İş ortak proje 2014 (karakterizasyonu ATL gen ailesinin asma ve direnç Plasmopara viticolaonun tutulumu) çerçevesinde Verona Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

<ol>
	<li>Jaillon, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+grapevine+genome+sequence+suggests+ancestral+hexaploidization+in+major+angiosperm+phyla.">The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla.</a> Nature. 449 (7161), 463-467 (2007).</li><li>Adam-Blondon, A. -. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding of Grapes. , 211-234 (2011).</li><li>Chen, L., Hellmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+E3+Ligases:+Flexible+Enzymes+in+a+Sessile+World.">Plant E3 Ligases: Flexible Enzymes in a Sessile World.</a> Mol. Plant. 6 (5), 1388-1404 (2013).</li><li>Vierstra, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ubiquitin-26S+proteasome+system+at+the+nexus+of+plant+biology.">The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system at the nexus of plant biology.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10 (6), 385-397 (2009).</li><li>Serrano, M., Parra, S., Alcaraz, L. D., Guzm&#225;n, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ATL+Gene+Family+from+Arabidopsis+thaliana+and+Oryza+sativa+Comprises+a+Large+Number+of+Putative+Ubiquitin+Ligases+of+the+RING-H2+Type.">The ATL Gene Family from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa Comprises a Large Number of Putative Ubiquitin Ligases of the RING-H2 Type.</a> J. Mol. Evol. 62 (4), 434-445 (2006).</li><li>Aguilar-Hern&#225;ndez, V., Aguilar-Henonin, L., Guzm&#225;n, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+in+the+Architecture+of+ATLs,+a+Family+of+Plant+Ubiquitin-Ligases,+Leads+to+Recognition+and+Targeting+of+Substrates+in+Different+Cellular+Environments.">Diversity in the Architecture of ATLs, a Family of Plant Ubiquitin-Ligases, Leads to Recognition and Targeting of Substrates in Different Cellular Environments.</a> PLoS One. 6 (8), e23934 (2011).</li><li>Guzm&#225;n, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prolific+ATL+family+of+RING-H2+ubiquitin+ligases.">The prolific ATL family of RING-H2 ubiquitin ligases.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 7 (8), 1014-1021 (2012).</li><li>Grimplet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+grapevine+gene+nomenclature+system.">The grapevine gene nomenclature system.</a> BMC Genomics. 15, 1077 (2014).</li><li>Prince, V. E., Pickett, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splitting+pairs:+the+diverging+fates+of+duplicated+genes.">Splitting pairs: the diverging fates of duplicated genes.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 3 (11), 827-837 (2002).</li><li>Magadum, S., Nerjee, U., Murugan, P., Gangapur, D., Ravikesavan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+duplication+as+a+major+force+in+evolution.">Gene duplication as a major force in evolution.</a> J. Gen. 92 (1), 155-161 (2013).</li><li>Wang, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Gene+Duplication+and+Their+Contribution+to+Expansion+of+Gene+Families+in+Grapevine.">Patterns of Gene Duplication and Their Contribution to Expansion of Gene Families in Grapevine.</a> Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 31 (4), 852-861 (2013).</li><li>Fasoli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Grapevine+Expression+Atlas+Reveals+a+Deep+Transcriptome+Shift+Driving+the+Entire+Plant+into+a+Maturation+Program.">The Grapevine Expression Atlas Reveals a Deep Transcriptome Shift Driving the Entire Plant into a Maturation Program.</a> Plant Cell. 24 (9), 3489-3505 (2012).</li><li>. BLAST2.6.0 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi">https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a> (2016)</li><li>. Vitis vinifera cv. Corvina gene expression Atlas Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273383414_54sample_datamatrix_geneIDs_Fasoli2012">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273383414_54sample_datamatrix_geneIDs_Fasoli2012</a> (2015)</li><li>. Sequence Read Archive (SRA) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra</a> (2017)</li><li>Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M., Usadel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trimmomatic:+a+flexible+trimmer+for+Illumina+sequence+data.">Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data.</a> Bioinformatics. 30 (15), 2114-2120 (2014).</li><li>Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+gapped-read+alignment+with+Bowtie+2.">Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.</a> Nat Meth. 9 (4), 357-359 (2012).</li><li>Anders, S., Pyl, P. T., Huber, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HTSeq-a+Python+framework+to+work+with+high-throughput+sequencing+data.">HTSeq-a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 31 (2), 166-169 (2015).</li><li>. Version 3.4.1 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</a> (2017)</li><li>Ritchie, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=limma+powers+differential+expression+analyses+for+RNA-sequencing+and+microarray+studies.">limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (7), e47 (2015).