Name: moving upwards: a simple and flexible in vitro three-dimensional invasion assay protocol
Uploaded: 2018-03-12T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 14 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol at JoVE.com

Bu eser Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri tarafından (NIMHD-G12MD007581) Jackson Devlet Üniversitesi ve savunma, fikir Ödülü 11-1-0205 ABD Bakanlığı çevre sağlığı için RCMI merkezinden destek verdi.

Not: Bu protokol McArdle vd. anlatılan 11. bir zaman çizelgesi şekil 1' de verilmiştir.
1. kültür plaka hazırlanması
<ol><li>Bir 10 mm cam alt 1 mL 1 M hidroklorik asit (HCl) ile iyi 15dk için cam alt hydrophobicity alt içeren 35-mm kültür bulaşık yıka.</li>
	<li>Kültür plaka fosfat tampon salin (PBS) tüm HCl kurtulmak için 1 mL ile iki kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Kültür plaka 1 mL % 70 etanol ile iki kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Hücre belirli kültür orta 1 mL ile kültür plaka durulama (burada, kullanım α-MEM % 10 ısı ile desteklenmiş FBS ve % 1 esansiyel olmayan amino asitler inaktive olur). Not: Kültür ortamı içeren tedavi kültür plaka CO2 kuluçka 37 ° C'de bir nemlendirici ile ertesi güne kadar saklanabilir.</li>
	<li>(MSCs ve MCF-7 ortak kültür) hücreleri tedavi cam-alt içinde de 35 mm kültür çanak % 100 confluency için büyümek. 35.000 MSC hücreleri ve 75.000 MCF7 hücre 24 h için ortak kültür.</li>
</ol>2. kollajen jel hazırlanması
<ol><li>Kollajen temas üzerine polimerizasyon önlemek için kollajen jel dondurucuya pipetting için kullanılan micropipette ipuçları saklayın. Not: Bu en önemli adımdır.</li>
	<li>Bir birim belirlemek sıçan kuyruk kollajen ben kullanılmak üzere kollajen hisse senedi toplama üzerinde tabanlı. Kollajen jel 100 µL bu tahlil için hazırlayın. Not: Ben stok sıçan kuyruk kollajen yüksek yoğunlukta daha iyi çalışır. 10 x kollajen buna göre sulandırmak için kullanılmak üzere Dulbecco'nın modifiye kartal orta hacmi belirlemek.</li>
	<li>Birleştirmek buz sıçan kuyruk kollajen üzerinde ben (3.8 µg/mL hisse senedi), 10 x Dulbecco'nın modifiye kartal orta ve 1 x hücre kültür % 2 fetal sığır serum ve kollajen 2.4 mg/ml nihai bir konsantrasyon için uygun chemoattractant ile takıma orta boy.</li>
	<li>Kollajen jel nötralize etmek için sodyum bikarbonat çözüm karışımı %4,5 ekleyin. Not: Sodyum bikarbonat çözüm eklendi hacmi diğer reaktifleri tam pH göre değişebilir. Bu karışımı tarafsız çözüm sağlamak veya bir pH göstergesi kültür ortamında kullanmak için pH şeritler ile test etmek en iyisidir.</li>
	<li>80 µL kollajen karışımı cam-alt de kültür çanak içindeki hücreleri üzerinde yatıyordu.</li>
	<li>Kollajen jel 30 dk 37 ° C'de bir nemlendirici ile CO2 kuluçka için polimerize izin</li>
	<li>Kollajen jel hücre orta düşük serum (% 2) ile 2 mL ile kapak ve CO2 kuluçka bir nemlendirici ile 24, 48 veya 72 h 37 ° C'de hücreler kuluçkaya. Uyarı: Plaka cam alttan ayırma kollajen jel önlemek için itina ile ele alınmalıdır.</li>
</ol>3. hazırlık kollajen örneği jel 3.8 µg /mL bir sıçan kuyruk kollajen stokunun kullanarak
<ol><li>Buz üzerinde birleştirmek 114.5 µL sıçan kuyruk kollajen, 10 DMEM x 16,6 µL ve kültür chemoattractant içeren orta 33.1 µL.</li>
	<li>Kollajen karışımı sodyum bikarbonat 14,0 µL ile etkisiz hale getirin.</li>
	<li>Adım 2,5 olduğu gibi devam edin.</li>
</ol>4. hücreleri görüntüleme
<ol><li>Yavaşça medya çanak çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Yavaşça jel PBS 1 mL ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>%4 paraformaldehyde 15dk için 1 mL ile hücreleri tamir.</li>
	<li>Hücreleri iki kez PBS 1 mL ile yıkayın.</li>
	<li>DAPI çözüm (100 ng/mL) oda sıcaklığında 20 dk için hücrelerle leke.</li>
	<li>Hücreleri farklı yerlerde confocal bir mikroskop kullanarak ve 400 µm z-yığın görüntüleri her iki yerde de 16 µm adımları alarak görüntü. Kullanılan mikroskop kullanarak bir beyaz ışık, ark uyarma kaynak confocal görüntüleme sağlar birim tarama bir diski var. 0,75 sayısal diyafram ile kullanılan bir 20 X lens kullanabilirsiniz.</li>
	<li>Görüntüleri yeniden oluşturma.<ol>
