Name: continuous video electroencephalogram during hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice
Uploaded: 2020-06-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

We acknowledge the following funding sources: NIH NINDS &#8211; K08NS101122 (JB), R01NS040337 (JK), R01NS044370 (JK), University of Virginia School of Medicine (JB).

All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Virginia.
1. Electrode building/cable building
<ol>
	<li>Use a unipolar insulated stainless-steel wire (0.005&#8221; bare diameter, 0.008&#8221; coated) to make an electrode that is connected with a female socket connector (female receptacle connector 0.079).</li>
	<li>Use a special custom-made cable to connect animals to the amplifier.
	<ol>
		<li>Attach a male 4-pin connector (M...

<ol>
	<li>Vasudevan, C., Levene, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+aetiology+of+neonatal+seizures.">Epidemiology and aetiology of neonatal seizures.</a> Seminars in Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine. , (2013).</li><li>Volpe, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+Seizures.">Neonatal Seizures.</a> Volpe's Neurology of the Newborn. , 275-321 (2018).</li><li>Shankaran, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+EKSNNR.+Childhood+outcomes+after+hypothermia+for+neonatal+encephalopathy.">Network EKSNNR. Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (22), 2085-2092 (2012).</li><li>Pappas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+outcomes+after+neonatal+encephalopathy.">Cognitive outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy.</a> Pediatrics. 135 (3), 624-634 (2015).</li><li>van Schie, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+motor+and+behavioral+outcome+after+perinatal+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy.">Long-term motor and behavioral outcome after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</a> European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 19 (3), 354-359 (2015).</li><li>Rensing, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+analysis+of+developmental+changes+in+electroencephalography+patterns+and+sleep-wake+states+of+the+neonatal+mouse.">Longitudinal analysis of developmental changes in electroencephalography patterns and sleep-wake states of the neonatal mouse.</a> PLoS One. 13 (11), 1-17 (2018).</li><li>Rice, J. E., Vannucci, R. C., Brierley, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+immaturity+on+hypoxic-ischemic+brain+damage+in+the+rat.">The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat.</a> Annals of Neurology. 9 (2), 131-141 (1981).</li><li>Burnsed, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-ischemia+and+therapeutic+hypothermia+in+the+neonatal+mouse+brain--a+longitudinal+study.">Hypoxia-ischemia and therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal mouse brain--a longitudinal study.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), 0118889 (2015).</li><li>Semple, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+development+in+rodents+and+humans:+Identifying+benchmarks+of+maturation+and+vulnerability+to+injury+across+species.">Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. , 1-16 (2013).</li><li>Comi, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gabapentin+neuroprotection+and+seizure+suppression+in+immature+mouse+brain+ischemia.">Gabapentin neuroprotection and seizure suppression in immature mouse brain ischemia.</a> Pediatric Research. 64 (1), 81-85 (2008).</li><li>Comi, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+of+stroke+and+ischemic+seizures+in+the+immature+mouse.">A new model of stroke and ischemic seizures in the immature mouse.</a> Pediatric Neurology. 31 (4), 254-257 (2004).</li><li>Kadam, S. D., White, A. M., Staley, K. J., Dudek, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+Electroencephalographic+Monitoring+with+Radio-Telemetry+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Perinatal+Hypoxia-Ischemia+Reveals+Progressive+Post-Stroke+Epilepsy.">Continuous Electroencephalographic Monitoring with Radio-Telemetry in a Rat Model of Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Reveals Progressive Post-Stroke Epilepsy.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (1), 404-415 (2010).</li><li>Burnsed, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+Circuit+Activity+during+Neonatal+Hypoxic+-+Ischemic+Seizures+in+Mice.">Neuronal Circuit Activity during Neonatal Hypoxic - Ischemic Seizures in Mice.</a> Annals of Neurology. 86, 927-938 (2019).</li><li>Sampath, D., White, A. M., Raol, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+neonatal+seizures+in+an+animal+model+of+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy.">Characterization of neonatal seizures in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</a> Epilepsia. 55 (7), 985-993 (2014).</li><li>Sampath, D., Valdez, R., White, A. M., Raol, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anticonvulsant+effect+of+flupirtine+in+an+animal+model+of+neonatal+hypoxic-ischemic+encephalopathy.">Anticonvulsant effect of flupirtine in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.</a> Neuropharmacology. 123, 126-135 (2017).</li><li>Kang, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=and+sex-dependent+susceptibility+to+phenobarbital-resistant+neonatal+seizures:+role+of+chloride+co-transporters.">and sex-dependent susceptibility to phenobarbital-resistant neonatal seizures: role of chloride co-transporters.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 9, 1-16 (2015).</li><li>Zanelli, S., Goodkin, H. P., Kowalski, S., Kapur, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+transient+acute+hypoxia+on+the+developing+mouse+EEG.">Impact of transient acute hypoxia on the developing mouse EEG.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 68, 37-46 (2014).</li><li>Lewczuk, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+and+behavior+patterns+during+experimental+status+epilepticus.">EEG and behavior patterns during experimental status epilepticus.</a> Epilepsia. 59 (2), 369-380 (2017).</li><li>Wu, D., Martin, L. J., Northington, F. J., Zhang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillating+gradient+diffusion+MRI+reveals+unique+microstructural+information+in+normal+and+hypoxia-ischemia+injured+mouse+brains.">Oscillating gradient diffusion MRI reveals unique microstructural information in normal and hypoxia-ischemia injured mouse brains.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 72 (5), 1366-1374 (2014).</li></ol>

We have presented a model for continuous video-EEG monitoring in neonatal mice during hypoxic-ischemic seizures. Video analysis in conjunction with EEG allows characterization of seizure semiology. Analysis of EEG allows for extraction of power spectrograms and background amplitude analysis.
Correct and careful placement of electrodes is crucial in this protocol, as injury during electrode placement or inaccurate placement can significantly affect results. Assessment of normal baseline EEG act...

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that affects 1.5 in 1000 newborns annually and is the most common cause of neonatal seizures1,2. Infants who survive are at risk for various neurological disabilities such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and epilepsy3,4,5.
Animal models play a critical role in understanding and investigating the pathophysiology of hypoxia ischemia and neonatal seizures6,7. A modified Vannucci model is used to induce hypoxia ischemia (HI) on postnatal day 10 (p10)7,8. Mouse pups of this age translate neurologically roughly to the full term human neonate9.
Continuous video electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring used in conjunction with this injury model allows for further understanding and characterization of neonatal hypoxic ischemic seizures. Previous studies have used various methods for analyzing neonatal seizures in rodents, including video recordings, limited EEG recordings and telemetry EEG recordings10,11,12,13,14,15,16. In the following manuscript, we discuss in depth the process of recording continuous video EEG in mouse pups during hypoxia-ischemia. This technique for continuous video EEG monitoring in neonatal mouse pups could be applied to a variety of disease and seizure models.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>SURGERY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball Point Applicator</td>
			<td>Metrex Research</td>
			<td>8300-F</td>
			<td>i-bond applicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cranioplast (Powder/Resin)</td>
			<td>Coltene</td>
			<td>H00383</td>
			<td>Perm Reline/Power</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-Bond</td>
			<td>Kulzer GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOOK Silk Suture</td>
			<td>Surgical Specialities Corporation</td>
			<td>SP115</td>
			<td>LOOK SP115 Black Braided Silk Non absorbable surgical suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS-5168 Botvin Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS5168</td>
			<td>Forcep for surgery/ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS-5138 Graefe Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS5138</td>
			<td>Forcep for surgery/ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV light for I-Bond</td>
			<td>Blast Lite By First Media</td>
			<td>BL778</td>
			<td>UV ligth for I-bond</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Microdissecting Scissor</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS5618</td>
			<td>Scissor for ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vet Bond</td>
			<td>3M Vetbond</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td>Vet Glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HYPOXIA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypoxidial</td>
			<td>Starr Life Science</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen sensor</td>
			<td>Medical Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MiniOxI- oxygen analyzer/sensor for hypoxia rig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG RECORDING</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Female receptacle connector 0.079&#34;</td>
			<td>Mill-Max Manufacturing Corp</td>
			<td>832-10-024-10-001000</td>
			<td>Ordered from Digikey</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grass Amplifier</td>
			<td>Natus Neurology Incorporated</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Grass Product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart Pro</td>
			<td>ADI Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software to run the system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male Socket Connector 0.079&#34;</td>
			<td>Mill-Max Manufacturing Corp</td>
			<td>833-43-024-20-001000</td>
			<td>Ordered from Digikey</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operational Amplifier</td>
			<td>Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA</td>
			<td>TLC2274CD</td>
			<td>TLC2274 Quad Low&#8208;Noise Rail&#8208;to Rail Operational Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operational Amplifier</td>
			<td>Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA</td>
			<td>TLC2272ACDR</td>
			<td>TLC2274 Quad Low&#8208;Noise Rail&#8208;to Rail Operational Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel wire</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>791400</td>
			<td>0.005&#34; Bare/0.008&#34; Coated 100 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-Flexible Wire</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>9564T1</td>
			<td>36 Gauze wire of various color</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous video electroencephalogram during hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice

Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying neonatal seizures and hypoxia ischemia. This manuscript describes a method for continuous video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in neonatal mice to detect seizures and analyze EEG background during hypoxia ischemia. Use of video and EEG in conjunction allows description of seizure semiology and confirmation of seizures. This method also allows analysis of power spectrograms and EEG background pattern trends over the experimental time period. In this hypoxia ischemia model, the method allows EEG recording prior to injury to obtain a normative baseline and during injury and recovery. Total monitoring time is limited by the inability to separate pups from the mother for longer than four hours. Although, we have used a model of hypoxic-ischemic seizures in this manuscript, this method for neonatal video EEG monitoring could be applied to diverse disease and seizure models in rodents.

Seizure semiology
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia exposure results in both generalized and focal seizures in mice (Figure 1A-C). Video EEG recordings allow electrographic findings to be correlated to behavior on video. These behaviors were scored using a previously published neonatal rodent behavioral seizure score (BSS)16. In addition to BSS, we categorized events based on whether the behavior was focal/unilateral, bila...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

This manuscript describes a method for continuous video EEG recordings using multiple depth electrodes in neonatal mice undergoing hypoxia-ischemia.

Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying ...

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. This mouse model of hypoxic ischemic seizures and continuous video electroencephalography or EEG can help further our understanding and characterization of neonatal seizures. This technique facilitates the acquisition of high quality video electroencephalography recordings in a neonatal injury model and can aid in future studies of the mechanisms of neonatal seizures, outcomes, and therapeutic testing.Demonstrating the procedure will be Pravin Wagley. A lab specialist from my laboratory. For electrode implantation surgery.After confirming a lack of response to pain reflex in an anesthetized postnatal day nine mouse, place the mouse in a stereotaxic stage with a nose cone and use the reverse side of the ear bar to hold the head steady. Sterilize the incision area on the skull with three alternating betaine and 70%ethanol scrubs and use a fenestrated drape to cover the mouse while keeping the incision region visible. Open the scalp anterior posterior from slightly above the eyes, and retract approximately half a centimeter of skin.Reposition the head on the stereotaxic stage so that the skin pulls outward to expose the skull, and use a cotton swab to apply hydrogen peroxide. Use a scalpel blade to carefully scrape the skull clean. And apply an approximately 50 microliter drop of adhesive to the bone.Use the applicator to spread the adhesive over the skull and place the adhesive under ultraviolet light for 40 seconds. When the adhesive has set, measure the coordinates using the exposed bregma as a reference. And use a 32 gauge needle to create electrode holes bilaterally in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, bilaterally in the parietal cortex and in the cerebellum.Clean the blood from the surface of the skull and use the stereotaxic arm to lower the electrodes attached to the female socket connector into the brain. Implant each electrode into the brain and fix the electrodes in place with dental acrylic. Glue the headset to the skull with additional dental acrylic.Subcutaneously inject five milligrams per kilogram of Ketoprofen into each pup. When all of the electrodes have been secured in at least half of the litter return the pups to the mother. 24 hours after electrode implantation, place each animal in a 37 degree Celsius custom made plexiglas chamber for the EEG recording and use a flexible custom made operational amplifier cable to connect the pups to a video EEG monitoring system.Use a multi-channel differential amplifier to digitize the EEG data at 1000 Hertz with a one kilo gain and review the EEG signal in appropriate analysis software. Then record a pre-injury baseline EEG for 30 minutes, before disconnecting the animals for the carotid artery litigation procedure. After recording the baseline EEG data, sterilize the skin between the mandible and the clavicle on the left side of the neck with betaine and ethanol as demonstrated.And make an approximately one centimeter incision on the left side of the neck. Place the pup under a dissecting microscope and carefully retract the subcutaneous tissue and skin to expose the carotid artery. Place a five centimeter piece of sterile silk suture under the artery.Identify the vagus nerve and delicately separate and retract the nerve from the artery. Maneuver the suture so that it is only under the artery. After identifying the vagus nerve, delicately separate and retract the nerve from the artery and use micro forceps to thread a five centimeter piece of sterile silk suture under the artery.Tie a double knotted suture around the artery to occlude the flow and cut the excess suture. Replace the subcutaneous tissue and skin over the exposed artery and use Vetbond to seal the incision. Then place the animal back on continuous EEG monitoring in a chamber at room temperature placed on warming mattress and take spot infrared temperature checks of the pup core temperature to avoid open the chamber.After allowing the pups to recover for one hour with continuous fraction of inspired oxygen monitoring, flush the chamber with 60 liters per minute of 100%nitrogen and 0.415 liters per minute of 100%oxygen. Once the oxygen saturation in the chamber reaches 12%decrease the nitrogen flow to 10 liters per minute while keeping the oxygen flow unchanged. Making small adjustments as necessary, maintain the fraction of inspired oxygen at 8%for 45 minutes.After 45 minutes of hypoxia exposure, return the fraction of inspired oxygen to 21%and allow the pups to recover in the chamber with EEG monitoring for two hours. At the end of the recording period, disconnect the mice from the EEG system and return the pups to the mother. Video EEG recordings allow electrographic findings to be correlated to behavior on video.The majority of events observed in this model involve focal unilateral or mixed behaviors. During the hypoxic period, a subset of mice typically exhibit non-compulsive seizure activity, during which the pups are immobile with sustained seizure activity on EEG. In this analysis, the baseline activity was similar to the previously described background in P 10 mouse pups.After litigation and before the commencement of hypoxia, a subset of mice exhibited convulsive seizures. Following hypoxia induction, the background amplitude on the EEG was reduced. And intermittent bursts of spike wave discharges were exhibited, followed by suppression.The mice exhibited electrographic seizures which emerge from a suppressed background as rhythmic spike wave discharges that progressed to become more complex and frequent with polys spike waves. During hypoxia, power spectrogram analysis is notable for asymmetries between the ischemic and contralateral hemispheres. The ischemic hemisphere exhibits a burst suppression pattern, and the contralateral hemisphere exhibits a suppressed background.During re-oxygenation and recovery a subset of mice continues to have seizures over the remainder of the recording period. The EEG background is suppressed compared to baseline following hypoxia with a gradual recovery observed during the post hypoxia recording period. When working with neonatal pups, precision is key.In addition, special attention should be taken to place the pups back with the mother in groups after the surgical procedures. Video electroencephalography can be used in neonatal pups in conjunction with histopathology, imaging, and behavior to examine the impact of neonatal seizures on injure surgery and behavioral outcomes.

continuous-video-electroencephalogram-during-hypoxia-ischemia

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Neuroscience

Video-oculography in Mice

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the mouse, have a limited capacity to lock their eyes onto a target. In contrast to these target directed eye movements, compensatory ocular eye movements are easily elicited in afoveate animals1,2,3,4. Compensatory ocular movements are generated by processing vestibular and optokinetic information into a command signal that will drive the eye muscles. The processing of the vestibular and optokinetic information can be investigated separately and together, allowing the specification of a deficit in the oculomotor system. The oculomotor system can be tested by evoking an optokinetic reflex (OKR), vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) or a visually-enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR). The OKR is a reflex movement that compensates for "full-field" image movements on the retina, whereas the VOR is a reflex eye movement that compensates head movements. The VVOR is a reflex eye movement that uses both vestibular as well as optokinetic information to make the appropriate compensation. The cerebellum monitors and is able to adjust these compensatory eye movements. Therefore, oculography is a very powerful tool to investigate brain-behavior relationship under normal as well as under pathological conditions (f.e. of vestibular, ocular and/or cerebellar origin).
Testing the oculomotor system, as a behavioral paradigm, is interesting for several reasons. First, the oculomotor system is a well understood neural system5. Second, the oculomotor system is relative simple6; the amount of possible eye movement is limited by its ball-in-socket architecture ("single joint") and the three pairs of extra-ocular muscles7. Third, the behavioral output and sensory input can easily be measured, which makes this a highly accessible system for quantitative analysis8. Many behavioral tests lack this high level of quantitative power. And finally, both performance as well as plasticity of the oculomotor system can be tested, allowing research on learning and memory processes9.
Genetically modified mice are nowadays widely available and they form an important source for the exploration of brain functions at various levels10. In addition, they can be used as models to mimic human diseases. Applying oculography on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice8.

Video-oculography is a very quantitative method to investigate ocular motor performance as well as motor learning. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice. Applying this technique on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors.

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the ...

Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.

The pial surface is a unique progenitor zone in the CNS that is receiving increasing attention. Herein, we detail a method for rapid genetic manipulation of this progenitor zone using a modified electroporation method. This procedure can be used for cellular and molecular investigations of cell lineages and signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and to elucidate the fate and properties of daughter cells.

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central nervous system. Changes in ENS function are a major cause of GI symptoms and disease and may contribute to GI symptoms reported in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. It is well established that isolated colon segments generate spontaneous, rhythmic contractions known as Colonic Migrating Motor Complexes (CMMCs). A procedure to analyze the enteric neural regulation of CMMCs in ex vivo preparations of mouse colon is described. The colon is dissected from the animal and flushed to remove fecal content prior to being cannulated in an organ bath. Data is acquired via a video camera positioned above the organ bath and converted to high-resolution spatiotemporal maps via an in-house software package. Using this technique, baseline contractile patterns and pharmacological effects on ENS function in colon segments can be compared over 3-4 hr. In addition, propagation length and speed of CMMCs can be recorded as well as changes in gut diameter and contraction frequency. This technique is useful for characterizing gastrointestinal motility patterns in transgenic mouse models (and in other species including rat and guinea pig). In this way, pharmacologically induced changes in CMMCs are recorded in wild type mice and in the Neuroligin-3R451C mouse model of autism. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to other regions of the GI tract including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and at different developmental ages in mice.

This article describes a video imaging technique and high-resolution spatiotemporal mapping to identify changes in the neural regulation of colonic motility in adult mice. Subtle effects on gastrointestinal (GI) function can be detected using this approach in isolated tissue preparations to advance our understanding of GI disease.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

We present an in vivo two-photon imaging protocol for imaging the cerebral cortex of neonatal mice. This method is suitable for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, the molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and the changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 (ChR2), is expressed by a virus vector in a particular type of neuronal cells in various Cre-driver mice. Activation of these opsins is triggered by application of light pulses which are delivered by laser or LED through optic cables, and the effect of activation is observed with very high time resolution. Experimenters are able to acutely stimulate neurons while monitoring behavior or another physiological outcome in mice. Optogenetics can enable useful strategies to evaluate function of neuronal circuits in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness states in mice. Here we describe a technique for examining the effect of optogenetic manipulation of neurons with a specific chemical identity during electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) monitoring to evaluate the sleep stage of mice. As an example, we describe manipulation of GABAergic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Acute optogenetic excitation of these neurons triggers a rapid transition to wakefulness when applied during NREM sleep. Optogenetic manipulation along with EEG/EMG recording can be applied to decipher the neuronal circuits that regulate sleep/wakefulness states.

Here, we describe methods of optogenetic manipulation of particular types of neurons during monitoring of sleep/wakefulness states in mice, presenting our recent work on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as an example.

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 ...

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicates that the anterior cingulate (ACC) and the lateral prefrontal cortices (latPFC) are essential nodes subserving cognitive control. However, because of its limited temporal resolution, fMRI cannot accurately reflect the timing and nature of their presumed interplay. The present study combines distributed source modeling of the temporally precise magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal with structural MRI in the form of &#34;brain movies&#34; to: (1) estimate the cortical areas involved in cognitive control (&#34;where&#34;), (2) characterize their temporal sequence (&#34;when&#34;), and (3) quantify the oscillatory dynamics of their neural interactions in real time. Stroop interference was associated with greater event-related theta (4 - 7 Hz) power in the ACC during conflict detection followed by sustained sensitivity to cognitive demands in the ACC and latPFC during integration and response preparation. A phase-locking analysis revealed co-oscillatory interactions between these areas indicating their increased neural synchrony in theta band during conflict-inducing incongruous trials. These results confirm that theta oscillations are fundamental to long-range synchronization needed for integrating top-down influences during cognitive control. MEG reflects neural activity directly, which makes it suitable for pharmacological manipulations in contrast to fMRI that is sensitive to vasoactive confounds. In the present study, healthy social drinkers were given a moderate alcohol dose and placebo in a within-subject design. Acute intoxication attenuated theta power to Stroop conflict and dysregulated co-oscillations between the ACC and latPFC, confirming that alcohol is detrimental to neural synchrony subserving cognitive control. It interferes with goal-directed behavior that may result in deficient self-control, contributing to compulsive drinking. In sum, this method can provide insight into real-time interactions during cognitive processing and can characterize the selective sensitivity to pharmacological challenge across relevant neural networks.

This experiment uses an anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) method to examine brain oscillatory dynamics and long-range functional synchrony during engagement of cognitive control as a function of acute alcohol intoxication.

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance ...

Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common consequence of premature birth and leads to brain injury, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), and lifelong neurological deficits. While PHH can be treated by temporary and permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedures (ventricular reservoir and ventriculoperitoneal shunt, respectively), there are no pharmacological strategies to prevent or treat IVH-induced brain injury and hydrocephalus. Animal models are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of IVH and test pharmacological treatments. While there are existing models of neonatal IVH, those that reliably result in hydrocephalus are often limited by the necessity for large-volume injections, which may complicate modeling of the pathology or introduce variability in the clinical phenotype observed.
Recent clinical studies have implicated hemoglobin and ferritin in causing ventricular enlargement after IVH. Here, we develop a straightforward animal model that mimics the clinical phenotype of PHH utilizing small-volume intraventricular injections of the blood breakdown product hemoglobin. In addition to reliably inducing ventricular enlargement and hydrocephalus, this model results in white matter injury, inflammation, and immune cell infiltration in periventricular and white matter regions. This paper describes this clinically relevant, simple method for modeling IVH-PHH in neonatal rats using intraventricular injection and presents methods for quantifying ventricle size post injection.

We present a model of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage using rat pups that mimics the pathology seen in humans.

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common consequence of premature birth and leads to brain injury, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), and ...