Name: comprehensive workflow for the genome-wide identification and expression meta-analysis of the atl e3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in grapevine
Uploaded: 2017-12-22T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 40 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine at JoVE.com

İş ortak proje 2014 (karakterizasyonu ATL gen ailesinin asma ve direnç Plasmopara viticolaonun tutulumu) çerçevesinde Verona Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

<ol>
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I., Huber, W., Anders, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderated+estimation+of+fold+change+and+dispersion+for+RNA-seq+data+with+DESeq2.">Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2.</a> Genome Biology. 15 (12), 550 (2014).</li><li>Ariani, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+characterisation+and+expression+profile+of+the+grapevine+ATL+ubiquitin+ligase+family+reveal+biotic+and+abiotic+stress-responsive+and+development-related+members.">Genome-wide characterisation and expression profile of the grapevine ATL ubiquitin ligase family reveal biotic and abiotic stress-responsive and development-related members.</a> Sci. 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M., Bureau, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolutionary+fate+of+MULE-mediated+duplications+of+host+gene+fragments+in+rice.">The evolutionary fate of MULE-mediated duplications of host gene fragments in rice.</a> Genome Res. 15 (9), 1292-1297 (2005).</li><li>Filichkin, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+mapping+of+alternative+splicing+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Genome-wide mapping of alternative splicing in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Genome Res. 20 (1), 45-58 (2010).</li><li>Quesada, V., Macknight, R., Dean, C., Simpson, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoregulation+of+FCA+pre-mRNA+processing+controls+Arabidopsis+flowering+time.">Autoregulation of FCA pre-mRNA processing controls Arabidopsis flowering time.</a> EMBO J. 22 (12), 3142-3152 (2003).</li><li>Wong, D. C. J., Gutierrez, R. L., Gambetta, G. A., Castellarin, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+cis-regulatory+element+structure+and+discovery+of+motif-driven+gene+co-expression+networks+in+grapevine.">Genome-wide analysis of cis-regulatory element structure and discovery of motif-driven gene co-expression networks in grapevine.</a> DNA Res. 24 (3), 311-326 (2017).</li><li>Wong, D. C. J., Matus, J. 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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Genomik dönemde, birçok gen aile derinden birkaç bitki türü karakterize. Bu bilgiler için ön fonksiyonel çalışmalar ve daha fazla bir ailenin farklı üyesi rolünü araştırmak için bir çerçeve sağlar. Bu bağlamda, bir adlandırma sistemi izin kaçınarak artıklık ve adları bağımsız olarak farklı genler için farklı araştırma gruplarınca atandığında ortaya çıkabilecek karışıklıklara bir aile, her üye benzersiz olarak tanıtmak için bir ihtiyaç da vardır.
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Son on yılda, asma genomik çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Grapevine araştırma meyve geliştirme ve odunsu bitkilerin yanıt-e doğru biyotik ve abiyotik stres için bir model haline gelmiştir tanınan bir ekonomik olarak uygun ürün var. Bu bağlamda, Vitis vinifera cv. PN40024 genom 20071 ve onun güncelleştirmek yorum 20112 serbest bırakılması için "Omics" ölçekli veri hızlı bir birikimi ve yüksek üretilen iş çalışmaların bir patlama yol açtı. Yayımlanmış sıra verilere dayanarak, kapsamlı bir analiz (genellikle korunmuş motifleri, yapısal ve/veya fonksiyonel benzerlikler ve evrimsel ilişkilerini paylaşımı proteinlerin oluşan) bir verilen gen ailesinin şimdi yapılabilir ortaya çıkarmak için onun Moleküler işlevler, evrim ve gen ifade profilleri. Bu analizler nasıl gen aileler bir genom geneli düzeyinde fizyolojik süreçleri kontrol anlamak için katkıda bulunabilir.
Bitki yaşam döngüsü birçok açıdan Ubikuitin-aracılı bozulması normal hücresel süreçler sağlamak için ince ayarlı bir ciro gerektirir anahtar proteinlerin tarafından düzenlenmektedir. Önemli bileşenleridir Ubikuitin-aracılı bozulma sürecinin E3 Ubikuitin ligazlar, hangi sistem esneklik, belirli hedefleri3alımı sayesinde sorumludur. Buna göre bu enzimlerin büyük gen ailesi, Arabidopsis thaliana genom4, belirli hedef proteinler ubiquitination için oyunculuk her E3 Ubikuitin ligaz öngörülen yaklaşık 1.400 E3 ligaz kodlama genler ile temsil eder. Substrat özgü ubiquitination tesislerinde hücresel yönetmelikte önemi rağmen nasıl ubiquitination yolu düzenlenir hakkında az şey bilinmektedir ve hedef proteinler sadece birkaç durumda tespit edilmiştir. Böyle özgüllük ve düzenleme mekanizmaları deşifre ilk kimlik ve özellikle sistemin farklı bileşenlerinin karakterizasyonu E3 ligazlar kullanır. Ubikuitin ligazlar arasında ATL alt familya 91 üye bir yüzük-H2 parmak etki alanı5,6, bazıları savunma ve hormon yanıt-e doğru7' rol görünen A. thaliana tanımlanan karakterizedir.
Yeni bir gen aile üyelerini tanımlamak için ilk önemli adım fikir birliği motifleri, anahtar etki alanları ve protein dizi özellikleri gibi aile özellikleri kesin tanımıdır. Nitekim, patlama analize dayalı tüm gen aile üyeleri güvenilir alınmasını etki alanlarındaki belirli protein protein işlevi/etkinlik, protein imza olarak hizmet veren sorumlu bazı zorunlu serisi özellikleri gerektirir. Bu önceki diğer bitki türleri aynı gen ailesinde karakterizasyonu tarafından kolaylaştırdı veya farklı genler putatively ortak sıraları ayırmak için farklı bitki türü içinde aynı aileye ait analiz ederek elde. Aile üyeleri daha sonra tek tek uluslararası konsorsiyum tarafından verilen bitki türleri için yerleşmiş ortak kurallarına adlandırılabilir. Grapevine içinde Örneğin, süper adlandırma V. vinifera ve A. thaliana dahil olmak üzere bir filogenetik ağaç inşaatı kurulması Komitesi üzüm Gene ek açıklama (sNCGGa), için öneriler gibi işlem tabi tutulur gen ek açıklama izin vermek için gen aile üyeleri üzerinde nükleotit dizileri8dayalı.