<li>Görüntüler için verilen jel (yaklaşık 25 resim) açın ve görüntü → yığınları → görüntüler yığmak için tıklatarak görüntü yığını oluşturun. İlk görüntü jel altına denk (z = 0 µm), z yönde ilk adım için ikinci görüntü denk (z = 16 µm), üçüncü resim z yönünde ikinci adımına tekabül (z 32 µm =). Her çekirdek her görüntü derinlikte değerlendirmek ve hangi keskin odak olarak işgal derinliği belirli hücre için çekirdek yapıldı derinliği belirleyebilirsiniz.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Friedl, P., Brocker, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+of+cell+locomotion+within+three-dimensional+extracellular+matric.">The biology of cell locomotion within three-dimensional extracellular matric.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 57, 41-64 (2000).</li><li>Bissell, M. J., Rizki, A., Mian, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+architecture:+the+ultimate+regulator+of+breast+epithelial+function.">Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 15, 753-762 (2003).</li><li>Friedl, P., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-cell+invasion+and+migration:+diversity+and+escape+mechanisms.">Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3, 362-374 (2003).</li><li>Yarrow, J. C., Perlman, Z. E., Westwood, N. J., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+cell+migration+assay+using+scratch+wound+healing,+a+comparison+of+image-based+readout+methods.">A high-throughput cell migration assay using scratch wound healing, a comparison of image-based readout methods.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 4, 21 (2004).</li><li>Wolf, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compensation+mechanism+in+tumor+cell+migration:+mesenchymal-amoeboid+transition+after+blocking+of+pericellular+proteolysis.">Compensation mechanism in tumor cell migration: mesenchymal-amoeboid transition after blocking of pericellular proteolysis.</a> J Cell Biol. 160, 267-277 (2003).</li><li>Sahai, E., Marshall, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differing+modes+of+tumour+cell+invasion+have+distinct+requirements+for+Rho/ROCK+signalling+and+extracellular+proteolysis.">Differing modes of tumour cell invasion have distinct requirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 5, 711-719 (2003).</li><li>Kam, Y., Guess, C., Estrada, L., Weidow, B., Quaranta, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+circular+invasion+assay+mimics+in+vivo+invasive+behavior+of+cancer+cell+lines+and+distinguishes+single-cell+motility+in+vitro.">A novel circular invasion assay mimics in vivo invasive behavior of cancer cell lines and distinguishes single-cell motility in vitro.</a> BMC Cancer. 8, 198 (2008).</li><li>Staton, C. A., Reed, M. W., Brown, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+analysis+of+current+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+angiogenesis+assays.">A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays.</a> Int J Exp Pathol. 90, 195-221 (2009).</li><li>Poujade, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+migration+of+an+epithelial+monolayer+in+response+to+a+model+wound.">Collective migration of an epithelial monolayer in response to a model wound.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104, 15988-15993 (2007).</li><li>Noubissi, F. K., Harkness, T., Alexander, C. M., Ogle, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis-induced+cancer+cell+fusion:+a+mechanism+of+breast+cancer+metastasis.">Apoptosis-induced cancer cell fusion: a mechanism of breast cancer metastasis.</a> FASEB J. 29, 4036-4045 (2015).</li><li>McArdle, T. J., Ogle, B. M., Noubissi, F. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+In+Vitro+Inverted+Vertical+Invasion+Assay+to+Avoid+Manipulation+of+Rare+or+Sensitive+Cell+Types.">An In Vitro Inverted Vertical Invasion Assay to Avoid Manipulation of Rare or Sensitive Cell Types.</a> J Cancer. 7, 2333-2340 (2016).</li><li>Noubissi, F. K., Ogle, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+Cell+Fusion:+Mechanisms+Slowly+Unravel.">Cancer Cell Fusion: Mechanisms Slowly Unravel.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 17, (2016).</li><li>Meyvantsson, I., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+culture+models+in+microfluidic+systems.">Cell culture models in microfluidic systems.</a> Annu Rev Anal Chem. 1, 423-449 (2008).</li><li>Hooper, S., Marshall, J. F., Sahai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+cell+migration+in+three+dimensions.">Tumor cell migration in three dimensions.</a> Methods In Enzymol. 406, 625-643 (2006).</li><li>Yang, C., Tibbitt, M. W., Basta, L., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+memory+and+dosing+influence+stem+cell+fate.">Mechanical memory and dosing influence stem cell fate.</a> Nat Materials. 13, 645-652 (2014).</li></ol>