</li><li>Love, M. I., Huber, W., Anders, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderated+estimation+of+fold+change+and+dispersion+for+RNA-seq+data+with+DESeq2.">Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2.</a> Genome Biology. 15 (12), 550 (2014).</li><li>Ariani, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+characterisation+and+expression+profile+of+the+grapevine+ATL+ubiquitin+ligase+family+reveal+biotic+and+abiotic+stress-responsive+and+development-related+members.">Genome-wide characterisation and expression profile of the grapevine ATL ubiquitin ligase family reveal biotic and abiotic stress-responsive and development-related members.</a> Sci. Rep. 6, 38260 (2016).</li><li>Vitulo, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+deep+survey+of+alternative+splicing+in+grape+reveals+changes+in+the+splicing+machinery+related+to+tissue,+stress+condition+and+genotype.">A deep survey of alternative splicing in grape reveals changes in the splicing machinery related to tissue, stress condition and genotype.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 14 (1), 99 (2014).</li><li>Overbeek, R., Fonstein, M., D'Souza, M., Pusch, G. D., Maltsev, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+gene+clusters+to+infer+functional+coupling.">The use of gene clusters to infer functional coupling.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96 (6), 2896-2901 (1999).</li><li>Dalquen, D. A., Dessimoz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+Best+Hits+Miss+Many+Orthologs+in+Duplication-Rich+Clades+such+as+Plants+and+Animals.">Bidirectional Best Hits Miss Many Orthologs in Duplication-Rich Clades such as Plants and Animals.</a> Genome Biol. Evol. 5 (10), 1800-1806 (2013).</li><li>Remm, M., Storm, C. E. V., Sonnhammer, E. L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+clustering+of+orthologs+and+in-paralogs+from+pairwise+species+comparisons1.">Automatic clustering of orthologs and in-paralogs from pairwise species comparisons1.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 314 (5), 1041-1052 (2001).</li><li>Kaduk, M., Sonnhammer, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+orthology+inference+with+Hieranoid+2.">Improved orthology inference with Hieranoid 2.</a> Bioinformatics. 33 (8), (2017).</li><li>Cramer, G. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomic+analysis+of+the+late+stages+of+grapevine+(Vitis+vinifera+cv.+Cabernet+Sauvignon)+berry+ripening+reveals+significant+induction+of+ethylene+signaling+and+flavor+pathways+in+the+skin.">Transcriptomic analysis of the late stages of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) berry ripening reveals significant induction of ethylene signaling and flavor pathways in the skin.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 14, 370 (2014).</li><li>Juretic, N., Hoen, D. R., Huynh, M. L., Harrison, P. M., Bureau, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolutionary+fate+of+MULE-mediated+duplications+of+host+gene+fragments+in+rice.">The evolutionary fate of MULE-mediated duplications of host gene fragments in rice.</a> Genome Res. 15 (9), 1292-1297 (2005).</li><li>Filichkin, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+mapping+of+alternative+splicing+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Genome-wide mapping of alternative splicing in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Genome Res. 20 (1), 45-58 (2010).</li><li>Quesada, V., Macknight, R., Dean, C., Simpson, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoregulation+of+FCA+pre-mRNA+processing+controls+Arabidopsis+flowering+time.">Autoregulation of FCA pre-mRNA processing controls Arabidopsis flowering time.</a> EMBO J. 22 (12), 3142-3152 (2003).</li><li>Wong, D. C. J., Gutierrez, R. L., Gambetta, G. A., Castellarin, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+cis-regulatory+element+structure+and+discovery+of+motif-driven+gene+co-expression+networks+in+grapevine.">Genome-wide analysis of cis-regulatory element structure and discovery of motif-driven gene co-expression networks in grapevine.</a> DNA Res. 24 (3), 311-326 (2017).</li><li>Wong, D. C. J., Matus, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+Integrated+Networks+for+Identifying+New+Secondary+Metabolic+Pathway+Regulators+in+Grapevine:+Recent+Applications+and+Future+Opportunities.">Constructing Integrated Networks for Identifying New Secondary Metabolic Pathway Regulators in Grapevine: Recent Applications and Future Opportunities.</a> Front. Plant Sci. 8, 505 (2017).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Genomik dönemde, birçok gen aile derinden birkaç bitki türü karakterize. Bu bilgiler için ön fonksiyonel çalışmalar ve daha fazla bir ailenin farklı üyesi rolünü araştırmak için bir çerçeve sağlar. Bu bağlamda, bir adlandırma sistemi izin kaçınarak artıklık ve adları bağımsız olarak farklı genler için farklı araştırma gruplarınca atandığında ortaya çıkabilecek karışıklıklara bir aile, her üye benzersiz olarak tanıtmak için bir ihtiyaç da vardır.
<p class="jove_content...

