Yazarlar çekirdek tesis cep Enstitüsü ve Organismic biyoloji, Academia Sinica, teknik destek için teşekkür ederiz. Bu Çalışma Bakanlığı bilim ve teknoloji, Tayvan (Y.-F. için en 103-2320-B-001-016-MY3 tarafından desteklenmiştir L.), Program translasyonel biyofarmasotik geliştirme-Platform eksen destekleyen teknoloji yenilik için Düzen (Y.-Tayback için NP7) ve Academia Sinica (Y.-Tayback için).

1. Luciferase gazeteci sinyalleri, γ-Secretase bölünme APP-C99 veya NΔE için karşılık gelen ölçümü
Not: Lütfen CG ve NG hücreleri20,21nesil ayrıntılı açıklamaları için önceki yayınlara bakın.
<ol><li>
Tohum hücreleri NG veya CG (20, 000 hücre/iyi) 96-şey Mikroplaka 200 μL/kuyuda Dulbecco'nın modifiye kartal orta (DMEM) artı % 10 fetal sığır serum (FBS), 5 μg/mL blasticidin, 250 μg/mL antibiyotik (örneğin oluşan büyüme orta bir son seste üzerine zeocin) ve 200 μg/mL hygromycin d.
	<ol>
<li>Bir hemasitometre içeren hücreleri saymak.</li>
		<li>Mikroplaka bir oksijen CO2 kuluçka aktarmak ve 37 ° C'de gecede kuluçkaya.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>100 μL büyüme ortamının her kuyudan çıkarın.</li>
	<li>100 μL/iyi büyüme eklemek orta ya % 0,2 Dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO), 2 mikron ile 2 μg/mL tetrasiklin içeren CL-387,785, 2 mikron N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butylester (DAPT) veya diğer ilgili ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitörleri.</li>
	<li>Mikroplaka 24 h 37 ° C'de tedavi CG veya NG hücrelerde kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>150 μL/iyi büyüme orta Mikroplaka kaldırın.</li>
	<li>50 μL/iyi luciferase tahlil reaktif ekleyin ( Tablo reçetesibakınız).</li>
	<li>
Mikroplaka bir ışıldama Mikroplaka okuyucu aktarın.
	<ol>
<li>Mikroplaka nazik ajitasyon ile 5 min için oda sıcaklığında korumak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Ateş böceği luciferase (FL) belirlemek-ışıldama ışıldama Mikroplaka okuyucu içinde kayıtlı bir önceden tanımlı program kullanarak yayılan.
	<ol>
<li>Araç kontrol yazılımı açın ( Tablo reçetesi enstrüman Ayrıntılar için bakınız).</li>
		<li>'Luminometry' 'Aracı' menüsünden seçin.<ol>
<li>'Parameters' Ayarlar ' ın altında emisyon filtre, kene 'Normal' için emisyon diyafram, girmek için '1' için zaman sayma 'Filtre' seçin ve yukarı ışıldama okuma ayarlamak için 'Tamam' tıklatın.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>'Araç kontrol' sekmesi altında etkin iletişim kuralları listesinde gezinin ve ışıldama okumak için önceden saklı protokolü seçin.</li>
		<li>'Ekran canlı' sekmesinin altındaki aşağı açılır listesinden ölçek tanımlamak ve 'Logaritma' veya 'Lineer' türü için seçin.</li>
		<li>'Isı' sekmesinde, 'Off' tabak Isıtma için seçin.</li>
		<li>Okuma ışıldama gerçekleştirmek için 'Başlat' düğmesini tıklatın.</li>
		<li>Gerektiğinde, sonuçları 'gömülü kontrol yazılımı içinde belgili tanımlık keşfe çıkmak' kullanarak elektronik tablo biçimine dışa aktarabilirsiniz.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. miktar γ-Secretase aktivitesinin
<ol><li>
CG tarafından yayılan bir ışıma sinyal veya büyüme orta % 100 göreli γ-secretase etkinlik olarak yalnız 1 μg/mL tetrasiklin içeren % 0,1 DMSO ile tedavi hücreleri NG tanımlayın.
	<ol>
<li>Arka plan ışıldama CG veya NG hücreden tetrasiklin içermez büyüme orta hücrelerle tedavi tarafından tahmin ediyoruz.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Luciferase sinyalleri ile büyüme orta 1 μg/mL tetrasiklin içeren kültürlü CG veya NG hücreleri normal duruma getirmeye ve ya 1 mikron CL-387,785 veya 1 mikron luciferase sinyali ile DAPT CG DMSO tedavi veya NG tarafından yayılan hücreleri (% 100 göreli γ-secretase etkinlik, olarak 2.1 içinde tanımlanmış olan).</li>
</ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha,+interleukin-1beta,+and+interferon-gamma+stimulate+gamma-secretase-mediated+cleavage+of+amyloid+precursor+protein+through+a+JNK-dependent+MAPK+pathway.">Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma stimulate gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein through a JNK-dependent MAPK pathway.</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (47), 49523-49532 (2004).</li><li>Wang, B. 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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Aducanumab immünoterapi evre 1b deneme reklam için gelen umut verici sonuçlar sıkıca Aβ kritik rolü yılında22 patogenezinde kurduk ve anti-Aβ yaklaşımlar hala Anti-reklam uyuşturucu gelişimi için uygun bir strateji olduğunu göstermektedir. Burada γ-secretase-katalize proteolizis APP-C99 ve ateş böceği luciferase muhabir sistemleri kullanarak NΔE miktarının için hücre tabanlı deneyleri tarif. APP-C99 ve NΔE iki en iyi okudu γ-secretase yüzeylerde ve birlikte γ-secreta...