Kromozom yerelleştirme aile üyeleri ve gen çoğaltma anket izin bütün-genom veya tandem yinelenen genler varlığı vurgulayarak. Bu tür bilgiler bir işlevsel artıklık göstermek veya farklı durumlarda, Yani, Sigara functionalization, neo-functionalization veya alt functionalization9ortaya beri sözde gen fonksiyonları, çözülmeye yararlı görünür. Genetik yenilik, değişen ortamlar10bitki adaptasyon için yeni hücresel bileşenleri sağlama oluşturmak önemli olaylar her iki neo - ve alt - functionalization vardır. Özellikle, mükerrer atalarının genlerinin ve üretim yeni genlerin asma genom evrimi sırasında çok sık ve proksimal ve tandem mükerrer asma kaynaklanan yeni kurulan genler daha yeni üretmek olasılığı işlevleri11.
Gen aile işlevi deşifre başka bir önemli faktör transcriptomic profilidir. Transcriptomic veri çok büyük miktarda erişimlerini ortak veritabanları kullanılabilirliğini böylece sözde işlevleri büyük ölçekli silico ifade analizleri kullanarak gen aile üyelerine atamak için yararlanılabilir. Nitekim, bazı genler belirli bitki organlarında veya yanıt olarak bazı gerilmeler tuhaf ifade tanımlanmış koşullarında ilgili proteinlerin sözde rolleri ile ilgili bazı ipuçları vermek ve mümkün hakkında hipotezler destek vermek alt functionalization yinelenen genlerin farklı sorunlara yanıt vermek için. Bu amaçla, çeşitli veri kümeleri dikkate almak önemlidir: Bu zaten mevcut gen ifade matrisleri, genom-wide transcriptomic atlas asma organlar ve gelişim aşamalarında12, gibi olabilir ya da özel tarafından inşa edilebilir transcriptomic veri kümeleri için tanımlanmış stresleri tabi belirli bitki türleri için alınıyor. Ayrıca, iki matrisi kullanarak basit bir yaklaşım, bir ikili benzerlik verilerle ve ikili işbirliği ifade katsayıları ile diğer bir sıra benzerlik ve ifade desenleri bir gen ailesi içinde arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirmek için uygulanabilir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, gen yapısı, korunmuş protein motifleri, kromozom konumu, gen Mükerrer ve ifade desenleri, de protein fosforilasyon ve yerelleştirme siteleri ulaşmak için tahmini tanımlayan genel bir yaklaşım sağlamaktır bir bitkilerde gen aile ayrıntılı karakterizasyonu. Geniş kapsamlı bir yaklaşım burada ATL E3 Ubikuitin ligaz aile asma karakterizasyonu uygulanır. Göre ortaya çıkan rolü önemli hücresel işlemleri7düzenlenmesinde ATL alt familya üyelerinin bu eser de fonksiyonel çalışmalar için güçlü adaylar belirlenmesine yardımcı ve sonunda yöneten moleküler mekanizmaları unravel Bu önemli ürün kendi ortamına adaptasyonu.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Personal computer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.megasoftware.net/</td></tr><tr><td>Motif-based sequence analysis tools (MEME)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://meme-suite.org/</td></tr><tr><td>Geneious</td><td>Biomatters Limited</td><td></td><td>http://www.geneious.com/</td></tr><tr><td>ProtParam Tool</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://web.expasy.org/protparam/</td></tr><tr><td>ngLOC</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://genome.unmc.edu/ngLOC/index.html</td></tr><tr><td>TargetP v1.1 Server</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TargetP/</td></tr><tr><td>Protein Prowler</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://bioinf.scmb.uq.edu.au:8080/pprowler_webapp_1-2/</td></tr><tr><td>MUsite</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://musite.sourceforge.net/</td></tr><tr><td>Pfam</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://pfam.xfam.org/</td></tr><tr><td>TMHMM Server v. 2.0</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/</td></tr><tr><td>ProtScale</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://web.expasy.org/protscale/</td></tr><tr><td>Grape Genome Database (CRIBI)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://genomes.cribi.unipd.it/grape/</td></tr><tr><td>PhenoGram</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://visualization.ritchielab.psu.edu/phenograms/plot</td></tr><tr><td>MCScanX</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://chibba.pgml.uga.edu/mcscan2/</td></tr><tr><td>Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://itol.embl.de/</td></tr><tr><td>UniProt</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.uniprot.org/</td></tr><tr><td>Phylogeny.fr</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.phylogeny.fr/index.cgi</td></tr><tr><td>MUSCLE</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/muscle/</td></tr><tr><td>Gblocks Server</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://molevol.cmima.csic.es/castresana/Gblocks_server.html</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; cv. Corvina gene expression Atlas datamatrix</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273383414_54sample_&lt;br /&gt;datamatrix_geneIDs_Fasoli2012</td></tr><tr><td>Multi Experiment Viewer (MeV)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://mev.tm4.org/#/welcome</td></tr><tr><td>Sequence Read Archive (SRA)</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra</td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td></td><td></td><td>https://www.r-project.org/</td></tr><tr><td>EMBOSS Needle (EMBL-EBI)</td><td></td><td></td><td>http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss_needle/</td></tr></tbody></table>