Son on yılda, asma genomik çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Grapevine araştırma meyve geliştirme ve odunsu bitkilerin yanıt-e doğru biyotik ve abiyotik stres için bir model haline gelmiştir tanınan bir ekonomik olarak uygun ürün var. Bu bağlamda, Vitis vinifera cv. PN40024 genom 20071 ve onun güncelleştirmek yorum 20112 serbest bırakılması için "Omics" ölçekli veri hızlı bir birikimi ve yüksek üretilen iş çalışmaların bir patlama yol açtı. Yayımlanmış sıra verilere dayanarak, kapsamlı bir analiz (genellikle korunmuş motifleri, yapısal ve/veya fonksiyonel benzerlikler ve evrimsel ilişkilerini paylaşımı proteinlerin oluşan) bir verilen gen ailesinin şimdi yapılabilir ortaya çıkarmak için onun Moleküler işlevler, evrim ve gen ifade profilleri. Bu analizler nasıl gen aileler bir genom geneli düzeyinde fizyolojik süreçleri kontrol anlamak için katkıda bulunabilir.
Bitki yaşam döngüsü birçok açıdan Ubikuitin-aracılı bozulması normal hücresel süreçler sağlamak için ince ayarlı bir ciro gerektirir anahtar proteinlerin tarafından düzenlenmektedir. Önemli bileşenleridir Ubikuitin-aracılı bozulma sürecinin E3 Ubikuitin ligazlar, hangi sistem esneklik, belirli hedefleri3alımı sayesinde sorumludur. Buna göre bu enzimlerin büyük gen ailesi, Arabidopsis thaliana genom4, belirli hedef proteinler ubiquitination için oyunculuk her E3 Ubikuitin ligaz öngörülen yaklaşık 1.400 E3 ligaz kodlama genler ile temsil eder. Substrat özgü ubiquitination tesislerinde hücresel yönetmelikte önemi rağmen nasıl ubiquitination yolu düzenlenir hakkında az şey bilinmektedir ve hedef proteinler sadece birkaç durumda tespit edilmiştir. Böyle özgüllük ve düzenleme mekanizmaları deşifre ilk kimlik ve özellikle sistemin farklı bileşenlerinin karakterizasyonu E3 ligazlar kullanır. Ubikuitin ligazlar arasında ATL alt familya 91 üye bir yüzük-H2 parmak etki alanı5,6, bazıları savunma ve hormon yanıt-e doğru7' rol görünen A. thaliana tanımlanan karakterizedir.
Yeni bir gen aile üyelerini tanımlamak için ilk önemli adım fikir birliği motifleri, anahtar etki alanları ve protein dizi özellikleri gibi aile özellikleri kesin tanımıdır. Nitekim, patlama analize dayalı tüm gen aile üyeleri güvenilir alınmasını etki alanlarındaki belirli protein protein işlevi/etkinlik, protein imza olarak hizmet veren sorumlu bazı zorunlu serisi özellikleri gerektirir. Bu önceki diğer bitki türleri aynı gen ailesinde karakterizasyonu tarafından kolaylaştırdı veya farklı genler putatively ortak sıraları ayırmak için farklı bitki türü içinde aynı aileye ait analiz ederek elde. Aile üyeleri daha sonra tek tek uluslararası konsorsiyum tarafından verilen bitki türleri için yerleşmiş ortak kurallarına adlandırılabilir. Grapevine içinde Örneğin, süper adlandırma V. vinifera ve A. thaliana dahil olmak üzere bir filogenetik ağaç inşaatı kurulması Komitesi üzüm Gene ek açıklama (sNCGGa), için öneriler gibi işlem tabi tutulur gen ek açıklama izin vermek için gen aile üyeleri üzerinde nükleotit dizileri8dayalı.
Kromozom yerelleştirme aile üyeleri ve gen çoğaltma anket izin bütün-genom veya tandem yinelenen genler varlığı vurgulayarak. Bu tür bilgiler bir işlevsel artıklık göstermek veya farklı durumlarda, Yani, Sigara functionalization, neo-functionalization veya alt functionalization9ortaya beri sözde gen fonksiyonları, çözülmeye yararlı görünür. Genetik yenilik, değişen ortamlar10bitki adaptasyon için yeni hücresel bileşenleri sağlama oluşturmak önemli olaylar her iki neo - ve alt - functionalization vardır. Özellikle, mükerrer atalarının genlerinin ve üretim yeni genlerin asma genom evrimi sırasında çok sık ve proksimal ve tandem mükerrer asma kaynaklanan yeni kurulan genler daha yeni üretmek olasılığı işlevleri11.
Gen aile işlevi deşifre başka bir önemli faktör transcriptomic profilidir. Transcriptomic veri çok büyük miktarda erişimlerini ortak veritabanları kullanılabilirliğini böylece sözde işlevleri büyük ölçekli silico ifade analizleri kullanarak gen aile üyelerine atamak için yararlanılabilir. Nitekim, bazı genler belirli bitki organlarında veya yanıt olarak bazı gerilmeler tuhaf ifade tanımlanmış koşullarında ilgili proteinlerin sözde rolleri ile ilgili bazı ipuçları vermek ve mümkün hakkında hipotezler destek vermek alt functionalization yinelenen genlerin farklı sorunlara yanıt vermek için. Bu amaçla, çeşitli veri kümeleri dikkate almak önemlidir: Bu zaten mevcut gen ifade matrisleri, genom-wide transcriptomic atlas asma organlar ve gelişim aşamalarında12, gibi olabilir ya da özel tarafından inşa