Bu eser Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri [R01 AR048179 ve R01 HL126204 R.C.W, T32 AR059033 ve F32 AR069469to E.M.G] ve [274143 ve 416364 R.C.W. için] Musküler Distrofi Derneği ABD'de gelen hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Yöntem tanımlamak burada kurumsal hayvan bakım ve Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Los Angeles kullanım Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi. Vahşi-türü (C57BL/6J) ve mdx fareler (C57Bl/10ScSn arka plan) ticari bir kaynaktan satın alındı. MDX: utrophin-Tg fare izniyle Kay Davies, James Ervasti, bir hediye edildi ve mdx arka plan üzerinde muhafaza. Ambulation deneyleri erkek fareler üzerinde 6 aylıkken yapıldı. Fareler Terasaki Yaşam Bilimleri kurumsal hayvan bakım tarafından kurulan yönergeleri izleyerek Vivarium içinde muhafaza ve University of California, Los Angeles (onay 2000-029-43) ve onay bu çalışmalar için kullanım Komitesi tarafından verildi UCLA hayvan refah güvence (onay #A3196-01).
1. Hazırlık odası
<ol>
	<li>Veri toplama sessiz, bir sıcaklık kontrollü odada gün9tutarlı bir anda gerçekleştirin. Genotip ve test edilen fare tedavisinde kör sınamaları gerçekleştirin.</li>
	<li>Bu çözümleme için herhangi bir açık alan odası sistemi adapte. Not: Bu çalışmada, biz büyük çöp Kutusu'ndan inşa bir ucuz ve kolay taşınabilir kayıt odası kullanın. Açık alan arena bir kafes veya benzer yükseltilmiş platform ayarlamak bir tepsi var.</li>
	<li>Kamera bir tel ağ tam arena kaydetmek için odası yukarıda yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Dezenfektan her davadan önce ile kayıt odası temiz.</li>
</ol>
2. iletişim kuralı ve veri toplama önceden egzersiz
<ol>
	<li>İsteğe bağlı olarak, hemen etkinlik kayıt önce her fare bir kas etkinleştirme protokol ile meydan. Not: Bu isteğe bağlıdır, ancak önerilen mdx fareler ilgili deneylerde olduğunu.<ol>
		<li>Çekme çubuğu bir dijital güç ölçüm kavrama ve geri çekme çubuğu serbest bırakılıncaya kadar yavaşça çekin fare izin. Deneme başına beş kez bu yordamı yineleyin.</li>
		<li>Her deneme için kayıt en yüksek gerilim (N). Not: ambulation tahlil için bir egzersiz sorun olarak görev ek olarak, bu kavrama gücü tahlil sırasında hayvan tarafından sarf kuvvet bir ek işlev sonuç ölçü2,10kullanılabilir.</li>
		<li>Beş toplam denemeler her fare her deneme arasında kalan 1 dk ile gerçekleştirir.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Hemen kavrama gücü tahlil veya diğer egzersiz protokol, aşağıdaki etkinlik odasında fare yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Fare hareket video kayıt odası arenada başlatın. Fare özgürce 6 min için keşfetmek için izin.</li>
	<li>6 dk kaydı durdurmak ve fare için ev onun kafes dönmek.</li>
</ol>
3. video analizi
<ol>
	<li>İsteğe bağlı olarak, video kare hızını azaltarak analiz için hazır olun. İzleme çözümlemesi için kare hızı azaltmak için video kare hızını 2 kat büyük kısmını yok için bir video düzenleme yazılımı (örneğin, iMovie veya benzer bir program) aşağıdaki protokolünü kullanır. Not: video uzunluğu ve kare hızına bağlı olarak, önce analiz video kare hızını azaltmak yararlı olabilir. Bu çalışmada, video 30 kare/s (6 kayıt, min yaklaşık 10800 çerçeveler toplam) kaydedildi.<ol>
		<li>Video belgili tanımlık bilgisayar yazılımı yükleyin.</li>
		<li>'Speed' menü altında ' hız: hızlı ' ve 2 x hız ayarla.</li>
		<li>Decimated Videosu izleme çözümlemesi için .mp4 dosyası formatında dışa aktarabilir.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Video analiz için yazılım programında açılmasını. Video Çizgi aracını kullanarak kayıt için kalibrasyon ayarlayın. Odası bir kenarı boyunca bir çizgi çizin. Hatta doğru tıkırtı ve seçme "Ayarla'ya ölçü..." Odası yan gerçek boyutunu santimetre olarak girin.</li>
	<li>Fare pozisyonun yarı otomatik izleme başlatmak için 'hareket' imleci tıklatın. Video ilk kareden başlayarak, sağ izlenmesi gereken noktasında tıklatın; izleme noktası mavi bir daire ile işaretlenir. Not: Bu da çalışmanın, kuyruk Bankası izini sürerek her hayvan konumunu takip edildi.</li>
	<li>Çerçeve klavyedeki sağ ok tuşunu tıklatarak ilerle; izleme noktası otomatik olarak tabanlı kuyruk Bankası konumuna taşımanız gerekir.<ol>
		<li>İzleme konumu ile belirli bir çerçeve içinde ilgi noktası değil hizalanmışsa, el ile kuyruk tabanına mavi daire hizalayın. Not: video kalitesini ve fare hızına bağlı olarak, izleme ilgi noktası ile uyum sağlamak için kullanıcı girişi çeşitli düzeyleri gerektirebilir. Fare yolunu video ders ilerlemek.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Tam video izleme tamamlandığında, video ve izleme bindirme kaydedin. Konumsal veri izleme "Dışa aktarmak için elektronik tablo" seçerek verin.</li>
</ol>
4. veri analizi
<ol>
	<li>Konumsal veri bir elektronik yazılım programında açılmasını. X, Y farenin konumunu her çerçevede koordine hareketi analiz yazılımı bildirir.</li>
	<li>Çerçeve tarafından kat edilen mesafeyi hesaplamak için aşağıdaki denklemi kullanın (çerçeve bir konumda nerede x1, y1 ve çerçeve iki olan x2, y2): 