comprehensive workflow for the genome-wide identification and expression meta-analysis of the atl e3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in grapevine

Sınıflandırma ve genlerin bir aile adlandırma önemli ölçüde kodlanmış protein çeşitliliği açıklaması ve aile işlevleri sıra motifler veya belirli gibi çeşitli özelliklerini temel alan tahmin katkıda bulunabilir translasyon modifikasyon ve farklı koşullarda aile üyelerinin ifade profil için siteler. Bu eser gen aile karakterizasyonu için detaylı bir protokolünü açıklar. Burada, yordamı Arabidopsis Tóxicos Levadura içinde (ATL) E3 Ubikuitin ligaz aile asma karakterizasyonu uygulanır. Aile üyeleri, gen yerelleştirme, yapısı ve çoğaltma karakterizasyonu, korunmuş protein motifleri analiz, protein fosforilasyon ve yerelleştirme siteleri tahmin genom çapında tanımlaması yöntemleri içerir yanı sıra gen ifadesi farklı DataSet'lerdeki aile arasında profil oluşturma. Deneysel amaçlar bağlı olarak daha fazla analiz için uzun olabilir, gibi işlem herhangi bir gen aile içinde kendileri için genomik veri kullanılabilen herhangi bir bitki türü için uygulanabilir ve ilginç adayları tanımlamak için değerli bilgiler sağlar fonksiyonel çalışmalar için bitki adaptasyon çevreleri için moleküler mekanizmaları anlayışlar veren.

