Bu eser Jiangsu eyaleti doğal Bilim Vakfı (BK20140919), Ulusal Doğa Bilimleri Vakfı Çin (31470375), öncelik akademik Program Geliştirme, Jiangsu yükseköğretim kurumları ve Qing Lan proje tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. bitki (8 hafta) hazırlanması
<ol><li>%5 NaClO ve % 0.1 Triton X-100 (V/V) çözüm ve bırak tohumlar sterilize etmek 5 min için 1 mL içeren bir 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tüp içinde 50 Nicotiana benthamiana tohum koymak.</li>
	<li>5 kez tohum steril su ile durulayın ve tohum steril su 200 µL içinde askıya alma.</li>
	<li>Dikkatli bir şekilde yer bireysel tohum ince ipuçları ve çimlenme eşitlemek 3 gün boyunca 4 ° C'de mağaza orta plakaları ile MS-agar orta (1 l (KOH), 1 x Murashige & Skoog tuzları, 10 g Sükroz, pH %5,8 1 agar) yüzeyinin. Not: mikrop kirlenmesini önlemek için temiz bir bankta bu adımı gerçekleştirin. Tüp sterilizasyon sırasında sallamak gerekli değildir.</li>
	<li>Koşullarda normal büyüme (22 ° C, 80-90 µmolm-2s-1 beyaz ışık şiddeti) 10 gün için orta plakaları yerleştirin ve ardından toprağa germinated fidan aktarın. Not: fide kökleri toprağa taktığınızdan emin olun ve kökleri zarar vermeyen. Tepsiyi nem korumak için bir şeffaf plastik kapak ile gecede kapsayacak.</li>
	<li>16 h/8 h açık/koyu döngüsü ve % 70 nem kontrollü büyüme odasındabir bitkiler büyümek. 7-hafta-yaşlı i. benthamiana bitkiler Agrobacteriumtumefaciens infiltrasyon (şekil 1A) için hazır. Not: bitkilerin su ve bitkiler sağlıklı tutmak için gerektiği gibi zararlıları kontrol edin.</li>
</ol>2. geçici ifade İ. Benthamiana yaprakları (7-10 gün)
<ol><li>Plazmid teslim 150 ng (pEGAD-HA-LUC denetim plazmid, boş vektör ve inşa plazmid LCI için tahlil, bu durumda biz pCAMBIA1300-Nluc ve pCAMBIA1300-Cluc plazmid yapımı için kullanılan) A. tumefaciens yetkili hücreye GV3101 ile zorlanma bir Standart elektroporasyon yöntemi.</li>
	<li>Kültür A. tumefaciens Luria-Bertani (LB) agar orta (1 l 10 g NaCl, 5 g maya ekstresi, 10 g tryptone, %1,5 agar) içeren 50 µg/mL sefaloridin ve Rifampisin 28 ° c 4 gün için 50 µg/mL. Not: Vektör ve kullanılan A. tumefaciens zorlanma antibiyotik seçimi bağlıdır.</li>
	<li>Bir aşılamak her plaka A. tumefaciens koloni 3 mL LB sıvı orta sefaloridin 50 µg/mL ve 50 µg/mL Rifampisin içeren tek ve 28 ° c hücre kültürü yaymak 24 h için 220 rpm'de sallamak.</li>
	<li>Bakteriyel kültürünün 75 µL 15 mL taze LB sıvı sefaloridin 50 µg/mL ve 50 µg/mL Rifampisin, 200 katına sulandrarak içeren orta içine aktarın. OD600 0.5-1.0 arasında olana bakteri için 8 h hakkında 30 ° C'de 220 rpm'de kültür.</li>
	<li>15 mL santrifüj tüpleri A. tumefaciens sıvı kültüründe aktarmak ve 4.000 x g ve 4 ° C'de 15 dakika atma süpernatant süreyle santrifüj kapasitesi ve pelet pelet yıkamak için dönüştürme çözüm 15 mL askıya alma.</li>
	<li>4000 x g ve 4 ° C'de 15 dakika tüp spin ve süpernatant atın. Bir kez daha çamaşır adımı yineleyin.</li>
	<li>Pelet 5 mL dönüştürme çözüm resuspend ve 2 h için oda sıcaklığında tutmak. OD600 son konsantrasyonu 0.5 veya karışımı iki örnek ile eşit birim test eşleştirilmiş protein etkileşimleri için olana A. tumefaciens Pelet hücreleri dönüştürme çözüm ile yoğunluğunu ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Askıya infiltrat hücreleri içine 7 4th th 1 mL needleless şırınga (şekil 1B-C) bırakır. İnfiltrasyon sonra bitkiler hemen ile siyah bir plastik kapak kapak ve karanlık 12 h için belgili tanımlık tepsi yer. Bundan sonra 2-4 gün önce LUC faaliyetleri tespit için her zamanki bitkiler büyümek. Not: sağlıklı yaprakları benzer boyutu seçin. Bir yaprak dört farklı dilimlerinde infiltrasyonu yolunda.</li>