	<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/56772/56772eq1.jpg"> Not: Zaman içinde toplu mesafe mesafe arasındaki her karenin ekleyerek hesaplanır.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nagaraju, K., Carlson, G., De Luca, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+locomotor+measurements+using+open+field+animal+activity+monitoring+system.">Behavioral and locomotor measurements using open field animal activity monitoring system.</a> TREAT-NMD SOP Number M2.1.002. 2. 2, (2010).</li><li>Tatem, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+locomotor+measurements+using+an+open+field+activity+monitoring+system+for+skeletal+muscle+diseases.">Behavioral and locomotor measurements using an open field activity monitoring system for skeletal muscle diseases.</a> J Vis Exp. (91), e51785 (2014).</li><li>Kobayashi, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sarcolemma-localized+nNOS+is+required+to+maintain+activity+after+mild+exercise.">Sarcolemma-localized nNOS is required to maintain activity after mild exercise.</a> Nature. 456 (7221), 511-515 (2008).</li><li>Belanto, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+binding+distinguishes+dystrophin+from+utrophin.">Microtubule binding distinguishes dystrophin from utrophin.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (15), 5723-5728 (2014).</li><li>McDonald, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+6-minute+walk+test+in+Duchenne/Becker+muscular+dystrophy:+longitudinal+observations.">The 6-minute walk test in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy: longitudinal observations.</a> Muscle Nerve. 42 (6), 966-974 (2010).</li><li>Mazzone, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Star+Ambulatory+Assessment,+6-minute+walk+test+and+timed+items+in+ambulant+boys+with+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Star Ambulatory Assessment, 6-minute walk test and timed items in ambulant boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Neuromuscul Disord. 20 (11), 712-716 (2010).</li><li>Kobayashi, Y. M., Rader, E. P., Crawford, R. W., Campbell, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endpoint+measures+in+the+mdx+mouse+relevant+for+muscular+dystrophy+pre-clinical+studies.">Endpoint measures in the mdx mouse relevant for muscular dystrophy pre-clinical studies.</a> Neuromuscul Disord. 22 (1), 34-42 (2012).</li><li>Acosta, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+six-minute+walk+test+to+characterize+golden+retriever+muscular+dystrophy.">Use of the six-minute walk test to characterize golden retriever muscular dystrophy.</a> Neuromuscul Disord. 26 (12), 865-872 (2016).</li><li>Sousa, N., Almeida, O. F., Wotjak, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+hitchhiker's+guide+to+behavioral+analysis+in+laboratory+rodents.">A hitchhiker's guide to behavioral analysis in laboratory rodents.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 5, 5-24 (2006).</li><li>Gibbs, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+levels+of+sarcospan+are+well+tolerated+and+act+as+a+sarcolemmal+stabilizer+to+address+skeletal+muscle+and+pulmonary+dysfunction+in+DMD.">High levels of sarcospan are well tolerated and act as a sarcolemmal stabilizer to address skeletal muscle and pulmonary dysfunction in DMD.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 25 (24), 5395-5406 (2016).</li><li>Gillis, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multivariate+evaluation+of+the+functional+recovery+obtained+by+the+overexpression+of+utrophin+in+skeletal+muscles+of+the+mdx+mouse.">Multivariate evaluation of the functional recovery obtained by the overexpression of utrophin in skeletal muscles of the mdx mouse.</a> Neuromuscul Disord. 12, S90-S94 (2002).</li><li>Tinsley, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+full-length+utrophin+prevents+muscular+dystrophy+in+mdx+mice.">Expression of full-length utrophin prevents muscular dystrophy in mdx mice.</a> Nat Med. 4 (12), 1441-1444 (1998).</li><li>Song, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suite+of+clinically+relevant+functional+assays+to+address+therapeutic+efficacy+and+disease+mechanism+in+the+dystrophic+mdx+mouse.">Suite of clinically relevant functional assays to address therapeutic efficacy and disease mechanism in the dystrophic mdx mouse.</a> J Appl Physiol. 122 (3), 593-602 (2017).</li><li>Bolivar, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrasession+and+intersession+habituation+in+mice:+from+inbred+strain+variability+to+linkage+analysis.">Intrasession and intersession habituation in mice: from inbred strain variability to linkage analysis.</a> Neurobiol Learn Mem. 92 (2), 206-214 (2009).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Açık alan tahlil motor işlevi kas hastalığı fare modellerinde sınamak için etkili ve non-invaziv bir yol sağlar ve bu tahlil varyasyonları önceden klinik çalışmalar için bir bitiş noktası değerli ölçü olarak hizmet verebilir. Bir büyük ile bu tür bir tahlil faaliyet izleme sistemleri, yüksek maliyetli ve sınırlı erişilebilirlik kısıtlamadır. Bu çalışmada, varolan ticari yazılım ve donanım için benzer sonuçlar üretebilir açık alan etkinlik analizi için bir düşük maliyetli sis...