En çok benzeyen A. thaliana ATL2 (At3g16720) BLASTp arama aracılığıyla kullanıldı olarak sonda asma genom ATL aile uyeleri anket için tanımlanan VIT_05s0077g01970 gen (V. vinifera cv Pinot Noir PN40024). Birkaç döngüleri sonra sözde genlerin asma ATL gen ailesine (şekil 1A) ait bir liste açığa PSI-BLAST analiz yakınsadı. Kurallı yüzük-H2 etki alanı her aday için varlığı kas diziliş analizi (ş...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine at JoVE.com

Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine

Bu makalede tanımlama ve asma Arabidopsis Tóxicos Levadura içinde (ATL) E3 Ubikuitin ligazlar aile için uygulanan bir gen aile karakterizasyonu için yordam açıklanır.

Genom kapsamındaki bir tanımlama ve ifade Meta-Analizi ATL E3 Ubikuitin ligaz gen ailesinin asma için kapsamlı iş akışı

Classification and nomenclature of genes in a family can significantly contribute to the description of the diversity of encoded proteins and to the ...

comprehensive-workflow-for-genome-wide-identification-expression-meta

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.4K Görüntüleme.  Università degli Studi di Verona. Bu makalede tanımlama ve asma Arabidopsis Tóxicos Levadura içinde (ATL) E3 Ubikuitin ligazlar aile için uygulanan bir gen aile karakterizasyonu için yordam açıklanır.

Video: Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

Terroir refers to the combination of environmental factors that affect the characteristics of crops such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera) according to particular habitats and management practices. This article shows how certain terroir signatures can be detected in the berry metabolome and transcriptome of the grapevine cultivar Corvina using multivariate statistical analysis. The method first requires an appropriate sampling plan. In this case study, a specific clone of the Corvina cultivar was selected to minimize genetic differences, and samples were collected from seven vineyards representing three different macro-zones during three different growing seasons. An untargeted LC-MS metabolomics approach is recommended due to its high sensitivity, accompanied by efficient data processing using MZmine software and a metabolite identification strategy based on fragmentation tree analysis. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis can be achieved using microarrays containing probes covering ~99% of all predicted grapevine genes, allowing the simultaneous analysis of all differentially expressed genes in the context of different terroirs. Finally, multivariate data analysis based on projection methods can be used to overcome the strong vintage-specific effect, allowing the metabolomics and transcriptomics data to be integrated and analyzed in detail to identify informative correlations.

This article describes the application of untargeted metabolomics, transcriptomics and multivariate statistical analysis to grape berry transcripts and metabolites in order to gain insight into the terroir concept, i.e., the impact of the environment on berry quality traits.

Üzüm Berry metabolomik ve transkriptomik aracılığıyla yorumlanır Terroir Kavramı

Terroir refers to the combination of environmental factors that affect the characteristics of crops such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera) according to ...

Genetik

Functional Characterization of RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro and In Planta

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent attachment of 76 amino acid ubiquitin modifiers to a target protein, depending on the length and topology of the polyubiquitin chain, can result in different outcomes ranging from protein degradation to changes in the localization and/or activity of modified protein. Three enzymes sequentially catalyze the ubiquitination process: E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligase determines substrate specificity and, therefore, represents a very interesting study subject. Here we present a comprehensive approach to study the relationship between the enzymatic activity and function of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. This four-step protocol describes 1) how to generate an E3 ligase deficient mutant through site-directed mutagenesis targeted at the conserved RING domain; 2&#8211;3) how to examine the ubiquitination activity both in vitro and in planta; 4) how to link those biochemical analysis to the biological significance of the tested protein. Generation of an E3 ligase-deficient mutant that still interacts with its substrate but no longer ubiquitinates it for degradation facilitates the testing of enzyme-substrate interactions in vivo. Furthermore, the mutation in the conserved RING domain often confers a dominant negative phenotype that can be utilized in functional knockout studies as an alternative approach to an RNA-interference approach. Our methods were optimized to investigate the biological role of the plant parasitic nematode effector RHA1B, which hijacks the host ubiquitination system in plant cells to promote parasitism. With slight modification of the in vivo expression system, this protocol can be applied to the analysis of any RING-type E3 ligase regardless of its origins.

The goal of this manuscript is to present an outline for the comprehensive biochemical and functional studies of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. This multistep pipeline, with detailed protocols, validates an enzymatic activity of the tested protein and demonstrates how to link the activity to function.

Ring Tipi E3 Ubiquitin Ligases In Vitro ve Planta Fonksiyonel Karakterizasyonu

Ubiquitination, as a posttranslational modification of proteins, plays an important regulatory role in homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. The covalent ...

