interactions at close contact, and of the signaling mechanisms involved in movement, proliferation, and cell-cell communications. The methods that are developed for studying TM4SF1-derived nanopodia may be useful for studies of nanopodia that form in other cell types through the agency of classic tetraspanins, notably the ubiquitously expressed CD9, CD81, and CD151.

Nanopodia are thin but fragile membrane channels that extend up to 100 &#956;m from a cell's leading front or trailing rear and sense the cellular environment. Direct fixation at 37 &#176;C, gentle washing, and avoidance of organic solvents like ethanol, methanol, or acetone and of higher Triton X-100 concentrations are required to observe these cellular structures.

Nanopodia - Cep Hareketi ve Intercellular Etkileşimleri Rolleri İnce, Kırılgan Membran Projeksiyonlar

Adherent cells in culture maintain a polarized state to support movement and intercellular interactions. Nanopodia are thin, elongated, largely ...

Biyoloji

Quantitative Analysis of Cell Edge Dynamics during Cell Spreading

Cell spreading is a dynamic process in which a cell suspended in media attaches to a substrate and flattens itself from a rounded to a thin and spread-out shape. Following the cell-substrate attachment, the cell forms a thin sheet of lamellipodia emanating from the cell body. In the lamellipodia, globular actin (G-actin) monomers polymerize into a dense filamentous actin (F-actin) meshwork that pushes against the plasma membrane, thereby providing the mechanical forces required for the cell to spread. Notably, the molecular players that control the actin polymerization in lamellipodia are essential for many other cellular processes, such as cell migration and endocytosis. 
Since spreading cells form continuous lamellipodia that span the entire cell periphery and persistently expand outward, cell spreading assays have become an efficient tool to assess the kinetics of lamellipodial protrusions. Although several technical implementations of the cell spreading assay have been developed, a detailed description of the workflow, which would include both a step-by-step protocol and computational tools for data analysis, is currently lacking. Here, we describe the experimental procedures of the cell spreading assay and present an open-source tool for quantitative and unbiased analysis of cell edge dynamics during spreading. When combined with pharmacological manipulations and/or gene-silencing techniques, this protocol is amenable to a large-scale screen of molecular players regulating lamellipodial protrusions.

In this protocol, we present the experimental procedures of a cell spreading assay that is based on live-cell microscopy. We provide an open-source computational tool for the unbiased segmentation of fluorescently labeled cells and quantitative analysis of lamellipodia dynamics during cell spreading.

Hücre Yayma Sırasında Hücre Kenarı Dinamiklerinin Nicel Analizi

Cell spreading is a dynamic process in which a cell suspended in media attaches to a substrate and flattens itself from a rounded to a thin and spread-out ...

Imaging Molecular Adhesion in Cell Rolling by Adhesion Footprint Assay

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation. This phenomenon occurs in postcapillary venules, where blood flow pushes leukocytes in a rolling motion on the endothelial cells. Stable rolling requires a delicate balance between adhesion bond formation and their mechanically-driven dissociation, allowing the cell to remain attached to the surface while rolling in the direction of flow. Unlike other adhesion processes occurring in relatively static environments, rolling adhesion is highly dynamic as the rolling cells travel over thousands of microns at tens of microns per second. Consequently, conventional mechanobiology methods such as traction force microscopy are unsuitable for measuring the individual adhesion events and the associated molecular forces due to the short timescale and high sensitivity required. Here, we describe our latest implementation of the adhesion footprint assay to image the P-selectin: PSGL-1 interactions in rolling adhesion at the molecular level. This method utilizes irreversible DNA-based tension gauge tethers to produce a permanent history of molecular adhesion events in the form of fluorescence tracks. These tracks can be imaged in two ways: (1) stitching together thousands of diffraction-limited images to produce a large field of view, enabling the extraction of adhesion footprint of each rolling cell over thousands of microns in length, (2) performing DNA-PAINT to reconstruct super-resolution images of the fluorescence tracks within a small field of view. In this study, the adhesion footprint assay was used to study HL-60 cells rolling at different shear stresses. In doing so, we were able to image the spatial distribution of the P-selectin: PSGL-1 interaction and gain insight into their molecular forces through fluorescence intensity. Thus, this method provides the groundwork for the quantitative investigation of the various cell-surface interactions involved in rolling adhesion at the molecular level.

This protocol presents the experimental procedures to perform the adhesion footprint assay to image the adhesion events during fast cell rolling adhesion.

Yapışma Ayak İzi Tahlili ile Hücre Yuvarlanmasında Görüntüleme Moleküler Yapışması

Rolling adhesion, facilitated by selectin-mediated interactions, is a highly dynamic, passive motility in recruiting leukocytes to the site of ...

Measuring Cell-Edge Protrusion Dynamics during Spreading using Live-Cell Microscopy

The development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms rely on coordinated regulation of cell migration. Cell migration is an essential event in the construction and regeneration of tissues, and is critical in embryonic development, immunological responses, and wound healing. Dysregulation of cell motility contributes to pathological disorders, such as chronic inflammation and cancer metastasis. Cell migration, tissue invasion, axon, and dendrite outgrowth all initiate with actin polymerization-mediated cell-edge protrusions. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, time-saving method for the imaging and quantitative analysis of cell-edge protrusion dynamics during spreading. This method measures discrete features of cell-edge membrane dynamics, such as protrusions, retractions, and ruffles, and can be used to assess how manipulations of key actin regulators impact cell-edge protrusions in diverse contexts.

This protocol aims to measure the dynamic parameters (protrusions, retractions, ruffles) of protrusions at the edge of spreading cells.

Canlı Hücre Mikroskobu ile Yayılma Sırasında Hücre-Kenar Çıkıntı Dinamiğinin Ölçülmesi

The development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms rely on coordinated regulation of cell migration. Cell migration is an essential event in the ...

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily&#160; involved in a cell&#8217;s interaction with its surrounding matrix. However, some integrins can bind CAMs on another cell&#8217;s surface and participate in direct cell-cell interactions. For example, the integrins on immune cells bind IgCAMs expressed on the vascular endothelium.
Cadherins are a superfamily of calcium-dependent glycoproteins primarily involved in establishing strong cell adhesions. They compose the adherens junctions and desmosomes in tissues, such as the epithelium.
Selectins and IgCAMs are involved in transient cell interactions and participate in directing cells towards target sites. For example, they help in the selective recruitment of lymphocytes to the secondary lymphoid organs.
CAM and Multicellularity
CAMs are found&#160; across virtually all multicellular organisms - from sponges and simple nematodes to complex invertebrates and vertebrates. The complexity of the cellular interactions, and therefore of the CAMs, increases with the complexity of the organisms. For example,&#160; while the fruit fly D.melanogaster has approximately&#160; 500 genes involved in cell adhesion, complex vertebrates like mammals have over a thousand genes that code for different types of CAMs.