</ol>3. Luciferase etkinlik (bir gün) tespit
Not: Luciferase etkinliğini izlemek için iki yol vardır. Bir görüntüleme üzerinde temel alır ve diğer kantitatif luciferase etkinliğini ölçmek etmektir.
<ol><li>
Görüntüleme yöntemi
	<ol>
<li>İnfiltre bir yaprak bağlantısını kesin ve tüm broşür MS-agar orta koymak.</li>
		<li>Biyoluminesans çalışma arabellek yaprak adaxial yüzeyine 50 mL sprey şişe sprey. Malzemeler klorofil otomatik Floresans gidermek 5 min için anlatmamanı.</li>
		<li>Esir alma imge (Şekil 2) için aparatı (-30 ° C-soğutmalı) görüntüleme bir düşük ışık soğutmalı CCD kullanın. Işık under çekim hızı 50 ms ve ışıldama algılama zaman 1 dak. Not: makine kılavuzuna göre parametrelerini ayarlamak. Düşük sıcaklıklar görüntü kalitesini artırmak için sinyal-gürültü oranı artıracaktır.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Alternatif olarak, bir ticari luminometer ile doğrudan ışıldama ölçmek.<ol>
<li>Dikkatle i. benthamiana yaprakların infiltrasyon alanından (yaklaşık 0.25 cm2) yaprak parçaları kesip ve yaprak disk 100 µL 96-şey beyaz plaka (şekil 3) deiyonize su içine bırakın.</li>
		<li>Biyoluminesans çalışma arabelleği 10 µL eklenir ve 5 min için bırakılır. Sonra protein etkileşim dynamics çalışmaya spesifik tedaviler gerçekleştirin. Not: bir luminometer protein-protein etkileşimleri belirli tedavi altında Kinetik temsil luciferase aktivite dynamics elde etmek için farklı zaman noktalarda ile ışıldama algılamak. Bu yöntem çok sayıda protein çiftleri aynı anda test etmek için avantajları vardır. Bu bir ticari luminometer olmadan luciferase protein miktar tarafından western blot incelemek, bu nedenle LUC aktivite quantitively bakın. Işık mutlaka gerekli değildir, sadece plaka luminometer içinde tutmak ve farklı zaman noktalarda ışıldama ölçmek. Aksi takdirde, plaka algılama boşluk sırasında bir büyüme odasına taşımak. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlar elde etmek için en az üç biyolojik çoğaltır kullanın. LUC faaliyetleri farklı infiltrasyon bölgelerdeki değişir de, onların değişen desenler normalleştirme sonra tutarlı vardır.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Thines, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=JAZ+repressor+proteins+are+targets+of+the+SCF(COI1)+complex+during+jasmonate+signalling.">JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCF(COI1) complex during jasmonate signalling.</a> Nature. 448, 661-665 (2007).</li><li>Chini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+JAZ+family+of+repressors+is+the+missing+link+in+jasmonate+signalling.">The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling.</a> Nature. 448, 666-671 (2007).</li><li>Jones, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Border+control--a+membrane-linked+interactome+of+Arabidopsis.">Border control--a membrane-linked interactome of Arabidopsis.</a> Science. 344, 711-716 (2014).</li><li>Arabidopsis Interactome Mapping Consortium. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+network+evolution+in+an+Arabidopsis+interactome+map.">Evidence for network evolution in an Arabidopsis interactome map.</a> Science. 333, 601-607 (2011).</li><li>Yazaki, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+transcription+factor+interactome+networks+using+HaloTag+protein+arrays.">Mapping transcription factor interactome networks using HaloTag protein arrays.