Güvenilir ve tekrarlanabilir ölçümler kas işlevinin DMD için potansiyel tedavilerin etkinliğini değerlendirmek için kritik öneme sahiptir. DMD Progresif kas güçsüzlüğü, kaybetme-in ambulation ve nihai solunum yetmezliği için önde gelen dystrophin gen mutasyonlar neden bir genetik bozukluk var. En çok kullanılan hayvan modeli DMD dystrophin boş mdx faredir. Fonksiyonel testi mdx fare de olduğu gibi diğer dystrophies ve myopathies benzer hayvan modelleri hastalığın ilerlemesinde değerlendirmek için rutin deneyleri olarak ortaya çıktı. Yaygın olarak kullanılan vivo içinde deneyleri forelimb kavrama gücü, yorgunluktan treadmill çalışan ve motor aktivite izleme sırasında saat, rotarod maksimum, saat asılı tel ölçümleri içerir. Alanında preklinik çalışmalar arasında değişkenlik azaltılması ve fareler1,2' test therapeutics translasyonel potansiyelini artırmak amacı ile bu testler standartlaştırmak için önemli bir çaba olmuştur.
Preklinik test bir önemli kategori gönüllü hareketi, kas distrofisi fare modellerinde sık değiştirilen parametre ölçümdür. Bu genellikle açık alan etkinliğini izleme tabanlı deneyleri tarafından test ve (yürüyüş) yatay veya dikey (yetiştirme) hareketleri2,3,4dakika veya saat boyunca değerlendirmek. Çalışmalar bir dizi mdx farelerde özellikle egzersiz sonrası, değiştirilmesi için gönüllü hareketi göstermiştir ve bu ölçümler uyuşturucu tedavi ve hastalık ilerleme hassas olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu deneyleri yerine bir büyük sınırlama özel, yüksek maliyetli ekipman için ihtiyaç vardır. Burada, kolayca kullanılabilir kaynakları kullanarak fare ambulation izleyen bir düşük maliyetli yöntem sunulmaktadır.
Duchenne kas distrofisi5,6ile bireylerde bir klinik değerlendirme aracı olarak yaygın olarak kullanılan bir ölçü 6 dakikalık yürüme mesafesindedir. Bu ölçü değişiklikleri Duchenne, mdx fareler7 ve altın geri almak kas distrofisi (GRMD) köpekler8de dahil olmak üzere hayvan modellerinde sonuçları değerlendirmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, hemen ardından bir hafif egzersiz challenge 6 dakika içinde gönüllü açık alan hareket kaydederiz. Ambulation mesafe sonra yatay hareketi zamanla ölçmek için özgür açık kaynak bilgisayar yazılımı kullanılarak hesaplanır.
Bu yöntem büyük avantajı özel ekipman veya yüksek maliyetli ticari yazılım analiz için gerek kalmadan hayvanlar çeşitli ayarları test olduğunu. Bir önemli yönü bu analiz taşıma veya bir özel çekirdek tesisine fareler vivaryum dışarı aktarma gerek kalmadan bir temel laboratuvar ortamında yapılabilir olmasıdır. Burada açıklanan video izleme Protokolü nispeten kısa süre-sürelerle ambulation değerlendirilmesi için uygundur ve vahşi-türü ve mdx fareler arasında faaliyet farklılıkları algılamak, yanı yapabilirsiniz bir kurtarma fonksiyonel iyileşme ortaya DMD modeli.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>Apple Inc.</td>
			<td>ME553LL/A</td>
			<td>For recording ambulation video, iPhone 5S Plus (or equivalent)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kinovea software (version 0.8.15)</td>
			<td>Kinovea Association</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Open source video analysis software. Free download, PC compatible (Version 0.8.15, www.kinovea.org)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iMovie (version 10.0.6)</td>
			<td>Apple Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any similar software can be used to reduce video frame rate (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roughneck 32 Gallon Black Round Trash Bin (Open field chamber)</td>
			<td>Rubbermaid</td>
			<td># 1778013</td>
			<td>Any open field chamber system can be adapted for recording. This study uses a recording chamber constructed out of a tray on a platform, at the bottom of a large trash bin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avant White Plastic Tray 15&#34;W x 10&#34;D x 1.45&#34;H (Open field chamber)</td>
			<td>US Acrylic, LLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any open field chamber system can be adapted for recording. This study uses a recording chamber constructed out of a tray on a platform, at the bottom of a large trash bin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>#000664</td>
			<td>Male 6 month mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/10ScSn-Dmd/J (mdx)</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>#001801</td>
			<td>Male 6 month mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mdx: utrophin-Tg (fiona)</td>
			<td>Gift from from James Ervasti, with permission from Kay Davies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Male 6 month mice</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple and low-cost assay for measuring ambulation in mouse models of muscular dystrophy