Yazarlar rakip hiç ilgi var olduğunu ilan etti.

Burada, nadir ve/veya onların microenvironment bağımlı olan hücreleri de dahil olmak üzere hücre türü için uygun olan bir basit ters dikey işgali tahlil açıklayın. Bu 3D işgali tahlil hücreler içinde onların orijinal microenvironment kalır ve bir chemoattractant içeren kollajen jel tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Hücreler göç ve kollajen istila. Bu tahlil, hücreler lekeli ve kolayca jel içinde izlenir. Basitlik ve tekrarlanabilirlik Bu testin bir 3D sisteminde kanser hücre göç ve işgali içi...

Hücre hareketliliği hücreleri bir normal gelişim ve fizyolojik süreçtir. Ancak, değişiklikleri desen ve üretilen hücre göç ve istila için inflamatuar hastalıkları ve kanser metastaz1,2,3gibi patolojik koşullarla ilişkilidir. Metastaz tartışmalı Kanserinde en kötü anlaşılır yönüdür. Metastaz için kanser hücrelerinin ekstra hücresel matris (ECM) aşağılamak, yerel doku ve intravasate istila. Bir kez dolaşımda, kanser hücrelerinin uzak siteye yaymak, extravasate ve ikincil tümörler oluşturur. Bu nedenle, yetenek hücreleri ECM aşağılamak için göç ve istila metastatik potansiyellerini ilgilidir. Çözümlemek ve hücrelerin göç ve işgal yeteneklerini ölçmek için farklı yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. En çok kullanılan yaklaşımlar tahlil, hızlandırılmış mikroskobu ve Boyden odası tahlil şifa yara içerir. Yara iyileşme tahlil4 ve zaman atlamalı mikroskobu hücre göç içine ön fikir verecek basit ve kolay deneyleri var. Ancak, her iki hücre içinde vivovar 3D çevre yansıtmıyor 2D deneyleri vardır. Hücreleri farklı bir 2D bir5,-6karşılaştırıldığında 3D ortamına yanıt çalışmalar göstermiştir. Ayrıca, yara iyileştirici deneyleri çoğaltmak ve nicel sonuçları7,8,9verim için zordur. Tahlil şifa yara 3D bir değişiklik olduğunu, hücre dışlama bölgesi tahlil daha fizyolojik ilgili bir tahlil ama hücre içinde sayı hücre füzyon olaylar10,11 kaynaklanan hibrit hücreler gibi düşük için uygun değil .
Boyden odası tahlil için hücresel çalışmalar ilgili microenvironments sağlar 3 boyutlu bir tahlil olduğunu. Ancak, hücrelerin kendi özgün microenvironment kaldırılacak ve geçirmek ve aşağıya doğru chemoattractant içeren orta istila Boyden tahlil sisteminin üst odaya yatırılması için gerekli. Bu 3D yaklaşım onların microenvironment ve/veya sınırlı sayı10,11,12güvenlik açığı bulunan hücrelerin göç ve işgal yeteneği analiz uygun değildir. Hücre göç ve işgal çözümlemek için yeni bir yaklaşım mikrosıvısal degrade odası tahlil13yaşında. Her ne kadar uygun ve güvenilir geçiş ve işgal çalışmaları, bu tahlil daha pahalı ve teknik olarak tipik bir laboratuvar için zor olabilir. Biz burada hücreleri için onların microenvironment duyarlı da dahil olmak üzere birçok hücre tipleri ile uyumlu ve/veya sınırlı sayıda bir basit ters dikey işgali tahlil tanımlamak. Bu tahlil Hooper ve ark. tarafından önerilen iletişim kuralından adapte oldu 14. bu tahlil, hücreleri kendi özgün microenvironment ve onların geçiş kalır ve işgal chemoattractant11içeren kollajen jel içinde yukarı doğru ilerlerken izlenir. Bu tahlil tekrarlanabilir ve yapılmış en iyi duruma getirilmiş ve 35 mm kültür tabakta doğrulanmış. Farklı hücre kültür boyutları, farklı matrisler veya gücü yapışma ve farklı chemoattractants de dahil olmak üzere farklı tahlil şartlarına adapte. Bu tahlil ilaç bulma işleminin başlangıç tarama için bir vitro platform olarak hizmet verebilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>MatTek P35G-1.5-10C</td><td>MatTek Corporation, Ashland, MA</td><td>P35G-1.5-10-C</td><td>mattek glass bottom dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Rat tail collagen I</td><td>Corning, Corning, NY, USA</td><td>354236</td><td>Collagen gel</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA</td><td>H1758</td><td>HCl</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Whaltham, MA, USA</td><td>10010023</td><td>PBS</td></tr><tr><td>10X Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle&#039;s Medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA</td><td>D2429</td><td>10X DMEM</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA</td><td>S5761</td><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Fluorescent microscope</td><td>Olympus America, Center Valley, PA, USA</td><td>Olympus IX81</td><td>Confocal&amp;nbsp; microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Defined Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences HyClone Laboratories, Utah, USA</td><td>SH30070.03</td><td>FBS</td></tr><tr><td>Ti:Sapphire multi-photon laser scanning microscope</td><td>Prarie Technologies, Sioux Falls, SD, USA</td><td>40x NA 0.8 objective</td><td>MPLSM</td></tr><tr><td>Imaris software</td><td>Bitplane Inc. Zurich, CH</td><td>Imaris 7.5.2</td><td>Imaris software</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178, USA</td><td>D9542</td><td>DAPI</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Whaltham, MA, USA</td><td>50980487</td><td>PFA</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-minimum essential medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63178, USA</td><td>M0894</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MDA-MB-231</td><td>ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA</td><td>HBT-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MSC</td><td>Trivedi and Hematti, 2007</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20X lens UPLAPO</td><td>Olympus America, Center Valley, PA, USA</td><td>36-064</td><td>Olympus UPLSAPO 20X Objective</td></tr></tbody></table>