edilebilir transcriptomic veri kümeleri için tanımlanmış stresleri tabi belirli bitki türleri için alınıyor. Ayrıca, iki matrisi kullanarak basit bir yaklaşım, bir ikili benzerlik verilerle ve ikili işbirliği ifade katsayıları ile diğer bir sıra benzerlik ve ifade desenleri bir gen ailesi içinde arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirmek için uygulanabilir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, gen yapısı, korunmuş protein motifleri, kromozom konumu, gen Mükerrer ve ifade desenleri, de protein fosforilasyon ve yerelleştirme siteleri ulaşmak için tahmini tanımlayan genel bir yaklaşım sağlamaktır bir bitkilerde gen aile ayrıntılı karakterizasyonu. Geniş kapsamlı bir yaklaşım burada ATL E3 Ubikuitin ligaz aile asma karakterizasyonu uygulanır. Göre ortaya çıkan rolü önemli hücresel işlemleri7düzenlenmesinde ATL alt familya üyelerinin bu eser de fonksiyonel çalışmalar için güçlü adaylar belirlenmesine yardımcı ve sonunda yöneten moleküler mekanizmaları unravel Bu önemli ürün kendi ortamına adaptasyonu.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal computer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.megasoftware.net/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motif-based sequence analysis tools (MEME)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://meme-suite.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geneious</td>
			<td>Biomatters Limited</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.geneious.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProtParam Tool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://web.expasy.org/protparam/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ngLOC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://genome.unmc.edu/ngLOC/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TargetP v1.1 Server</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TargetP/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein Prowler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://bioinf.scmb.uq.edu.au:8080/pprowler_webapp_1-2/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MUsite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://musite.sourceforge.net/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pfam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://pfam.xfam.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMHMM Server v. 2.0</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProtScale</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://web.expasy.org/protscale/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grape Genome Database (CRIBI)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://genomes.cribi.unipd.it/grape/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhenoGram</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://visualization.ritchielab.psu.edu/phenograms/plot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCScanX</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://chibba.pgml.uga.edu/mcscan2/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://itol.embl.de/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UniProt</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.uniprot.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phylogeny.fr</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.phylogeny.fr/index.cgi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MUSCLE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/muscle/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gblocks Server</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://molevol.cmima.csic.es/castresana/Gblocks_server.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitis vinifera cv. Corvina gene expression Atlas datamatrix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273383414_54sample_datamatrix_geneIDs_Fasoli2012</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi Experiment Viewer (MeV)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://mev.tm4.org/#/welcome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sequence Read Archive (SRA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.r-project.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMBOSS Needle (EMBL-EBI)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss_needle/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comprehensive workflow for the genome-wide identification and expression meta-analysis of the atl e3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in grapevine