Amiloid-β (Aβ) oligomeric formları ateş hastalarda Alzheimer hastalığı (Ah)1' den beynindeki başlıca nedeni olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Aβ peptitler β-secretase ve γ-secretase2tarafından ilk amiloid precursor protein (APP), kademeli bir bölünme tarafından üretilmektedir. Son on yılda, reklam tedavisinde doğru tedavi yaklaşımları Aβ üretim3önlenmesi üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Çalışmalar çoğunluğu γ-secretase bölünme app engel ve böylece Aβ üretimi veya β-ve/veya γ-secretase faaliyetleri4inhibisyonu azaltır α-secretase etkinlik, her iki büyütme üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Ne yazık ki, non-selektif kaçınılmaz yan etkileri sonuçlarında β veya γ secretases inhibisyonu β ve γ secretase5,6diğer fizyolojik yüzeylerde, işleyişi ile girişim bu kaynaklanmaktadır. γ-secretase inhibitörleri ile ilgili son çalışmalar bir dizi üzerinde çentik7 temel γ-secretase-aracılı işlenmesi ihmal edilebilir etkileri uygulamakla süre Aβ üretim düzenleyen kimyasal ve genetik modülatörler keşfi bildirdin ,8,9,10,11,12, ancak, başarılı tedavi değil henüz geliştirilmiştir. Böylece, daha fazla sistematik ekranlar seçici APP işleme γ-secretase-aracılı modüle roman genetik ve kimyasal değiştiricileri bulmak için garanti altındadır.
Γ-Secretase 90'dan fazla farklı proteinler membran bağlantılı ayırmak olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu yüzeyler arasında düzeydedir, olan faaliyet hücre kaderini belirleme farklılaşma geliştirme13sırasında için önemlidir. Seçmeli olarak γ-secretase-katalize APP olmaması durumunda işleme oransal çentik etkileyen işleme minimizing çentik ile ilgili yan etkileri için γ-secretase inhibitörleri gerekli olacak ve bu seçicilik olacak birincil faktör olduğu düşünülmektedir Reklam kronik tedavisi için potansiyel γ-secretase modülatörler biyolojik etkinliği dikte. Arylsulfonamide türevleri, GSI-953 (begacestat) ve BMS-708163 (avagacestat), γ-secretase14,15güçlü ve seçici inhibisyonu sergilemek bulunmuş gibi bir dizi olmuştur. Bir önceki çalışma γ-secretase dekolte APP ve çentik fark inhibisyon Zebra balığı16kullanarak vivo içinde validation ile birleşimiyle ELISA tabanlı bir nicel tahlil gözlenen göstermiştir. Ayrıca, hücre tabanlı tahlil paradigmalar γ-secretase APP ve çentik17,18doğru olası substrat selectivity gidermek amacıyla kurulmuştur. Burada açıklananlar için benzer protokolleriyle, biz son zamanlarda yeni bir sınıf (d) keşfettim-kuvvetli APP γ-secretase bölünme çentik tutumlu seçicilik19ile modüle leucinamides. Birlikte, bu çalışmaların bir kanıtı-of-substrat seçicilik/kullanılabilirliğini γ-secretase kimyasal modülasyon ve deneysel doğrulama tabi olabilir fikri destekleyen concept sağlar. Ancak, bu tahlil platformlar çoğunlukla nispeten düşük işlem hacmi dökümanları ve ilaç bulma programları için endüstri standartlarını karşılamıyor olabilir emek yoğun yaklaşımlar kullanır.
Biz-si olmak son zamanlarda oluşturmak kantitatif γ-secretase iki farklı yüzeylerde, APP (APP-C99) 99-amino asit C-terminal parçası ve ekstraselüler katalitik aktivitesini belirleyebilirsiniz hücre tabanlı luciferase muhabir gen deneyleri Çentik peptid (NΔE) etki alanı silindi. APP-C99 ve NΔE olarak γ-secretase çeşitli deneyleri içinde doğrudan yüzeylerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Homojen ve tutarlı luciferase muhabir gen deneyleri için APP-C99 veya NΔE γ-secretase bölünme üretmek için yapısal bir Gal4 ateş böceği organizatörü tahrik luciferase muhabir (ifade eder bir istikrarlı hücre HEK elde edilen satır (CG) oluşturulan Gal4-Luc) ve Gal4/VP16-öğesini APP-C99 füzyon protein (C99-GV). Buna ek olarak, yapısal Gal4-Luc ve NΔE (NΔE-GV) Gal4/VP16-öğesini ifade başka bir istikrarlı hücre HEK elde edilen satır (NG) oluşturulan. Bu roman substrat özgü γ-secretase deneyleri kullanarak, biz şimdi ölçmek ve γ-secretase farklı yüzeylerde (CG hücrelerindeki APP-C99) veya NΔE NG hücrelere doğru katalitik aktivitesini ayırt etmek için bir yöntem sağlar. Ayrıca, substrat özgü γ-secretase deneyleri yüksek içerik tarama platformları için elverişli olması için tasarlanmıştır. Bu yeni oluşturulan γ-secretase deneyleri bilişsel işlev yeni nesil tedavisi için istenmeyen çentik inhibisyon alabilme olmadan Aβ üretim baskılayarak artırabilirsiniz roman γ-secretase modülatörler keşfi için önünü açabilir Reklam.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>VictorLight luminescence plate reader</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>2030-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II, Type 2 Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>1300 Series A2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CL-387,785</td>
			<td>EMD Calbiochem</td>
			<td>233100-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPT</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>565770</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12100046</td>
			<td>main compnent of growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blasticidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A1113903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeocin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R25005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hygromycin B</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10687010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytomer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>BR717805 Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well microplate</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>156545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetracycline</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T7660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steady-Glo luciferase assay reagent</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E2510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidified CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Revco</td>
			<td>Ultima II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-REx293 cell line</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R71007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wallac 1420 software version 3.0</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>instrument control software of the luminescence microplate reader</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative measurement of &#947;-secretase-mediated amyloid precursor protein and notch cleavage in cell-based luciferase reporter assay platforms

