Aşağıdaki finansman kaynaklarını kabul ediyoruz: NIH NINDS – K08NS101122 (JB), R01NS040337 (JK), R01NS044370 (JK), Virginia Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi (JB).

Tüm hayvan çalışmaları Virginia Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylandı.
1. Elektrot bina / kablo binası
<ol><li>Dişi bir soket konnektörüne bağlı bir elektrot yapmak için tek kutuplu yalıtımlı paslanmaz çelik tel (0,005" çıplak çap, 0,008" kaplamalı) kullanın (dişi kap konnektörü 0,079).</li>
	<li>Hayvanları amplifikatöre bağlamak için özel yapım bir kablo kullanın.<ol>
<li>4 kanallı bir birliğe erkek 4 pinli konnektör (Erkek konnektör 0,079") takın, operasyonel amplifikatörle (op-amp) eşleşen 4 kanallı birlik kazanç empedansı. 9 V bataryaya bağlanan kablolara 10K direnç takın. Op-amp'ye bağlı olmayan bir topraklama teli pilin orta noktası olarak işlev görür.</li>
		<li>Kablonun bir ucunun (AWG, 0,012" OD) op-amp'ye ve kablonun diğer ucunun amplifikatöre bağlanması.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. Elektrot implantasyon ameliyatı
<ol><li>Aşağı doğru bir akış başlığında% 4-5 izofluran ile yavruyu (doğum sonrası gün 9) uyuşturun. İşlemin başlamasından önce, yavrulara bupivacaine enjekte edin (0.02-0.05 mL, % 0.25 deri altı lokal infiltrasyon).</li>
	<li>Hayvan hareketsiz hale geldikten sonra, burun konisi ile stereotaktik bir aşamaya aktarın. Başı sabit tutmak yumuşak olduğu için kulak çubuğunun ters tarafını kullanın. Bu yaşta, yavrular kulak çubuğunun sivri ucını kullanmak için tam olarak gelişmiş bir kulağa sahip değildir.</li>
	<li>Izofluran akışını kısın ve% 2.5-3'te koruyun. Ameliyat prosedürü boyunca yavrunun sabit nefes alışını takip edin. Ağrı yanıtını kontrol etmek için kuyruğu kıstırın ve sonra kesi devam edin.</li>
	<li>Kafatasındaki kesi alanını betadin ve alkolle sterilize edin (3 döngü alternatif iyot ve% 70 etanol). Kesi bölgesinin görülebilecek şekilde çevredeki vücut kısmını örtün.</li>
	<li>Kafa derisini gözlerin biraz üstünden ön-arka açın ve yaklaşık 0,5 cm deriyi geri çek. Fare kafasını stereotaksik sahnede yeniden konumlandırın, böylece cilt açıkta kalan kafatasını dışarı doğru çeker.</li>
	<li>Pamuklu çubuk kullanarak kafatasına hidrojen peroksit uygulayın ve kafatasını neşter bıçağı kullanarak kazıyın. Kafatası çok yumuşaktır; kazıma yaparken dikkatli olun.</li>
	<li>Bir damla (yaklaşık 50 μL) yapıştırıcı uygulayın ve aplikatörünü kullanarak açıkta kalan kafatası bölgesine yayın. Yapıştırıcıyı ayarlamak için 40 sn UV ışığına maruz bırak.</li>
	<li>Referans olarak maruz kalan bregmayı kullanarak koordinatları ölçün. Hipokampus 'un CA1 bölgesinde [-3,5 mm Dorsal-Ventral (DV), ±2 mm Medial-Lateral (ML), -1,75 mm Derin (D)] ve parietal kortekste iki taraflı implant elektrotları [-1,22 mm DV, ±0,5 mm ML, -1 mm D] ve beyincikte bir referans elektrot17. İşaretli bölgede bir delik oluşturmak için 32 G iğne kullanın.</li>
	<li>Kafatasının yüzeyindeki kanı temizleyin. Kadın soket konektörüne stereotaksik kol yardımıyla takılan daha düşük elektrotlar beyne ve diş akrilik ile yerine sabitlenin. Elektrotları beyne yerleştir. Soket konnektör kulaklığı, diş akrilik ile birbirine yapışmış kafatasının üzerine oturur.</li>
	<li>Elektrot sabitlendikten sonra interskapular bölgeye ketoprofen (5 mg / kg) deri altından enjekte edin. Yavruları annenin arkasına koy. NOT: Çöplerin yarısını teker teker tanıtmak yerine anneye aynı anda kulaklıkla tanıtın. Bu, annenin yavrunun kulaklığını zarar vermesini önleyecektir.</li>
</ol>3. EEG kurulumu ve kaydı (temel/yaralanma öncesi)
<ol><li>Elektrot implantasyonundan sonra 24 saat iyileşmeden sonra, her hayvanı EEG kaydı için ısıtılmış (37 °C) özel yapım pleksiglas bir odaya yerleştirin. Bu oda aynı zamanda bir hipoksi odası olarak da hizmet verecektir.</li>
	<li>Odadaki yavruları esnek bir kablo (özel yapım op-amp kablosu) ile bir video-EEG izleme sistemine bağlayın. NOT: Kulaklık yerindeyken, fareler serbestçe hareket halindedir ve davranışlarda herhangi bir fark sergilemez. Elektrot tellerine bağlandıktan sonra, yavrunun oda boyunca serbestçe hareket edebilmesi için doğru miktarda gevşeklik sağlamak için teller oda bağı içinde ayarlanmalıdır.</li>
	<li>EEG verilerini 1000 Hz'de bir çim amplifikatörü kullanarak 1K kazançla dijitalleştirin. Daha sonra yazılımı (örneğin LabChart Pro) kullanarak EEG sinyalini (3-70 Hz arasında bant geçiş filtresi) gözden geçirin.</li>
	<li>Şahdamar ligasyon prosedürü için hayvanların bağlantısını kesmeden önce 30 dakika boyunca yaralanma öncesi temel EEG kaydedin.</li>
</ol>4. Sol şahdamar ligasyonu
<ol><li>Yavruyu (doğum sonrası gün 10) aşağı doğru bir akış başlığında% 4-5 izofluran ile uyuşturun ve bir su banyosu pedinde özel olarak düzenlenmiş kuruluma yerleştirin. Hayvan supine yerleştirin ve ön ayakları kağıt bantla sabitleyin.<ol>
<li>Izofluran akışını% 2-3'e düşürün. Ağrı tepkisi için kuyruğu kıstırın ve işlem boyunca nefes almayı izleyin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Boynun sol tarafındaki kesi alanını (mandibula ve köprücük kemiği arasında) betadin ve alkol (3 döngü alternatif iyot ve% 70 etanol) ile sterilize edin.</li>
	<li>Mikros makas kullanarak boynun sol tarafında yaklaşık 1 cm uzunluğunda bir kesi yapın. Bir diseksiyon mikroskobu kullanarak, şahdamarını açığa çıkarmak için deri altı dokusunu ve cildi dikkatlice geri çekin. Vagus sinirini (artere yanal çalışan) tanımlamaya ve hassas bir şekilde ayırmaya ve arterden geri çekmeye özen edin.</li>
	<li>Mikroforceps kullanarak arterin altına 5 cm uzunluğunda steril ipek dikiş iplik. Tıkanmış akışa arterin etrafına çift düğümlü bir dikiş bağlayın.</li>
	<li>Fazla dikişi kesin ve deri altı dokusunu ve cildini geri çekerek maruz kalan arteri kapatın. Kesiği kapatmak için veteriner bağını kullanın.</li>
	<li>Hayvanı, ısınan bir şilteye yerleştirilen oda sıcaklığında bir odaya sürekli EEG izlemeye geri yerleştirin. Hazneyi açmamak için yavru çekirdek sıcaklığının nokta kızılötesi sıcaklık kontrollerini alın. Hayvanın hipoksiden önce 1 saat boyunca iyileşmesine izin verin.</li>
</ol>5. EEG ve hipoksi
<ol><li>FiO2'i (ilham alan oksijenin fraksiyonu) bir oksijen monitörü aracılığıyla oda içinde sürekli olarak izleyin.</li>
	<li>Hazneyi % 100 N2 için 60 L / dk N2 ve% 100 O2 için 0.415 L / dk ile yıkayın. Haznedeki oksijen doygunluğu %12'ye ulaştığında, O2 akışını değiştirmeden tutarken N2 akışını 10 L/dk'ya düşürin. Küçük ayarlamalarla FiO2'yi 45 dakika boyunca %8'de koruyun.</li>
	<li>45 dakikalık hipoksi maruziyetinin ardından FiO2'yi %21'e döndürün.</li>
	<li>Yavruların odada iyileşmesini ve hipoksi sonrası 2 saat boyunca EEG'de izlenmesini sağla.</li>
	<li>Kayıt süresi tamamlandıktan sonra, fareleri EEG kaydından çıkarın ve anneye geri dönün.</li>
</ol>6. EEG analizi
<ol><li>EEG dosyasını LabChart Pro'da video ile analiz edin. Kör bir araştırmacının EEG'yi nöbetler ve arka plan desenleri için işaretlemesini söyle17. Nöbetler, net evrim ile yüksek frekanslı ritmik keskin dalga deşarjları (≥3x taban çizgisi) ile 10 saniyeden fazla süren elekrografik bir olay olarak tanımlanır17.</li>
	<li>İkinci bir kör araştırmacı incelemesinin anlaşma için rastgele işaretlenmiş olayları geçirmesini haline geçirin.</li>
	<li>İşaretli her elektrografik olay için ilişkili videoyu gözden geçirin ve yenidoğan kemirgen davranışsal nöbet skoruna göre analiz edin16. Kısaca, bu puan 0-6 arasında değişmektedir (hareketsizlik şiddetli tonik-klonik davranış). Nöbet semiyolojisini daha da karakterize etmek için, yanallık için davranışı analiz edin (multifokal/bilateral hareketler ve odak/tek taraflı vs. karışık).</li>
	<li>Bir güç spektrogramı oluşturun. 1024 veri noktası boyutuna sahip Cosine-Bell veri penceresine sahip hızlı fourier dönüşümü kullanın. %87,5'lik bir pencere çakışması yardımıyla spektrogramda düzgün bir x ekseni oluşturun. Gücü μV218 olarak ifade edin.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (22), 2085-2092 (2012).</li><li>Pappas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+outcomes+after+neonatal+encephalopathy.">Cognitive outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy.</a> Pediatrics. 135 (3), 624-634 (2015).</li><li>van Schie, P. 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Hipoksik-iskemik nöbetler sırasında yenidoğan farelerde sürekli video-EEG izleme için bir model sunduk. EEG ile birlikte video analizi, nöbet semiyolojisinin karakterizasyonuna izin verir. EEG analizi, güç spektrogramlarının çıkarılmasına ve arka plan genlik analizine izin verir.
Elektrotların doğru ve dikkatli yerleştirilmesi bu protokolde çok önemlidir, çünkü elektrot yerleştirme veya yanlış yerleştirme sırasında yaralanma sonuçları önemli ölçüde etkileyebi...

Hipoksik iskemik ensefalopati (HIE) yılda 1000 yenidoğanda 1,5'ini etkileyen ve yenidoğan nöbetlerinin en sık nedeni olan bir durumdur1,2. Hayatta kalan bebekler serebral palsi, zihinsel engellilik ve epilepsi gibi çeşitli nörolojik engelliler için risk altındadır3,4,5.
Hayvan modelleri hipoksi iskemi ve yenidoğan nöbetlerinin patofizyolojisini anlamada ve araştırmada kritik bir rol oynar6,7. Modifiye vannucci modeli, doğum sonrası 10 (p10)7,8'de hipoksi iskemisini (HI) indük etmek için kullanılır. Bu yaştaki fare yavruları nörolojik olarak kabaca tam insan yenidoğanı terimine çevirir9.
Bu yaralanma modeli ile birlikte kullanılan sürekli video elektroensefalografi (EEG) izleme, yenidoğan hipoksik iskemik nöbetlerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına ve karakterizasyonuna olanak tanır. Önceki çalışmalar kemirgenlerdeki yenidoğan nöbetlerini analiz etmek için video kayıtları, sınırlı EEG kayıtları ve telemetri EEG kayıtları dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yöntemler kullanmıştır10,11,12,13,14,15,16. Aşağıdaki yazıda, hipoksi-iskemi sırasında fare yavrularında sürekli video EEG kaydetme sürecini derinlemesine ele alıyoruz. Yenidoğan fare yavrularında sürekli video EEG izleme için bu teknik çeşitli hastalık ve nöbet modellerine uygulanabilir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SURGERY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball Point Applicator</td>
			<td>Metrex Research</td>
			<td>8300-F</td>
			<td>i-bond applicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cranioplast (Powder/Resin)</td>
			<td>Coltene</td>
			<td>H00383</td>
			<td>Perm Reline/Power</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-Bond</td>
			<td>Kulzer GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOOK Silk Suture</td>
			<td>Surgical Specialities Corporation</td>
			<td>SP115</td>
			<td>LOOK SP115 Black Braided Silk Non absorbable surgical suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS-5168 Botvin Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS5168</td>
			<td>Forcep for surgery/ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS-5138 Graefe Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS5138</td>
			<td>Forcep for surgery/ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV light for I-Bond</td>
			<td>Blast Lite By First Media</td>
			<td>BL778</td>
			<td>UV ligth for I-bond</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Microdissecting Scissor</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS5618</td>
			<td>Scissor for ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vet Bond</td>
			<td>3M Vetbond</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td>Vet Glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HYPOXIA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypoxidial</td>
			<td>Starr Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen sensor</td>
			<td>Medical Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MiniOxI- oxygen analyzer/sensor for hypoxia rig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG RECORDING</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Female receptacle connector 0.079&#34;</td>
			<td>Mill-Max Manufacturing Corp</td>
			<td>832-10-024-10-001000</td>
			<td>Ordered from Digikey</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
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continuous video electroencephalogram during hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice

Hipoksi iskemi yenidoğan nöbetlerinin en sık nedenidir. Hayvan modelleri, yenidoğan nöbetleri ve hipoksi iskemisinin altında kalan mekanizmaları ve fizyolojiyi anlamak için çok önemlidir. Bu makalede, hipoksi iskemisi sırasında nöbetleri tespit etmek ve EEG arka planını analiz etmek için yenidoğan farelerinde sürekli video elektroensefalogram (EEG) izleme yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Video ve EEG'nin birlikte kullanılması, nöbet semiyolojisinin tanımlanmasına ve nöbetlerin onaylanmasına izin verir. Bu yöntem ayrıca deneysel zaman dilimi boyunca güç spektrogramlarının ve EEG arka plan desen eğilimlerinin analizine izin verir. Bu hipoksi iskemi modelinde yöntem, yaralanmadan önce EEG kaydının normatif bir taban çizgisi elde etmesine ve yaralanma ve iyileşme sırasında iyileşmesine izin verir. Toplam izleme süresi, yavruların anneden dört saatten uzun süre ayrılamaması ile sınırlıdır. Bu yazıda hipoksik-iskemik nöbetlerin bir modelini kullanmış olsak da, yenidoğan video EEG izleme için bu yöntem kemirgenlerde çeşitli hastalık ve nöbet modellerine uygulanabilir.

Nöbet semiyolojisi
Yenidoğan hipoksi-iskemi maruziyeti farelerde hem genelleştirilmiş hem de odak nöbetleriyle sonuçlanır (Şekil 1A-C). Video EEG kayıtları, elekrografik bulguların videodaki davranışla ilişkilendirilmesini sağlar. Bu davranışlar daha önce yayınlanan yenidoğan kemirgen davranışsal nöbet skoru (BSS)16 kullanılarak puanlanmıştır. BSS'ye ek olarak, olayları odak/tek taraflı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Bu makalede hipoksi-iskemi geçiren yenidoğan farelerde birden fazla derinlik elektrodu kullanılarak sürekli video EEG kayıtları için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır.

Yenidoğan Farelerde Hipoksi-İskemi Sırasında Sürekli Video Elektroensefalogram

Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying ...

continuous-video-electroencephalogram-during-hypoxia-ischemia

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Virginia. Bu makalede hipoksi-iskemi geçiren yenidoğan farelerde birden fazla derinlik elektrodu kullanılarak sürekli video EEG kayıtları için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır.

Video: Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Video-oculography in Mice

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the mouse, have a limited capacity to lock their eyes onto a target. In contrast to these target directed eye movements, compensatory ocular eye movements are easily elicited in afoveate animals1,2,3,4. Compensatory ocular movements are generated by processing vestibular and optokinetic information into a command signal that will drive the eye muscles. The processing of the vestibular and optokinetic information can be investigated separately and together, allowing the specification of a deficit in the oculomotor system. The oculomotor system can be tested by evoking an optokinetic reflex (OKR), vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) or a visually-enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR). The OKR is a reflex movement that compensates for "full-field" image movements on the retina, whereas the VOR is a reflex eye movement that compensates head movements. The VVOR is a reflex eye movement that uses both vestibular as well as optokinetic information to make the appropriate compensation. The cerebellum monitors and is able to adjust these compensatory eye movements. Therefore, oculography is a very powerful tool to investigate brain-behavior relationship under normal as well as under pathological conditions (f.e. of vestibular, ocular and/or cerebellar origin).
Testing the oculomotor system, as a behavioral paradigm, is interesting for several reasons. First, the oculomotor system is a well understood neural system5. Second, the oculomotor system is relative simple6; the amount of possible eye movement is limited by its ball-in-socket architecture ("single joint") and the three pairs of extra-ocular muscles7. Third, the behavioral output and sensory input can easily be measured, which makes this a highly accessible system for quantitative analysis8. Many behavioral tests lack this high level of quantitative power. And finally, both performance as well as plasticity of the oculomotor system can be tested, allowing research on learning and memory processes9.
Genetically modified mice are nowadays widely available and they form an important source for the exploration of brain functions at various levels10. In addition, they can be used as models to mimic human diseases. Applying oculography on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice8.

Video-oculography is a very quantitative method to investigate ocular motor performance as well as motor learning. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice. Applying this technique on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors.

Farelerde Video-oculography

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the ...

Nörobilim

Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal cells1. Understanding the molecular pathways responsible for NSC self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation is critical for harnessing their unique potential to repair the brain and better understand central nervous system disorders. Previous methods for the manipulation of mammalian systems required the time consuming and expensive endeavor of genetic engineering at the whole animal level2. Thus, the vast majority of studies have explored the functions of NSC molecules in vitro or in invertebrates.
Here, we demonstrate the simple and rapid technique to manipulate neonatal NPCs that is referred to as neonatal subventricular zone (SVZ) electroporation. Similar techniques were developed a decade ago to study embryonic NSCs and have aided studies on cortical development3,4 . More recently this was applied to study the postnatal rodent forebrain5-7. This technique results in robust labeling of SVZ NSCs and their progeny. Thus, postnatal SVZ electroporation provides a cost and time effective alternative for mammalian NSC genetic engineering.

We demonstrate a minimally invasive technique referred to as neonatal subventricular zone electroporation. The technique consists of injecting plasmid DNA into the lateral ventricles of neonatal pups and applying electrical current to deliver and genetically manipulate neural stem cells

Yenidoğan subventricular Bölge Elektroporasyon

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal ...

Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.

The pial surface is a unique progenitor zone in the CNS that is receiving increasing attention. Herein, we detail a method for rapid genetic manipulation of this progenitor zone using a modified electroporation method. This procedure can be used for cellular and molecular investigations of cell lineages and signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and to elucidate the fate and properties of daughter cells.

Yenidoğan Pial Yüzey Elektroporasyon

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Kalıcı ve yaygın Nöronal İletim için Yenidoğan Fare Beyin intraserooroventriküler Viral Enjeksiyon

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Fareler Soğuk Hassasiyeti ve Uyum belirlenmesi için Basit ve ucuz Yöntem

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular guidance cues like netrin-1 and results in dramatic increases to the surface area of the axonal plasma membrane. Netrin-1-dependent axon branching likely involves temporal and spatial control of plasma membrane expansion, the components of which are supplied through exocytic vesicle fusion. These fusion events are preceded by formation of SNARE complexes, comprising a v-SNARE, such as VAMP2 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 2), and plasma membrane t-SNAREs, syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 (synaptosomal-associated protein 25). Detailed herein isa multi-pronged approach used to examine the role of SNARE mediated exocytosis in axon branching. The strength of the combined approach is data acquisition at a range of spatial and temporal resolutions, spanning from the dynamics of single vesicle fusion events in individual neurons to SNARE complex formation and axon branching in populations of cultured neurons. This protocol takes advantage of established biochemical approaches to assay levels of endogenous SNARE complexes and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy of cortical neurons expressing VAMP2 tagged with a pH-sensitive GFP (VAMP2-pHlourin) to identify netrin-1 dependent changes in exocytic activity in individual neurons. To elucidate the timing of netrin-1-dependent branching, time-lapse differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy of single neurons over the order of hours is utilized. Fixed cell immunofluorescence paired with botulinum neurotoxins that cleave SNARE machinery and block exocytosis demonstrates that netrin-1 dependent axon branching requires SNARE-mediated exocytic activity.

Light microscopy techniques coupled with biochemical assays elucidate the involvement of SNARE-mediated exocytosis in netrin-dependent axon branching. This combination of techniques permits identification of molecular mechanisms controlling axon branching and cell shape change.

Kombine Metodolojileri kullanan Akson Dallanman ve Nöronal Morfogenez sırasında Plazma Membran Teslimat Rolü tanımlayın

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central nervous system. Changes in ENS function are a major cause of GI symptoms and disease and may contribute to GI symptoms reported in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. It is well established that isolated colon segments generate spontaneous, rhythmic contractions known as Colonic Migrating Motor Complexes (CMMCs). A procedure to analyze the enteric neural regulation of CMMCs in ex vivo preparations of mouse colon is described. The colon is dissected from the animal and flushed to remove fecal content prior to being cannulated in an organ bath. Data is acquired via a video camera positioned above the organ bath and converted to high-resolution spatiotemporal maps via an in-house software package. Using this technique, baseline contractile patterns and pharmacological effects on ENS function in colon segments can be compared over 3-4 hr. In addition, propagation length and speed of CMMCs can be recorded as well as changes in gut diameter and contraction frequency. This technique is useful for characterizing gastrointestinal motility patterns in transgenic mouse models (and in other species including rat and guinea pig). In this way, pharmacologically induced changes in CMMCs are recorded in wild type mice and in the Neuroligin-3R451C mouse model of autism. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to other regions of the GI tract including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and at different developmental ages in mice.

This article describes a video imaging technique and high-resolution spatiotemporal mapping to identify changes in the neural regulation of colonic motility in adult mice. Subtle effects on gastrointestinal (GI) function can be detected using this approach in isolated tissue preparations to advance our understanding of GI disease.

Video Görüntüleme ve Spatiotemporal Haritalar Fare Gastrointestinal Motilite Analiz

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

Yeni Bir Yöntemi Kullanarak Serbest Dolaşan Yenidoğan Sıçanlarında EEG Kaydı

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Yenidoğan Faresinden İzole Edilen Spinal Kord Nöronları İzolasyonu ve Kültürü

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

We present an in vivo two-photon imaging protocol for imaging the cerebral cortex of neonatal mice. This method is suitable for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, the molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and the changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

Vivo Yenidoğan farelerde kortikal nöronların iki fotonlu görüntüleme

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...