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113, 4238-4247 (2016).</li><li>Kenworthy, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+protein-protein+interactions+using+fluorescence+resonance+energy+transfer+microscopy.">Imaging protein-protein interactions using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy.</a> Methods. 24, 289-296 (2001).</li><li>Walter, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+protein+interactions+in+living+plant+cells+using+bimolecular+fluorescence+complementation.">Visualization of protein interactions in living plant cells using bimolecular fluorescence complementation.</a> Plant J. 40, 428-438 (2004).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Firefly+luciferase+complementation+imaging+assay+for+protein-protein+interactions+in+plants.">Firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay for protein-protein interactions in plants.</a> Plant Physiol. 146, 368-376 (2008).</li><li>Layton, C. J., Hellinga, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+protein-protein+interactions+by+thermal+stability+shift+analysis.">Quantitation of protein-protein interactions by thermal stability shift analysis.</a> Protein Sci. 20, 1439-1450 (2011).</li><li>Schuck, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+determination+of+binding+affinity+and+kinetics+using+surface+plasmon+resonance+biosensors.">Reliable determination of binding affinity and kinetics using surface plasmon resonance biosensors.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 8, 498-502 (1997).</li><li>Huang, X., Ouyang, X., Deng, X. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+repression+of+photomorphogenesis:+role+switching+of+COP/DET/FUS+in+light+signaling.">Beyond repression of photomorphogenesis: role switching of COP/DET/FUS in light signaling.</a> Current opinion in plant biology. 21, 96-103 (2014).</li><li>Liu, B., Zuo, Z., Liu, H., Liu, X., Lin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+cryptochrome+1+interacts+with+SPA1+to+suppress+COP1+activity+in+response+to+blue+light.">Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 interacts with SPA1 to suppress COP1 activity in response to blue light.</a> Genes Dev. 25, 1029-1034 (2011).</li><li>Lian, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue-light-dependent+interaction+of+cryptochrome+1+with+SPA1+defines+a+dynamic+signaling+mechanism.">Blue-light-dependent interaction of cryptochrome 1 with SPA1 defines a dynamic signaling mechanism.</a> Genes Dev. 25, 1023-1028 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Z., Liu, H., Liu, B., Liu, X., Lin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+light-dependent+interaction+of+CRY2+with+SPA1+regulates+COP1+activity+and+floral+initiation+in+Arabidopsis.">Blue light-dependent interaction of CRY2 with SPA1 regulates COP1 activity and floral initiation in Arabidopsis.</a> Curr Biol. 21, 841-847 (2011).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Burada açıklanan basit ve in vivo protein-protein etkileşimleri çalışmak için tekrarlanabilir ve protein etkileşim dynamics eksojen tedavi altında tespit için özellikle uygun protokolüdür. Bu tahlil anahtar i. benthamiana infiltrasyon adımdır. İnfiltrasyon başarılı olmasını sağlamak için bitkiler çok sağlıklı olması gerekir. Bir başka önemli faktör luciferase aktivite infiltrasyon sonra kontrol etmek ne zaman olacağı. Doğru cevap bu soru için vardır. Araştırmacılar...