Biz hücre tabanlı muhabir gen deneyleri kantitatif farklı yüzeylerde γ-secretase bölünme ölçmek için bir çift geliştirdik. Bu el yazması γ-secretase-aracılı bölünme APP-C99 veya çentik, bir Gal4 ateş böceği organizatörü tahrik luciferase muhabir sistemi kullanarak izlemek için kullanılan yordamları açıklar. Bu deneyleri stabil CO HEK293 hücreleri Gal4 tahrik luciferase muhabir gen ve app (APP-C99; Gal4/VP16-tagged C-terminal parça transfecting tarafından kuruldu CG hücreleri), veya Gal4/VP16-etiketli çentik-ΔE (NΔE; NG hücreleri). Bu muhabir deneyleri paralel olarak kullanarak, biz bu göstermiştir bir ErbB2 inhibitörü CL-387,785, tercihen γ-secretase bölünme APP-C99 CG hücrelerdeki ama değil NΔE NG hücrelerdeki bastırmak. CL-387,785 ile tedavi ederken CG ve NG hücreleri tarafından sergilenen fark yanıt γ-secretase modülatörler için tercih edilen bir karakteristik, hem de bu yanıtları γ-secretase DAPT tarafından indüklenen pan inhibisyonu alışılmışın tersine olan. Çalışmalarımız γ-secretase faaliyetleri farklı yüzeylerde doğru hücresel bir bağlamda farklılaşmış doğrudan kanıt sağlar. Bu yeni deneyleri bu nedenle ilaç keşif geliştirilmiş AD tedaviler için yararlı araçlar olabilir.