moving upwards: a simple and flexible in vitro three-dimensional invasion assay protocol

3D işgali deneyleri geliştirilmiştir rağmen onların microenvironment bütünlüğünü etkilemeden hücreleri çalışmaya meydan kalır. Boyden odası gerektiren hücreleri özgün kültür konumdan yerlerinden ve yeni bir ortama taşınmış gibi geleneksel 3D deneyleri. Sadece bu microenvironment için içsel hücresel süreçler bozmak yok, ama bu kez bir hücre kaybolmasına neden. Bu nadir, ya da onların microenvironment için son derece hassas hücreler ile ilgili özellikle zorlu sorunlardır. Burada, her iki endişelerini önler bir 3D işgali tahlil gelişimi açıklayın. Bu tahlil, hücreler de içinde küçük bir kaplama ve bir chemoattractant içeren bir ECM Matris hücreleri koydu. Bu herhangi bir hücre öteleme gerektirir ve hücreleri matrisin yukarı doğru istila sağlar. Bu tahlil, hücre işgali gibi hücre morfolojisi kollajen jel içinde değerlendirilebilir. Bu tahlil kullanarak, nadir ve hassas hücreler invaziv kapasitesini karakterize; füzyon meme kanseri hücreleri MCF7 ve Mezenkimal/multipotent arasında ortaya çıkan melez hücreleri (MSCs) kök/stroma hücreleri.

Biz-si olmak kullanılmış bir 35 mm kültür yemek bir cam alt ve sıçan kuyruk kollajen ile ben geliştirmek ve vitro 3D istila en iyi duruma getirmek için tahlil protokolü. Bu tahlil, bu meme kanseri hücreleri MCF7 ve MSC gösterdik kullanarak hücreleri kollajen jel 0,04 ± 1.8 µm ve 41,3 ± 76.0 µm ortalama bir mesafe içine sırasıyla 48 saat sonra işgal ne zaman IGF1 (18,6 ng/mL) chemoattractant (Şekil 2) kullanılmıştır. Daha da ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol at JoVE.com

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Bu iletişim kuralı hücreleri hücre microenvironment koruma sırasında bir üç boyutlu ortamda göç ve işgal yeteneklerini ölçmek için kullanılabilir bir ters dikey işgali tahlil açıklar. Bu tahlil nadir ve/veya hassas hücreler için uygundur.