Kas distrofisi tedavisinde fonksiyonel sonuçları ölçme preklinik test temel bir yönüdür. Fare modellerinde gönüllü ambulation değerlendirilmesi hasta ambulation 6 dakika yürüme testi gibi önlemler doğrudan benzerdir ve hareketlilik puanları ile ilgili bir non-invaziv ve tekrarlanabilir etkinliği tahlil olduğunu. Fare ambulation hız ve mesafe test etmek için pek çok ortak yöntem nerede bir hayvanın serbest dolaşımı bir arena içinde zaman içinde ölçülen açık alan testinin temel alır. Bu yaklaşımın bir büyük dezavantajı bu ticari yazılım ve donanımları, yüksek çözünürlüklü hareket takibi için pahalı ve test etmek için Özel İmkanlar fareler aktarılması gerektirebilir. Burada, özgür ve açık kaynak yazılım kullanan fare ambulation ölçmek için bir düşük maliyetli, video tabanlı sistemi açıklanmaktadır. Duchenne kas distrofisi (DMD) vahşi tipi fare aktivite göre azalır için bu iletişim kuralını kullanan, biz dystrophin boş mdx fare modeli gönüllü bu ambulation göstermektedir. Mdx içinde fare utrophin transgene ifade, bu etkinlik açıkları değil gözlenir ve toplam mesafe vahşi tipi fareler ayırt edilemez. Bu yöntem gönüllü ambulation distrofik patoloji ile ilişkili değişiklikleri ölçmek için etkilidir ve farklı araştırma ayarlarına kolayca adapte edilebilir çok yönlü bir platform sağlar.