İnhibisyon ErbB2 CL-387,785 tarafından differentially APP-C99 tarafından işlenmesini teşvik γ -secretase çentik bölünme etkilemeden Kantitatif belirli γ-secretase substrat proteolitik bölünme ölçebilirsiniz hücre tabanlı bir tahlil oluşturmak için biz oluşturulan CG HEK293 elde edilen hücre kültürünü bir tetrasiklin-indüklenebilir C-ölümcül Gal4/VP16-öğesini, istikrarlı co transfection tarafından APP-C99...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Measurement of Î³-Secretase-mediated Amyloid Precursor Protein and Notch Cleavage in Cell-based Luciferase Reporter Assay Platforms at JoVE.com

Quantitative Measurement of &#947;-Secretase-mediated Amyloid Precursor Protein and Notch Cleavage in Cell-based Luciferase Reporter Assay Platforms

İki substrat özgü γ-secretase deneyleri başarılı bir şekilde üretilip. Burada sunulan her iki hücre tabanlı deneyleri γ-secretase enzimatik faaliyetleri yolu ile ateş böceği luciferase gazetecilere verim ölçmek için tasarlanmıştır.

Amiloid habercisi γ-Secretase-aracılı Protein ve çentik bölünme hücre tabanlı Luciferase muhabir tahlil platformlarda nicel ölçüm

We have developed a pair of cell-based reporter gene assays to quantitatively measure &#947;-secretase cleavage of distinct substrates. This manuscript ...

quantitative-measurement-secretase-mediated-amyloid-precursor-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

6.7K Görüntüleme.  Academia Sinica. İki substrat özgü γ-secretase deneyleri başarılı bir şekilde üretilip. Burada sunulan her iki hücre tabanlı deneyleri γ-secretase enzimatik faaliyetleri yolu ile ateş böceği luciferase gazetecilere verim ölçmek için tasarlanmıştır.

Video: Quantitative Measurement of γ-Secretase-mediated Amyloid Precursor Protein and Notch Cleavage in Cell-based Luciferase Reporter Assay Platforms

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid &beta;-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis difficult1. Definite AD diagnosis is achieved only postmortem, thus establishing presymptomatic, early diagnosis of AD is crucial for developing and administering effective therapies2,3.
Amyloid &beta;-protein (A&beta;) is central to AD pathogenesis. Soluble, oligomeric A&beta; assemblies are believed to affect neurotoxicity underlying synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in AD4,5. Various forms of soluble A&beta; assemblies have been described, however, their interrelationships and relevance to AD etiology and pathogenesis are complex and not well understood6. Specific molecular recognition tools may unravel the relationships amongst A&beta; assemblies and facilitate detection and characterization of these assemblies early in the disease course before symptoms emerge. Molecular recognition commonly relies on antibodies. However, an alternative class of molecular recognition tools, aptamers, offers important advantages relative to antibodies7,8. Aptamers are oligonucleotides generated by in-vitro selection: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)9,10. SELEX is an iterative process that, similar to Darwinian evolution, allows selection, amplification, enrichment, and perpetuation of a property, e.g., avid, specific, ligand binding (aptamers) or catalytic activity (ribozymes and DNAzymes).
Despite emergence of aptamers as tools in modern biotechnology and medicine11, they have been underutilized in the amyloid field. Few RNA or ssDNA aptamers have been selected against various forms of prion proteins (PrP)12-16. An RNA aptamer generated against recombinant bovine PrP was shown to recognize bovine PrP-&beta;17, a soluble, oligomeric, &beta;-sheet-rich conformational variant of full-length PrP that forms amyloid fibrils18. Aptamers generated using monomeric and several forms of fibrillar &beta;2-microglobulin (&beta;2m) were found to bind fibrils of certain other amyloidogenic proteins besides &beta;2m fibrils19. Ylera et al. described RNA aptamers selected against immobilized monomeric A&beta;4020. Unexpectedly, these aptamers bound fibrillar A&beta;40. Altogether, these data raise several important questions. Why did aptamers selected against monomeric proteins recognize their polymeric forms? Could aptamers against monomeric and/or oligomeric forms of amyloidogenic proteins be obtained? To address these questions, we attempted to select aptamers for covalently-stabilized oligomeric A&beta;4021 generated using photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP)22,23. Similar to previous findings17,19,20, these aptamers reacted with fibrils of A&beta; and several other amyloidogenic proteins likely recognizing a potentially common amyloid structural aptatope21. Here, we present the SELEX methodology used in production of these aptamers21.

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid &#946;-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Aptamers are short ribo-/deoxyribo-oligonucleotides selected by in-vitro evolution methods based on affinity for a specific target. Aptamers are molecular recognition tools with versatile therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. We demonstrate methods for selection of aptamers for amyloid &beta;-protein, the causative agent of Alzheimer's disease.

Amiloid beta-Protein, Alzheimer hastalığının etkeni Aptamers Seçimi

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis ...

Nörobilim

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Bozulmamış Duyu Organ Öncü Hücreler Canlı hücre Görüntüleme Drosophila Pupa

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

A Galvanotaxis Assay for Analysis of Neural Precursor Cell Migration Kinetics in an Externally Applied Direct Current Electric Field

The discovery of neural stem and progenitor cells (collectively termed neural precursor cells) (NPCs) in the adult mammalian brain has led to a body of research aimed at utilizing the multipotent and proliferative properties of these cells for the development of neuroregenerative strategies. A critical step for the success of such strategies is the mobilization of NPCs toward a lesion site following exogenous transplantation or to enhance the response of the endogenous precursors that are found in the periventricular region of the CNS. Accordingly, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that promote, guide, and enhance NPC migration. Our work focuses on the utilization of direct current electric fields (dcEFs) to promote and direct NPC migration - a phenomenon known as galvanotaxis. Endogenous physiological electric fields function as critical cues for cell migration during normal development and wound repair. Pharmacological disruption of the trans-neural tube potential in axolotl embryos causes severe developmental malformations1. In the context of wound healing, the rate of repair of wounded cornea is directly correlated with the magnitude of the epithelial wound potential that arises after injury, as shown by pharmacological enhancement or disruption of this dcEF2-3. We have demonstrated that adult subependymal NPCs undergo rapid and directed cathodal migration in vitro when exposed to an externally applied dcEF. In this protocol we describe our lab's techniques for creating a simple and effective galvanotaxis assay for high-resolution, long-term observation of directed cell body translocation (migration) on a single-cell level. This assay would be suitable for investigating the mechanisms that regulate dcEF transduction into cellular motility through the use of transgenic or knockout mice, short interfering RNA, or specific receptor agonists/antagonists.

In this protocol we demonstrate how to construct custom chambers that permit the application of a direct current electric field to enable time-lapse imaging of adult brain derived neural precursor cell translocation during galvanotaxis.

Dıştan Uygulanan Doğru Akım Elektrik Alanında Nöral Prekürsör Hücre Göç Kinetik Analizi için galvanotaksis Assay

The discovery of neural stem and progenitor  cells (collectively termed neural precursor cells) (NPCs) in the adult  mammalian brain has led to a body of ...

High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

Odorants create unique and overlapping patterns of olfactory receptor activation, allowing a family of approximately 1,000 murine and 400 human receptors to recognize thousands of odorants. Odorant ligands have been published for fewer than 6% of human receptors1-11. This lack of data is due in part to difficulties functionally expressing these receptors in heterologous systems. Here, we describe a method for expressing the majority of the olfactory receptor family in Hana3A cells, followed by high-throughput assessment of olfactory receptor activation using a luciferase reporter assay. This assay can be used to (1) screen panels of odorants against panels of olfactory receptors; (2) confirm odorant/receptor interaction via dose response curves; and (3) compare receptor activation levels among receptor variants. In our sample data, 328 olfactory receptors were screened against 26 odorants. Odorant/receptor pairs with varying response scores were selected and tested in dose response. These data indicate that a screen is an effective method to enrich for odorant/receptor pairs that will pass a dose response experiment, i.e. receptors that have a bona fide response to an odorant. Therefore, this high-throughput luciferase assay is an effective method to characterize olfactory receptors&#8212;an essential step toward a model of odor coding in the mammalian olfactory system.

Olfactory receptor activation patterns encode odor identity, but the lack of published data identifying odorant ligands for mammalian olfactory receptors hinders the development of a comprehensive model of odor coding. This protocol describes a method to facilitate high-throughput identification of olfactory receptor ligands and quantification of receptor activation.

Lusiferaz aktivitesi ile reseptör aktivasyonunun bir ölçümü: Memeli Koku reseptörünün yüksek throughput Analizi

Odorants create unique and overlapping patterns of olfactory receptor activation, allowing a family of approximately 1,000 murine and 400 human receptors ...

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. Previous studies have shown that the postsynaptic distribution of Dlg at the larval NMJ overlaps with that of Hu-li tai shao (Hts), a homologue to the mammalian adducins. In addition, Dlg and Hts are observed to form a complex with each other based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments involving whole adult fly lysates. Due to the nature of these experiments, however, it was unknown whether this complex exists specifically at the NMJ during larval development.
Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) is a recently developed technique used mostly in cell and tissue culture that can detect protein-protein interactions in situ. In this assay, samples are incubated with primary antibodies against the two proteins of interest using standard immunohistochemical procedures. The primary antibodies are then detected with a specially designed pair of oligonucleotide-conjugated secondary antibodies, termed PLA probes, which can be used to generate a signal only when the two probes have bound in close proximity to each other. Thus, proteins that are in a complex can be visualized. Here, it is demonstrated how PLA can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval NMJ. The technique is performed on larval body wall muscle preparations to show that a complex between Dlg and Hts does indeed exist at the postsynaptic region of NMJs.

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol demonstrates how Proximity Ligation Assay can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. With this technique, Discs large and Hu-li tai shao are shown to form a complex at the postsynaptic region, an association previously identified through co-immunoprecipitation.

Algılama<em&gt; In Situ</emEn&gt; Protein-protein kompleksleri<em&gt; Drosophila</emProximity ligasyon Testi Kullanımı&gt; Larva Nöromüsküler Junction

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

Fare Hippocampus içine Oligomerik Amiloid-beta Stereotaksik İnfüzyon

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Quantitative Measurement of Relative Retinoic Acid Levels in E8.5 Embryos and Neurosphere Cultures Using the F9 RARE-Lacz Cell-based Reporter Assay

Retinoic acid (RA) is an important developmental morphogen that coordinates anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis patterning, somitic differentiation, neurogenesis, patterning of the hindbrain and spinal cord, and the development of multiple organ systems. Due to its chemical nature as a small amphipathic lipid, direct detection and visualization of RA histologically remains technically impossible. Currently, methods used to infer the presence and localization of RA make use of reporter systems that detect the biological activity of RA. Most established reporter systems, both transgenic mice and cell lines, make use of the highly potent RA response element (RARE) upstream of the RAR-beta gene to drive RA-inducible expression of reporter genes, such as beta-galactosidase or luciferase. The transgenic RARE-LacZ mouse is useful in visualizing spatiotemporal changes in RA signaling especially during embryonic development. However, it does not directly measure overall RA levels. As a reporter system, the F9 RARE-LacZ cell line can be used in a variety of ways, from simple detection of RA to quantitative measurements of RA levels in tissue explants. Here we describe the quantitative determination of relative RA levels generated in embryos and neurosphere cultures using the F9 RARE-LacZ reporter cell line.

Methods to accurately measure retinoic acid (RA) levels in small amounts of tissue do not exist. This protocol describes the easy, quantitative measurement of relative RA levels in E8.5 embryos and neurospheres using an RA reporter cell line.

F9 NADİR-LacZ Hücre tabanlı Muhabir Test kullanma E8.5 Embriyolar ve Neurosphere Kültürleri Bağıl Retinoik Asit Düzeylerinin Kantitatif Ölçümü

Retinoic acid (RA) is an important developmental morphogen that coordinates anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis patterning, somitic differentiation, ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Yüksek içerik miktar Sod1 canlı hücreler Mutant Protein toplama oluşumu için tahlil geliştirme

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

Quantitative Autoradiographic Method for Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo

Protein synthesis is required for development and maintenance of neuronal function and is involved in adaptive changes in the nervous system. Moreover, it is thought that dysregulation of protein synthesis in the nervous system may be a core phenotype in some developmental disorders. Accurate measurement of rates of cerebral protein synthesis in animal models is important for understanding these disorders. The method that we have developed was designed to be applied to the study of awake, behaving animals. It is a quantitative autoradiographic method, so it can yield rates in all regions of the brain simultaneously. The method is based on the use of a tracer amino acid, L-[1-14C]-leucine, and a kinetic model of the behavior of L-leucine in the brain. We chose L-[1-14C]-leucine as the tracer because it does not lead to extraneous labeled metabolic products. It is either incorporated into protein or rapidly metabolized to yield 14CO2 which is diluted in a large pool of unlabeled CO2 in the brain. The method and the model also allow for the contribution of unlabeled leucine derived from tissue proteolysis to the tissue precursor pool for protein synthesis. The method has the spatial resolution to determine protein synthesis rates in cell and neuropil layers, as well as hypothalamic and cranial nerve nuclei. To obtain reliable and reproducible quantitative data, it is important to adhere to procedural details. Here we present the detailed procedures of the quantitative autoradiographic L-[1-14C]-leucine method for the determination of regional rates of protein synthesis in vivo.

Protein synthesis is&#160;a critical biological process for cells. In brain, it is required for adaptive changes. Measurement of rates of protein synthesis in the intact brain requires careful methodological considerations. Here we present the L-[1-14C]-leucine quantitative autoradiographic method for determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis in vivo.

Serebral protein sentezi In vivo bölgesel oranlarının belirlenmesi için nicel Autoradiographic yöntemi

Protein synthesis is required for development and maintenance of neuronal function and is involved in adaptive changes in the nervous system. Moreover, it ...

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, the reported in vitro aggregation kinetics for tau protein are less consistent presenting a relatively high variability. Here we describe the development of an in vitro aggregation assay that mimics the expected steps associated with tau misfolding and aggregation in vivo. The assay uses the longest tau isoform (huTau441) which contains both N-terminal acidic inserts as well as four microtubule binding domains (MBD). The in vitro aggregation is triggered by addition of heparin and followed continuously by thioflavin T fluorescence in a 96 well microplate format. The tau aggregation assay is highly reproducible between different wells, experimental runs and batches of the protein. The aggregation leads to tau PHF-like morphology which is very efficient in seeding the formation of de novo fibrillar structures. In addition to its application in studying the mechanism of tau misfolding and aggregation, the current assay is a robust tool for screening drugs that could interfere with the pathogenesis of tau.

In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening

The tau aggregation assay described in this manuscript mimics the anticipated features of in vivo tau misfolding and aggregation.

Vitro Tahlil türleri çalışmak için toplama Tau Protein ve uyuşturucu tarama

Aggregation of tau protein and formation of paired helical filaments is a hallmark of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and other tauopathies. Compared to other ...