Yukarı doğru hareket: Bir basit ve esnek Vitro üç boyutlu işgali tahlil iletişim kuralı

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. ...

moving-upwards-simple-flexible-vitro-three-dimensional-invasion-assay

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

6.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. Bu iletişim kuralı hücreleri hücre microenvironment koruma sırasında bir üç boyutlu ortamda göç ve işgal yeteneklerini ölçmek için kullanılabilir bir ters dikey işgali tahlil açıklar. Bu tahlil nadir ve/veya hassas hücreler için uygundur.

Video: Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

TGF-β-kaynaklı Invasion Tedbir Sfero Testi

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

Tıp

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modelleme ve Görüntüleme 3-Boyutlu Toplu Hücre Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Fully Human Tumor-based Matrix in Three-dimensional Spheroid Invasion Assay

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor microenvironment. To obtain more reliable in vitro results, several three-dimensional (3D) cell culture assays have been introduced. These assays allow cancer cells to interact with the extracellular matrix. This interaction affects cell behavior, such as proliferation and invasion, as well as cell morphology. Additionally, this interaction could induce or suppress the expression of several pro- and anti-tumorigenic molecules. Spheroid invasion assay was developed to provide a suitable 3D in vitro method to study cancer cell invasion. Currently, animal-derived matrices, such as mouse sarcoma-derived matrix (MSDM) and rat tail type I collagen, are mainly used in the spheroid invasion assays. Taking into consideration the differences between the human tumor microenvironment and animal-derived matrices, a human myoma-derived matrix (HMDM) was developed from benign uterus leiomyoma tissue. It has been shown that HMDM induces migration and invasion of carcinoma cells better than MSDM. This protocol provided a simple, reproducible, and reliable 3D human tumor-based spheroid invasion assay using the HMDM/fibrin matrix. It also includes detailed instructions on imaging and analysis. The spheroids grow in a U-shaped ultra-low attachment plate within the HMDM/fibrin matrix and invade through it. The invasion is daily imaged, measured, and analyzed using ilastik and Fiji ImageJ software. The assay platform was demonstrated using human laryngeal primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. However, the protocol is suitable also for other solid cancer cell lines.

Tumor microenvironment is an essential part of cancer growth and invasion. To mimic carcinoma progression, a biologically relevant human matrix is needed. This protocol introduces an improvement for the in vitro three-dimensional spheroid invasion assay by applying a human leiomyoma-based matrix. The protocol also introduces a computer-based cell invasion analysis.

Üç boyutlu Küroid Istilası tahlil tam ınsan tümör tabanlı matris

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to both secrete proteases that break down the basement membrane as well as migrate in order to be invasive. BD BioCoat Tumor Invasion System provides cells with conditions that allow assessment of their invasive property in vitro1,2. It consists of a BD Falcon FluoroBlok 24-Multiwell Insert Plate with an 8.0 micron pore size PET membrane that has been uniformly coated with BD Matrigel Matrix. This uniform layer of BD Matrigel Matrix serves as a reconstituted basement membrane in vitro providing a true barrier to non-invasive cells while presenting an appropriate protein structure to study invasion. The coating process occludes the pores of the membrane, blocking non-invasive cells from migrating through the membrane. In contrast, invasive cells are able to detach themselves from and migrate through the coated membrane. Quantitation of cell invasion can be achieved by either pre- or post-cell invasion labeling with a fluorescent dye such as DiIC12(3) or calcein AM, respectively, and measuring the fluorescence of invading cells. Since the BD FluoroBlok membrane effectively blocks the passage of light from 490-700 nm at &gt;99% efficiency, fluorescently-labeled cells that have not invaded are not detected by a bottom-reading fluorescence plate reader. However, cells that have invaded to the underside of the membrane are no longer shielded from the light source and are detected with the respective plate reader. This video demonstrates an endpoint cell invasion assay, using calcein AM to detect invaded cells.

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

This video demonstrates how to measure cell invasion through cell culture inserts using a fluorescence-based methodology.

Bir In vitro FluoroBlok Tümör Invasion Testi

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to ...