Sınıflandırma ve genlerin bir aile adlandırma önemli ölçüde kodlanmış protein çeşitliliği açıklaması ve aile işlevleri sıra motifler veya belirli gibi çeşitli özelliklerini temel alan tahmin katkıda bulunabilir translasyon modifikasyon ve farklı koşullarda aile üyelerinin ifade profil için siteler. Bu eser gen aile karakterizasyonu için detaylı bir protokolünü açıklar. Burada, yordamı Arabidopsis Tóxicos Levadura içinde (ATL) E3 Ubikuitin ligaz aile asma karakterizasyonu uygulanır. Aile üyeleri, gen yerelleştirme, yapısı ve çoğaltma karakterizasyonu, korunmuş protein motifleri analiz, protein fosforilasyon ve yerelleştirme siteleri tahmin genom çapında tanımlaması yöntemleri içerir yanı sıra gen ifadesi farklı DataSet'lerdeki aile arasında profil oluşturma. Deneysel amaçlar bağlı olarak daha fazla analiz için uzun olabilir, gibi işlem herhangi bir gen aile içinde kendileri için genomik veri kullanılabilen herhangi bir bitki türü için uygulanabilir ve ilginç adayları tanımlamak için değerli bilgiler sağlar fonksiyonel çalışmalar için bitki adaptasyon çevreleri için moleküler mekanizmaları anlayışlar veren.