Büyüme çevresi ile koordine etmek için bitkiler hissediyorum, transduce ve sinyal yardımlar için yanıt vermek için zarif sinyal yolları gelişmiştir. Bir bayrak yarışı kaçakçıları gibi bitki sinyal iletimi gerekli oyuncu proteinlerdir. Bu yaygın olarak protein-protein etkileşim (PPI) hücresel iletişim için önemli bir rol oynar kabul edilmiştir. Protein fosforilasyon, asetilasyon ve yıkımı tüm hedef protein ve onun değiştirme enzimler arasında fiziksel etkileşim bağlıdır. Örneğin, Jasmonate ZIM-etki alanı protein (JAZ) aile proteinler transkripsiyon faktörü MYC2 ile etkileşim ve onun transkripsiyon etkinlik1,2bastırmak. ÜFE önemi göz önüne alındığında, büyük ölçekli protein interactomes tesislerinde olmuştur son zamanlarda3,4,5araştırdı. Bu interactome sonuçlar daha da çeşitli hücresel fonksiyonları koordinatları karmaşık düzenleyici ağ ortaya koyuyor.
ÜFE izlemek için kurulan bir yaklaşım vardır. Maya iki hibrid (Y2H) tahlil PPI algılama için en çok kullanılan yöntemdir. Y2H yapmak kolay ve protein etkileşimlerini incelemek hızlı bir test için uygundur. Y2H bilinmeyen etkileşim ortakları belirli protein-in-faiz için eleme için de yaygın olarak kullanılır. Y2H tamamen Maya gerçekleştirilir çünkü ancak, bu gerçek senaryo bitki hücreleri ve yüksek yanlış pozitif oranları getiriyor yansıtmak değil. Başka bir strateji açılan tahlil olduğunu. Genel olarak, iki protein ifade edilen Escherichia coli hücrelerden saf ve karışık ve protein etkileşimleri algılamak için immobilize. Bu yöntem zaman alıcı olmasa da, bu vivo içinde etkileşim sonuçları da elde edemiyor. Vivo etkileşim, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) yüksek kalite antikor immunoprecipitate protein ilgi gerektirir ve dolaylı PPIs olasılığı dışlayamazsınız en popüler tahlil amaçlıdır. Ayrıca, co-IP karmaşık deneysel prosedürler nedeniyle sonuçlar genellikle bireysel uzmanlığı ile farklı.
Muhabir dayalı sulandırma deneyleri büyük ölçüde vivo içinde PPI tespiti ilerlemek. Bu yöntemler Floresans rezonans enerji transferi (FRET)6, bimolecular floresan uluslara (BiFC)7ve (LCI) tahlil8Imaging ateş böceği luciferase uluslara içerir. Bu üç yaklaşım olmasına rağmen daha iyi co-IP doğrudan vivo içinde yansıtmak için PPI, perde ve BiFC floresan sinyallerini algılamak için özel mikroskoplar gerekir ve kolayca etkileşim yoğunluğunu ölçmek olamaz. Buna ek olarak, LCI, substrat biyoluminesans ile tepki sonra parlayan ateş böceği luciferase yararlanır. Daha da önemlisi, ÜFE yoğunluk luciferase aktivite değerinden belirlenebilir. Böylece, LCI sadece iki protein etkileşim veya değil, ancak aynı zamanda tedavi üzerine etkileşim dinamikleri hakkında bilgiler sağlar olup olmadığını gösterir. Etkileşim (yüzey plasmon rezonans veya termo-istikrar vardiyalara göre) dynamics9,10, izlemek için kurulan bir yöntem olmakla bu yaklaşımlar hassas aletler veya belirli etiketleme gerektirir. Buna ek olarak, LCI gerçekleştirmek ve bulmak kolaydır.
LCI prensip luciferase (N-Luc veya C-Luc, sırasıyla adlı) amino-terminal ve karboksil-terminal yarısı bu protein A ve B ve proteinlerin aynı anda bitki hücrelerinde ifade bu iki füzyon ile erimiş. Protein A protein B ile etkileşim, luciferase iki yarısı bir etkin luciferase enzim olmak yeniden. Luciferase faaliyet luminometer veya CCD kamera ile tespit edilebilir. LCI için kararlı transformants elde etmek gerekli değildir; geçici ifade bir yüksek kaliteli etkileşim sonuç almak için yeterlidir.
HALKA tipi E3 Ubikuitin ligaz bünye photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) transkripsiyon faktörleri sayısız ile etkileşim ve onların bozulması-26S proteasome11teşvik etmektedir. Bu COP1 hedefli transkripsiyon faktörlerin bazıları olumlu düzenleyiciler, photomorphogenesis için. Karanlıkta, COP1 phytochrome A-105 1 (SPA1), COP1 E3 etkinlik8artırır bastırıcı ile etkileşime girer. Sonra algı ışık photoreceptors COP1 etkinliği inhibe ve COP1 yüzeylerde12,13,14stabilize etmek üzere COP1-SPA1 etkileşimi iptal etmek. Bu örnek eğitimi PPI ve ÜFE dynamics belirleme biyolojik önemi gösterir.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:686pt" width="915">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:293pt" width="390" />
		<col style="width:140pt" width="186" />
		<col style="width:140pt" width="187" />
		<col style="width:114pt" width="152" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">Transformation solution</td>
			<td class="xl16" style="width:140pt" width="186"></td>
			<td class="xl16" style="width:140pt" width="187"></td>
			<td style="width:114pt" width="152"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">10 mM Morpholineethanesulfonic acid</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186">VETEC</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187">V900336&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">27.8 mM Glucose</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186">VETEC</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187">V900392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32" style="height:24.0pt">
			<td class="xl18" height="32" style="width:293pt;height:24.0pt" width="390">10 mM MgCl2&#215;6H2O</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186">VETEC</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187">V900020&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">150 &#956;M Acetosyringone</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186">ALDRICH</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187">D134406&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">pH 5.7</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186"></td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">Luciferin working buffer</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186"></td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56" style="height:42.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="56" style="width:293pt;height:42.0pt" width="390">5 mM Luciferin potassium salt</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186">GOLD BIOTECHNOLOGY</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187">LUCK-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28" style="height:21.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="28" style="width:293pt;height:21.0pt" width="390">0.025% Triton X-100</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="186">VETEC</td>
			<td class="xl17" style="width:140pt" width="187">V900502&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32" style="height:24.0pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="32" style="width:293pt;height:24.0pt" width="390">H2O to 10 ml</td>
			<td class="xl21"></td>
			<td class="xl21"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