Biyoloji

In Vitro Assays to Evaluate the Migration, Invasion, and Proliferation of Immortalized Human First-trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines

Cell movement is a critical property of trophoblasts during placental development and early pregnancy. The significance of proper trophoblast migration and invasion is demonstrated by pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, which are associated with inadequate trophoblast invasion of the maternal vasculature. Unfortunately, our understanding of the mechanisms by which the placenta develops from migrating trophoblasts is limited. In vitro analysis of cell migration via the scratch assay is a useful tool in identifying factors that regulate trophoblast migratory capacity. However, this assay alone does not define the cellular changes that can result in altered cell migration. This protocol describes three different in vitro assays that are used collectively to evaluate trophoblast cell movement: the scratch assay, the invasion assay, and the proliferation assay. The protocols described here may also be modified for use in other cell lines to quantify cell movement in response to stimuli. These methods allow investigators to identify individual factors that contribute to the cell movement and provide a thorough examination of potential mechanisms underlying apparent changes in cell migration.

Here, we present a highly accessible protocol for evaluating the cell movement in human trophoblast cells using three in vitro assays: the scratch assay, the transwell invasion assay, and the cell proliferation assay.

Vitro deneyleri içinde geçiş, işgal ve ölümsüzleştirdi insan birinci üç aylık dönem Trofoblast hücre hatları yaygın değerlendirmek için

Cell movement is a critical property of trophoblasts during placental development and early pregnancy. The significance of proper trophoblast migration ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

Bir Modifiye<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Invasion Deneyi Hormonlar, Açan Kanser Hücre Invasion Sitokinlerin ve / veya Büyüme Faktörleri Potansiyel Rolü belirlemek için

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Kanser Biyolojisinde 3 Boyutlu Modeller: Heterosferoidlerde İnvazyon Dinamiği

Alternative Strategy to Analyze In Vitro Cell Invasion of 3D Cultures

Spheroid culture is a 3D model that provides an improved replication of the in vivo microenvironment compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Invasion is a cellular outcome of utmost interest in cancer biology. In this protocol, we have devised an alternative strategy for evaluating cancer cell invasion in vitro, employing heterospheroids comprised of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), and monocytes. These heterospheroids aim to mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME), including two relevant non-neoplastic cell types alongside the cancer cells. Each cell type was labeled with vital fluorescent markers emitting in distinct wavelengths before spheroid formation. Once formed, heterospheroids were seeded onto a layer of human leiomyoma-derived extracellular matrix in the upper compartment of a microporous membrane. Invasion was assessed in the z-axis using confocal microscopy. Digital images were obtained in the corresponding fluorescent channels at 10 &#181;m intervals, covering a depth of 90 &#181;m in the z-axis. Analysis was performed using freeware image software by calculating the integrated fluorescence intensity in each image and fluorescence channel. This approach enables a more dynamic analysis of cell invasion patterns in a multilayered context, as well as the examination of spatial co-localization of different cell types during invasion.

Yazar Spotlight: Baş ve Boyun Kanseri İlerlemesi Sırasında Kanser ve Bağışıklık Hücreleri Arasındaki Karışmanın Deşifre Edilmesi

Invasion is a major biological phenomenon in the development and progression of cancer. This process is influenced by non-neoplastic cells and components of the tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this study is to describe an alternative method for analyzing tumor cell invasion in vitro using three-dimensional (3D) cultures.

3D Kültürlerin İn Vitro Hücre İnvazyonunu Analiz Etmek İçin Alternatif Strateji

Spheroid culture is a 3D model that provides an improved replication of the in vivo microenvironment compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Üç boyutlu (3D) Tümör Sfero Yayılması deneyindeki

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Yukarı doğru hareket: Bir basit ve esnek Vitro üç boyutlu işgali tahlil iletişim kuralı

Özet

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TGF-β-kaynaklı Invasion Tedbir Sfero Testi

Modelleme ve Görüntüleme 3-Boyutlu Toplu Hücre Invasion

Üç boyutlu Küroid Istilası tahlil tam ınsan tümör tabanlı matris

Bir In vitro FluoroBlok Tümör Invasion Testi

Vitro deneyleri içinde geçiş, işgal ve ölümsüzleştirdi insan birinci üç aylık dönem Trofoblast hücre hatları yaygın değerlendirmek için

Bir Modifiye

3D Kültürlerin İn Vitro Hücre İnvazyonunu Analiz Etmek İçin Alternatif Strateji

3D Kültürlerin İn Vitro Hücre İnvazyonunu Analiz Etmek İçin Alternatif Strateji

3D Kültürlerin İn Vitro Hücre İnvazyonunu Analiz Etmek İçin Alternatif Strateji

Üç boyutlu (3D) Tümör Sfero Yayılması deneyindeki