Açık alan tahlil varyasyonları hastalık ilerleme kas distrofisi modellerinde test etmek için etkili bir yöntem olduğu gösterilmiştir. Burada, çok yönlü bir video izleme yöntemini hazır kayıt cihazları ve açık kaynak yazılım (şekil 1A-B) kullanarak iki boyutlu fare hareket analizi için göstermektedir. Tutarlı sonuçlar ile bildirilen benzer deneyleri hemen test göstermeden önce önemli ölçüde daha ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy at JoVE.com

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Ambulation kas distrofisi, fare modellerinde ölçmek için basit ve düşük maliyetli bir tahlil

Bu iletişim kuralı fare ambulation bir açık alan faaliyet tahlil ölçmek için esnek, düşük maliyetli bir sistem açıklar. Biz bu sistemine dayalı bir 6 dakika ambulation tahlil gönüllü hareketi bir düşüş mdx farelerde algılar ve doğru bir şekilde ayıran bir kas özel kurtarma düzelme bu hayvanların gösteriyor.

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

a-simple-low-cost-assay-for-measuring-ambulation-mouse-models

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.8K Görüntüleme.  University of California. Bu iletişim kuralı fare ambulation bir açık alan faaliyet tahlil ölçmek için esnek, düşük maliyetli bir sistem açıklar. Biz bu sistemine dayalı bir 6 dakika ambulation tahlil gönüllü hareketi bir düşüş mdx farelerde algılar ve doğru bir şekilde ayıran bir kas özel kurtarma düzelme bu hayvanların gösteriyor.

Video: A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Nest Building as an Indicator of Health and Welfare in Laboratory Mice

The minimization and alleviation of suffering has moral and scientific implications. In order to mitigate this negative experience one must be able to identify when an animal is actually in distress. Pain, illness, or distress cannot be managed if unrecognized. Evaluation of pain or illness typically involves the measurement of physiologic and behavioral indicators which are either invasive or not suitable for large scale assessment. The observation of nesting behavior shows promise as the basis of a species appropriate cage-side assessment tool for recognizing distress in mice. Here we demonstrate the utility of nest building behavior in laboratory mice as an ethologically relevant indicator of welfare. The methods presented can be successfully used to identify thermal stressors, aggressive cages, sickness, and pain. Observation of nest building behavior in mouse colonies provides a refinement to health and well-being assessment on a day to day basis.

We demonstrate the utility of nest building behavior in laboratory mice as an indicator of welfare. Nest scoring is a sensitive technique that is altered by temperature, illness, and aggression. The time to integrate into nest test (TINT) is a simple cage-side assessment that can detect postoperative pain.

The minimization and alleviation of  suffering has moral and scientific implications. In order to mitigate this  negative experience one must be able to ...

Davranış

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Küçük ve Büyük Kemirgen Modelleri ile Barnes Labirent Test Stratejileri

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

Koşu Bandı Yorulma Testi: Mouse Yorgunluk gibi Davranış Basit, Yüksek verim Deneyi

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the animal&#39;s wellbeing and health. There are numerous behavioral tests that may be applied. We selected a test for general locomotion, the open field test (OFT); a test for muscular strength, the mesh test (MT); and a test for coordination, the rotarod test (RR). Testing can be accomplished on a weekly or monthly basis. As a test for general locomotion, the OFT works by objectively monitoring movement parameters while the mouse is in an open field apparatus. The field is generally a 2&#39; x 2&#39; box, and the movements are recorded through laser sensing or through video capture. The mouse is placed in the center of the open field and allowed to move freely for the test. The MT uses the latency for a mouse to fall off an inverted screen as a measure of muscular strength. A mouse is placed on a screen, which is inverted over a clear box, and is timed for their latency to fall. Three trials are performed, with the best of the three trials scored for that day. A score of 60 s is the maximum time a mouse is left inverted. Mice are given a 5-min rest period between mesh test trials. Lastly, an accelerated protocol on the RR assesses motor coordination and endurance. During a trial, a mouse walks on a rotating rod as it increases in speed from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min. The trial ends when the mouse touches the magnetized pressure sensor upon falling. Each mouse undergoes three trials, and the best trial is scored for that day. This combined behavioral data allows for the global assessment of mobility, coordination, strength, and movement of the test animals. At least two out of the three behavioral testing measures must show improvement for an animal to qualify as having overall improved motor function.