luciferase complementation imaging assay in nicotiana benthamiana leaves for transiently determining protein-protein interaction dynamics

Protein-protein etkileşimleri sinyal iletimi en hücresel süreçler içinde geçişi için temel mekanizmaları vardır; Bu nedenle, kimliği roman protein-protein etkileşim çiftleri ve protein etkileşim dynamics izleme nasıl bitkiler çevresel faktörler ve/veya gelişimsel sinyalleri yanıt ifşa için özel ilgi vardır. Yaklaşımlar bir bolluk içinde vitro veya vivo içindeprotein-protein etkileşimlerini incelemek için geliştirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında Imaging (LCI) yeni kurulan luciferase uluslara tahlil vivo içinde protein-protein etkileşimleri gösteren için en basit ve en hızlı yöntemdir. Bu tahlil, protein A veya protein B luciferase, amino-terminal veya karboksil-terminal yarısı ile sırasıyla eritilmiş olan. Protein A protein B ile etkileşim kurduğunda, luciferase iki yarısı fonksiyonel ve aktif luciferase enzim oluşturmak için yeniden. Luciferase faaliyet luminometer veya CCD kamera ile kaydedilebilir. Diğer yaklaşımlar ile karşılaştırıldığında, LCI tahlil hem nitelik hem de nicelik protein-protein etkileşimleri gösterir. Agrobacterium infiltrasyon Nicotiana benthamiana yaprakları geçici protein ifade için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir sistemdir. LCI ve geçici ifade kombinasyonu ile COP1 ve SPA1 arasındaki fiziksel etkileşimi jasmonate tedaviden sonra yavaş yavaş düşürülmüştür bu yaklaşımlar göster.