En çok benzeyen A. thaliana ATL2 (At3g16720) BLASTp arama aracılığıyla kullanıldı olarak sonda asma genom ATL aile uyeleri anket için tanımlanan VIT_05s0077g01970 gen (V. vinifera cv Pinot Noir PN40024). Birkaç döngüleri sonra sözde genlerin asma ATL gen ailesine (şekil 1A) ait bir liste açığa PSI-BLAST analiz yakınsadı. Kurallı yüzük-H2 etki alanı her aday için varlığı kas diziliş analizi (ş...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine at JoVE.com

Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine

Bu makalede tanımlama ve asma Arabidopsis Tóxicos Levadura içinde (ATL) E3 Ubikuitin ligazlar aile için uygulanan bir gen aile karakterizasyonu için yordam açıklanır.

Genom kapsamındaki bir tanımlama ve ifade Meta-Analizi ATL E3 Ubikuitin ligaz gen ailesinin asma için kapsamlı iş akışı

Classification and nomenclature of genes in a family can significantly contribute to the description of the diversity of encoded proteins and to the ...

comprehensive-workflow-for-genome-wide-identification-expression-meta

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.4K Görüntüleme.  Università degli Studi di Verona. Bu makalede tanımlama ve asma Arabidopsis Tóxicos Levadura içinde (ATL) E3 Ubikuitin ligazlar aile için uygulanan bir gen aile karakterizasyonu için yordam açıklanır.

Video: Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Hazırlık Elektroporasyon murin Kemik İliği itibaren İlköğretim Hematopoetik Hücre Kültürleri

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Biyoloji

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology

The neonatal mouse spinal cord is a model for studying the development of neural circuitries and locomotor movement. We demonstrate the spinal cord dissection and preparation of recording bath artificial cerebrospinal fluid used for locomotor studies. Once dissected, the spinal cord ventral nerve roots can be attached to a recording electrode to record the electrophysiologic signals of the central pattern generating circuitry within the lumbar cord.

A demonstration of the isolation of neonatal mouse spinal cord for electrophysiologic studies.

Omurilik Elektrofizyoloji

The neonatal mouse spinal cord is a model for studying the development of neural circuitries and locomotor movement. We demonstrate the spinal cord ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Yüksek Verimli Primer Hücre Transfect Gen Verici MXcell Elektroporasyon Sistemi

Robotics and Dynamic Image Analysis for Studies of Gene Expression in Plant Tissues

Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods presented here utilize the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene for continual monitoring of gene expression in the same pieces of tissues, over time. The gfp gene was placed under regulatory control of different promoters and introduced into lima bean cotyledonary tissues via particle bombardment. Cotyledons were then placed on a robotic image collection system, which consisted of a fluorescence dissecting microscope with a digital camera and a 2-dimensional robotics platform custom-designed to allow secure attachment of culture dishes. Images were collected from cotyledonary tissues every hour for 100 hours to generate expression profiles for each promoter. Each collected series of 100 images was first subjected to manual image alignment using ImageReady to make certain that GFP-expressing foci were consistently retained within selected fields of analysis. Specific regions of the series measuring 300 x 400 pixels, were then selected for further analysis to provide GFP Intensity measurements using ImageJ software. Batch images were separated into the red, green and blue channels and GFP-expressing areas were identified using the threshold feature of ImageJ. After subtracting the background fluorescence (subtraction of gray values of non-expressing pixels from every pixel) in the respective red and green channels, GFP intensity was calculated by multiplying the mean grayscale value per pixel by the total number of GFP-expressing pixels in each channel, and then adding those values for both the red and green channels. GFP Intensity values were collected for all 100 time points to yield expression profiles. Variations in GFP expression profiles resulted from differences in factors such as promoter strength, presence of a silencing suppressor, or nature of the promoter. In addition to quantification of GFP intensity, the image series were also used to generate time-lapse animations using ImageReady. Time-lapse animations revealed that the clear majority of cells displayed a relatively rapid increase in GFP expression, followed by a slow decline. Some cells occasionally displayed a sudden loss of fluorescence, which may be associated with rapid cell death. Apparent transport of GFP across the membrane and cell wall to adjacent cells was also observed. Time lapse animations provided additional information that could not otherwise be obtained using GFP Intensity profiles or single time point image collections.

We report a method for introduction, tracking and quantitative analysis of GFP expression in plant cells. This method utilizes a custom-designed robotics system for semi-continuous image collection from large numbers of samples, over time. We also demonstrate the use of ImageJ and ImageReady for analysis of image series.

Bitkisel Dokular Gen İfade Araştırmalar Robotik ve Dinamik Görüntü Analizi

Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Gen İfadesi Çalışmaları basitleştirin Otomatik Hücre Sayıcı kullanma: Namalwa Hücreler IL-4 Bağımlı Gen İfadesi siRNA demonte

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

Izoform özel Gen Hedefler Belirlemek için ChIP kullanarak genom analizi

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

Active T. in vitro Sulandırma castaneum Telomeraz

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

Transposon mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is less time consuming, less costly, and does not require completed genome information, there are two weaknesses in this method: (1) the possibility of a disparate mutants in the mixed mutant library that counter-selects mutants with decreased competition; and (2) the possibility of partial gene inactivation whereby genes do not entirely lose their function following the insertion of a transposon. Single-gene deletion analysis may compensate for the drawbacks associated with transposon mutagenesis. To improve the efficiency of genome-wide single gene deletion, we attempt to establish a high-throughput technique for genome-wide single gene deletion using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. Each gene deletion construct in S. sanguinis genome is designed to comprise 1-kb upstream of the targeted gene, the aphA-3 gene, encoding kanamycin resistance protein, and 1-kb downstream of the targeted gene. Three sets of primers F1/R1, F2/R2, and F3/R3, respectively, are designed and synthesized in a 96-well plate format for PCR-amplifications of those three components of each deletion construct. Primers R1 and F3 contain 25-bp sequences that are complementary to regions of the aphA-3 gene at their 5' end. A large scale PCR amplification of the aphA-3 gene is performed once for creating all single-gene deletion constructs. The promoter of aphA-3 gene is initially excluded to minimize the potential polar effect of kanamycin cassette. To create the gene deletion constructs, high-throughput PCR amplification and purification are performed in a 96-well plate format. A linear recombinant PCR amplicon for each gene deletion will be made up through four PCR reactions using high-fidelity DNA polymerase. The initial exponential growth phase of S. sanguinis cultured in Todd Hewitt broth supplemented with 2.5% inactivated horse serum is used to increase competence for the transformation of PCR-recombinant constructs. Under this condition, up to 20% of S. sanguinis cells can be transformed using ~50 ng of DNA. Based on this approach, 2,048 mutants with single-gene deletion were ultimately obtained from the 2,270 genes in S. sanguinis excluding four gene ORFs contained entirely within other ORFs in S. sanguinis SK36 and 218 potential essential genes. The technique on creating gene deletion constructs is high throughput and could be easy to use in genome-wide single gene deletions for any transformable bacteria.

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

An efficient genome-wide single gene mutation method has been established using Streptococcus sanguinis as a model organism. This method has achieved via high throughput recombinant PCRs and transformations.

Genom çapında Gen Delesyonlar içinde<em&gt; Streptococcus sanguinis</em&gt; Yüksek Verimli PCR ile

Transposon  mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide  gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

Ününüz Aşağıdaki Tek Hücre Düzeyinde Küresel RNA Sentezi Analizi

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that regulates diverse biological pathways including the hypoxia response, proteostasis, the DNA damage response and transcription.&#160; To better understand how UBLs regulate pathways relevant to human disease, we have compiled a human siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; library consisting of 1,186 siRNA duplex pools targeting all known and predicted components of UBL system pathways. This library can be screened against a range of cell lines expressing reporters of diverse biological pathways to determine which UBL components act as positive or negative regulators of the pathway in question.&#160; Here, we describe a protocol utilizing this library to identify ubiquitome-regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia using a transcription-based luciferase reporter.&#160; An initial assay development stage is performed to establish suitable screening parameters of the cell line before performing the screen in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary/deconvolution screening. &#160;The use of targeted over whole genome siRNA libraries is becoming increasingly popular as it offers the advantage of reporting only on members of the pathway with which the investigators are most interested.&#160; Despite inherent limitations of siRNA screening, in particular false-positives caused by siRNA off-target effects, the identification of genuine novel regulators of the pathways in question outweigh these shortcomings, which can be overcome by performing a series of carefully undertaken control experiments.

Here, we describe a methodology to perform a targeted siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; screen to identify novel ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia.&#160; This can be adapted to any biological pathway where a robust read out of reporter activity is available.

Kültür Memeli Hücrelerde Biyolojik tanımında ubikitin ve Ubiquitin benzeri Sistemi Regülatörleri tanımak siRNA Eleme

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...