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects of a disease or treatment on an animal's wellbeing. In order to globally assess motor functioning, we selected tests for general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination: the open field test, the mesh test, and the rotarod test, respectively.

Batarya-in davranış değerlendirilmesi genel hareket, kas gücü ve koordinasyon farelerde testleri

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

Otomatik, Alzheimer hastalığının IntelliCage kullanarak, birden çok genetik modellerinde bilişsel işlevler için uzun vadeli davranış tahlil

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Aktif ve pasif Tameness ayrı olarak farelerde ölçme

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as a useful biological indicator of water quality. Even though crayfish cannot directly specify the substances that cause water quality deterioration, they can immediately (within a few seconds) warn humans of water quality deterioration via acute changes in their cardiac and behavioral activities.
In this study, we present a noninvasive method that is simple enough to be implemented under various conditions due to a combination of simplicity and reliability in one model.
This approach, in which the biological organisms are implemented into environmental evaluation processes, provides a reliable and timely alarm for warning of and preventing acute water deterioration in an ambient environment. Therefore, this noninvasive system based on crayfish physiological and ethological parameter recordings was investigated for the detection of changes in an aquatic environment. This system is now applied at a local brewery for controlling&#160;quality of the water used for beverage production, but it can be used at any water treatment and supply facility for continuous, real-time water quality evaluation and for regular laboratory investigations of crayfish cardiac physiology and behavior.

This article presents a noninvasive biomonitoring system for the continuous recording and analyses of crayfish cardiac and locomotor activities. This system consists of a near-infrared optical sensor, a video-tracking module, and software for evaluating crayfish heartbeats that reflects its physiological condition and characterizes crayfish behavior during heartbeat fluctuations.

Kerevit kardiyak ve davranışsal faaliyetlerinin sürekli noninvaziv ölçme

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important behavioral test to determine whether the mice mimic the symptoms of patients. Motor deficits are often induced by stress when no spontaneous motor phenotype is observed in the mouse models. Therefore, gait analysis followed by stress loading would be a sensitive method for evaluating the motor phenotype in mouse models. However, researchers face the requirement of an expensive apparatus to obtain quantitative results automatically from gait analysis. For stress, stress loading by simple methods without expensive apparatuses required for electric shock and forced running is desirable. Therefore, we introduce a simple and low-cost protocol consisting of footprint analysis with paper and ink, hanging box test to evaluate motor function, and stress loading defined by restraint with a conical tube. The motor deficits of mice were successfully detected by this protocol.

The low-cost protocol consisting of footprint analysis and hanging box test after restraint stress is useful for evaluating the movement disorders of mouse model.

Düşük maliyetli Protokolü ayak izi analizi ve kutu testi fareler için asılı kronik kısıtlama stres uygulanan

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important ...

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER): A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function in many areas of research, the available commercial options have several limitations such as high cost and lack of accessible, open code. To address these issues, we developed PrAnCER, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings, for automated quantification of gait. The contrast-enhanced recordings are produced by using a translucent floor that obscures objects not in contact with the surface, effectively isolating the rat&#8217;s paw prints as it walks. Using these videos, our simple software program reliably measures a variety of spatiotemporal gait parameters. To demonstrate that PrAnCER can accurately detect changes in motor function, we employed a haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). We tested rats at two doses of haloperidol: high dose (0.30 mg/kg) and low dose (0.15 mg/kg). Haloperidol significantly increased stance duration and hind paw contact area in the low dose condition, as might be expected in a PD model. In the high dose condition, we found a similar increase in contact area but also an unexpected increase in stride length. With further research, we found that this increased stride length is consistent with the bracing-escape phenomenon commonly observed at higher doses of haloperidol. Thus, PrAnCER was able to detect both expected and unexpected changes in rodent gait patterns. Additionally, we confirmed that PrAnCER is consistent and accurate when compared with manual scoring of gait parameters.

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings PrAnCER: A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

We describe a novel gait analysis system, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER), an open-access automated system for the quantification of gait characteristics in rats that utilizes a novel semitransparent floor to automatically quantify gait. This system was validated using the haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s Disease.

Kontrastlı Gelişmiş Kayıtların (PrAnCER) Paw-Print Analizi: Motor Açıklarının Değerlendirilmesi için Düşük Maliyetli, Açık Erişimli Otomatik Yürüyüş Analiz Sistemi

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function ...