Üç büyük adım protein-protein etkileşimleri vivobitki büyüme, tütün infiltrasyon ve luciferase tahlil de dahil olmak üzere, eğitim için bu luciferase uluslara protokolündeki saydı. Bu iletişim kuralı en önemli adımda sıvı A. tumefaciens i. benthamiana yaprakları (şekil 1) sızmak.
İşte jasmonate COP1-SPA1 etkileşimleri azaltarak onaylayan bu tekni...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics at JoVE.com

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

Luciferase tamamlayıcı Imaging tahlil Nicotiana benthamiana yaprakları Protein-protein etkileşim Dynamics geçici belirlenmesi için

Bu el yazması luciferase etkinlik ölçümü temel protein-protein etkileşimleri belirlenmesi için kolay ve hızlı deneysel bir işlem açıklanır.

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel ...

luciferase-complementation-imaging-assay-nicotiana-benthamiana-leaves

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

13.8K Görüntüleme.  Nanjing Normal University. Bu el yazması luciferase etkinlik ölçümü temel protein-protein etkileşimleri belirlenmesi için kolay ve hızlı deneysel bir işlem açıklanır.

Video: Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

Virüs indüklenen gen susturma (VIGS) Nicotiana benthamiana Ve Domates

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

Biyoloji

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun

Investigation of gene function in diverse organisms relies on knowledge of how the gene products interact with each other in their normal cellular environment. The Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay1 allows researchers to visualize protein-protein interactions in living cells and has become an essential research tool. This assay is based on the facilitated association of two fragments of a fluorescent protein (GFP) that are each fused to a potential interacting protein partner. The interaction of the two protein partners would facilitate the association of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragment of GFP, leading to fluorescence. For plant researchers, onion epidermal cells are an ideal experimental system for conducting the BiFC assay because of the ease in obtaining and preparing onion tissues and the direct visualization of fluorescence with minimal background fluorescence. The Helios Gene Gun (BioRad) is commonly used for bombarding plasmid DNA into onion cells. We demonstrate the use of Helios Gene Gun to introduce plasmid constructs for two interacting Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors, SEUSS (SEU) and LEUNIG HOMOLOG (LUH)2 and the visualization of their interactions mediated by BiFC in onion epidermal cells.

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun

This article illustrates how to properly use the BioRad Helios Gene Gun to introduce plasmid DNA into onion epidermal cells and how to test for protein-protein interactions in onion cells based on the principle of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC)

Helios Gen Tabancası kullanarak Soğan Hücrelerde Protein-Protein Etkileşimi Bimoleküler Floresan tamamlama (BiFC) Testi

Investigation of gene function in diverse organisms relies on knowledge of how the gene products interact with each other in their normal cellular ...

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

Görüntüleme Protein-protein etkileşimleri In vivo</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

Görüntüleme için Basit Bir Yöntem Arabidopsis Infiltratif Görüntüleme Orta Perfluorodecalin kullanarak bırakır.

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

A Liquid Phase Affinity Capture Assay Using Magnetic Beads to Study Protein-Protein Interaction: The Poliovirus-Nanobody Example

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. Provided that one protein can be tagged and another protein labeled, this method can be implemented for the investigation of protein-protein interactions. It is based on one hand on the recognition of the tagged protein by cobalt coated magnetic beads and on the other hand on the interaction between the tagged protein and a second specific protein that is labeled. First, the labeled and tagged proteins are mixed and incubated at room temperature. The magnetic beads, that recognize the tag, are added and the bound fraction of labeled protein is separated from the unbound fraction using magnets. The amount of labeled protein that is captured can be determined in an indirect way by measuring the signal of the labeled protein remained in the unbound fraction. The described liquid phase affinity assay is extremely useful when conformational conversion sensitive proteins are assayed. The development and application of the assay is demonstrated for the interaction between poliovirus and poliovirus recognizing nanobodies1. Since poliovirus is sensitive to conformational conversion2 when attached to a solid surface (unpublished results), the use of ELISA is limited and a liquid phase based system should therefore be preferred. An example of a liquid phase based system often used in polioresearch3,4 is the micro protein A-immunoprecipitation test5. Even though this test has proven its applicability, it requires an Fc-structure, which is absent in the nanobodies6,7. However, as another opportunity, these interesting and stable single-domain antibodies8 can be easily engineered with different tags. The widely used (His)6-tag shows affinity for bivalent ions such as nickel or cobalt, which can on their turn be easily coated on magnetic beads. We therefore developed this simple quantitative affinity capture assay based on cobalt coated magnetic beads. Poliovirus was labeled with 35S to enable unhindered interaction with the nanobodies and to make a quantitative detection feasible. The method is easy to perform and can be established with a low cost, which is further supported by the possibility of effectively regenerating the magnetic beads.