Biyokimya

ATAC-Seq Optimization for Cancer Epigenetics Research

The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) probes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accessibility using the hyperactive Tn5 transposase. Tn5 cuts and ligates adapters for high-throughput sequencing within accessible chromatin regions. In eukaryotic cells, genomic DNA is packaged into chromatin, a complex of DNA, histones, and other proteins, which acts as a physical barrier to the transcriptional machinery. In response to extrinsic signals, transcription factors recruit chromatin remodeling complexes to enable access to the transcriptional machinery for gene activation. Therefore, identifying open chromatin regions is useful when monitoring enhancer and gene promoter activities during biological events such as cancer progression. Since this protocol is easy to use and has a low cell input requirement, ATAC-seq has been widely adopted to define open chromatin regions in various cell types, including cancer cells. For successful data acquisition, several parameters need to be considered when preparing ATAC-seq libraries. Among them, the choice of cell lysis buffer, the titration of the Tn5 enzyme, and the starting volume of cells are crucial for ATAC-seq library preparation in cancer cells. Optimization is essential for generating high-quality data. Here, we provide a detailed description of the ATAC-seq optimization methods for epithelial cell types.

ATAC-seq is a DNA sequencing method that uses the hyperactive mutant transposase, Tn5, to map changes in chromatin accessibility mediated by transcription factors. ATAC-seq enables the discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic alterations in cancer cells. This protocol outlines optimization procedures for ATAC-seq in epithelial cell types, including cancer cells.

Kanser Epigenetiği Araştırmaları için ATAC-Seq Optimizasyonu

The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) probes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accessibility using the ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies (Mo-GWAS): Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

Both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are widely used metabolomics approaches to detect and quantify hundreds of thousands of metabolite features. However, the application of these techniques to a large number of samples is subject to more complex interactions, particularly for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This protocol describes an optimized metabolic workflow, which combines an efficient and fast sample preparation with the analysis of a large number of samples for legume crop species. This slightly modified extraction method was initially developed for the analysis of plant and animal tissues and is based on extraction in methyl tert-butyl ether: methanol solvent to allow the capture of polar and lipid metabolites. In addition, we provide a step-by-step guide for reducing analytical variations, which are essential for the high-throughput evaluation of metabolic variance in GWAS.

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies Mo-GWAS: Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

In this protocol, we present an optimized workflow, which combines an efficient and fast sample preparation of many samples. In addition, we provide a step-by-step guide to reduce analytical variations for high-throughput evaluation of metabolic GWAS studies.

Büyük Ölçekli Multi-omik Genom Çapında İlişkilendirme Çalışmaları (Mo-GWAS): Numune Hazırlama ve Normalleştirme Kılavuzları

Both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are widely used metabolomics approaches to detect ...

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as knockout mutants, wild accessions and advanced breeding populations, there is a rising burden for gene functional annotation. In this protocol, annotation of plant gene function using combined co-expression gene analysis, metabolomics and informatics is provided (Figure 1). This approach is based on the theory of using target genes of known function to allow the identification of non-annotated genes likely to be involved in a certain metabolic process, with the identification of target compounds via metabolomics. Strategies are put forward for applying this information on populations generated by both forward and reverse genetics approaches in spite of none of these are effortless. By corollary this approach can also be used as an approach to characterise unknown peaks representing new or specific secondary metabolites in the limited tissues, plant species or stress treatment, which is currently the important trial to understanding plant metabolism.

Combination of genomics, co-expression gene analysis and the identification of target compounds via metabolism give gene functional annotation.

Kombine Genomics metabolomiks ve Bilişim ile Bitki Gen Fonksiyonu ek açıklama

Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as ...

Biyoloji

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

This protocol describes a fluorescence microscope-based screening of Arabidopsis seedlings and describes how to map recessive mutations that alter the subcellular distribution of a specific tagged fluorescent marker in the secretory pathway. Arabidopsis is a powerful biological model for genetic studies because of its genome size, generation time, and conservation of molecular mechanisms among kingdoms. The array genotyping as an approach to map the mutation in alternative to the traditional method based on molecular markers is advantageous because it is relatively faster and may allow the mapping of several mutants in a really short time frame. This method allows the identification of proteins that can influence the integrity of any organelle in plants. Here, as an example, we propose a screen to map genes important for the integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our approach, however, can be easily extended to other plant cell organelles (for example see1,2), and thus represents an important step toward understanding the molecular basis governing other subcellular structures.

A fundamental quest in cell biology is to define the mechanisms that underlie the identity of the organelles that make eukaryotic cells. Here we propose a method to identify the genes responsible for the morphological and functional integrity of plant organelles using fluorescence microscopy and next-generation sequencing tools.

Floresans-mikroskopi Tarama ve nesil Sekanslama: organel Bütünlüğü ile ilgilendim Genlerin belirlenmesi için Faydalı Araçlar

This protocol describes a fluorescence microscope-based screening of Arabidopsis seedlings and describes how to map recessive mutations that alter the ...

A Scalable, Cell-Based Method for the Functional Assessment of Ube3a Variants

The increased use of sequencing in medicine has identified millions of coding variants in the human genome. Many of these variants occur in genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, but the functional significance of the vast majority of variants remains unknown. The present protocol describes the study of variants for Ube3a, a gene that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase linked to both autism and Angelman syndrome. Duplication or triplication of Ube3a is strongly linked to autism, whereas its deletion causes Angelman syndrome. Thus, understanding the valence of changes in UBE3A protein activity is important for clinical outcomes. Here, a rapid, cell-based method that pairs Ube3a variants with a Wnt pathway reporter is described. This simple assay is scalable and can be used to determine the valence and magnitude of activity changes in any Ube3a variant. Moreover, the facility of this method allows the generation of a wealth of structure-function information, which can be used to gain deep insights into the enzymatic mechanisms of UBE3A.

A Scalable, Cell-Based Method for the Functional Assessment of Ube3a Variants

A simple and scalable method was developed to assess the functional significance of missense variants in Ube3a, a gene whose loss and gain of function are linked to both Angelman syndrome and autism spectrum disorder.

Ube3a Varyantlarının İşlevsel Değerlendirmesi için Ölçeklenebilir, Hücre Tabanlı Bir Yöntem

The increased use of sequencing in medicine has identified millions of coding variants in the human genome. Many of these variants occur in genes ...

Nörobilim

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Etkileşimleri Tespiti için Kromatin Immunoprecipitation Deneyi<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

Distilling and reporting large datasets, such as whole genome or transcriptome data, is often a daunting task. One way to break down results is to focus on one or more gene families that are significant to the organism and study. In this protocol, we outline bioinformatic steps to generate a phylogeny and to quantify the expression of genes of interest. Phylogenetic trees can give insight into how genes are evolving within and between species as well as reveal orthology. These results can be enhanced using RNA-seq data to compare the expression of these genes in different individuals or tissues. Studies of molecular evolution and expression can reveal modes of evolution and conservation of gene function between species. The characterization of a gene family can serve as a springboard for future studies and can highlight an important gene family in a new genome or transcriptome paper.

The purpose of this protocol is to investigate the evolution and expression of candidate genes using RNA sequencing data.

RNA-seq Kullanarak Moleküler Evrimi ve Gen ekspresyonını Araştırmak için Biyoinformatik Boru Hattı

Distilling and reporting large datasets, such as whole genome or transcriptome data, is often a daunting task. One way to break down results is to focus ...

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to internal lysine residue(s) of a substrate protein, a process termed ubiquitylation, represents one of the most important post-translational modifications in eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitylation is mediated by a sequential cascade of three enzyme classes including ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1 enzymes), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2 enzymes), and ubiquitin ligases (E3 enzymes), and sometimes, ubiquitin-chain elongation factors (E4 enzymes). Here, in vitro protocols for ubiquitylation assays are provided, which allow the assessment of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, the cooperation between E2-E3 pairs, and substrate selection. Cooperating E2-E3 pairs can be screened by monitoring the generation of free poly-ubiquitin chains and/or auto-ubiquitylation of the E3 ligase. Substrate ubiquitylation is defined by selective binding of the E3 ligase and can be detected by western blotting of the in vitro reaction. Furthermore, an E2~Ub discharge assay is described, which is a useful tool for the direct assessment of functional E2-E3 cooperation. Here, the E3-dependent transfer of ubiquitin is followed from the corresponding E2 enzyme onto free lysine amino acids (mimicking substrate ubiquitylation) or internal lysines of the E3 ligase itself (auto-ubiquitylation). In conclusion, three different in vitro protocols are provided that are fast and easy to perform to address E3 ligase catalytic functionality.

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

The present study provides detailed in vitro ubiquitylation assay protocols for the analysis of E3 ubiquitin ligase catalytic activity. Recombinant proteins were expressed using prokaryotic systems such as Escherichia coli culture.

In Vitro E3 Ubiquitin Ligase fonksiyonunun analizi

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to internal lysine residue(s) of a substrate protein, a process termed ubiquitylation, represents one of the ...