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. It is a reliable technique based on the interaction between magnetic beads and tagged proteins (e.g. nanobodies) on one hand and the affinity between the tagged protein and a second, labeled protein (e.g. poliovirus) on the other.

Protein-Protein Etkileşimi Okumak Manyetik Boncuk Kullanarak Bir Sıvı Faz Affinity Yakalama Testi: Poliovirüs-Nanobody Örnek

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. Provided that one protein can be tagged and another protein ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Bimoleküler Floresan tamamlama akışı Sitometrik Analizi: Protein-protein etkileşim Eğitim Bir Yüksek Verimli Kantitatif Yöntemi

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. However, the use of biochemical screens aimed at extending the knowledge gained from genetic analysis was explored only recently. Here we describe a method to purify the protein complex that associates with any protein of interest from adult fly heads. This method takes advantage of the Drosophila GAL4/UAS system to express a bait protein fused with a Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) tag in fly neurons in vivo, and then implements two rounds of purification using a TAP procedure similar to the one originally established in yeast1 to purify the interacting protein complex. At the end of this procedure, a mixture of multiple protein complexes is obtained whose molecular identities can be determined by mass spectrometry. Validation of the candidate proteins will benefit from the resource and ease of performing loss-of-function studies in flies. Similar approaches can be applied to other fly tissues. We believe that the combination of genetic manipulations and this proteomic approach in the fly model system holds tremendous potential for tackling fundamental problems in the field of neurobiology and beyond.

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification TAP

Drosophila is famous for its powerful genetic manipulation, but not for its suitability of in-depth biochemical analysis. Here we present a TAP-based procedure to identify interacting partners of any protein of interest from the fly brain. This procedure can potentially lead to new avenues of research.

Protein-protein etkileşimi belirlenmesi<em&gt; Drosophila</emTandem Affinity Arıtma tarafından&gt; Adult Başlar (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. ...

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Agroinfiltration and PVX agroinfection are two efficient transient expression assays for functional analysis of candidate genes in plants. The most commonly used agent for agroinfiltration is Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a pathogen of many dicot plant species. This implies that agroinfiltration can be applied to many plant species. Here, we present our protocols and expected results when applying these methods to the potato (Solanum tuberosum), its related wild tuber-bearing Solanum species (Solanum section Petota) and the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition to functional analysis of single genes, such as resistance (R) or avirulence (Avr) genes, the agroinfiltration assay is very suitable for recapitulating the R-AVR interactions associated with specific host pathogen interactions by simply delivering R and Avr transgenes into the same cell. However, some plant genotypes can raise nonspecific defense responses to Agrobacterium, as we observed for example for several potato genotypes. Compared to agroinfiltration, detection of AVR activity with PVX agroinfection is more sensitive, more high-throughput in functional screens and less sensitive to nonspecific defense responses to Agrobacterium. However, nonspecific defense to PVX can occur and there is a risk to miss responses due to virus-induced extreme resistance. Despite such limitations, in our experience, agroinfiltration and PVX agroinfection are both suitable and complementary assays that can be used simultaneously to confirm each other&#39;s results.

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Agroinfiltration and PVX agroinfection are routine functional assays for transient ectopic expression of genes in plants. These methods are efficient assays in effectoromics strategies (rapid resistance and avirulence gene discovery) and crucial to modern research in molecular plant pathology. They meet the demand for robust high-throughput functional analysis in plants.

Patates ve Nicotiana benthamiana'da Agroinfiltrasyon ve PVX Agroinfection

Agroinfiltration and PVX agroinfection are two efficient transient expression assays for functional analysis of candidate genes in plants. The most ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

Tütün protoplastlarında ve Yapraklar Bimoleküler Floresan tamamlama tarafından Visualized protein-protein etkileşimleri

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

Peptit Diziler protein-protein etkileşim Siteleri belirlenmesi

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...

Luciferase tamamlayıcı Imaging tahlil Nicotiana benthamiana yaprakları Protein-protein etkileşim Dynamics geçici belirlenmesi için

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler